Cities and civilizations remain
synonymous. Cities remain unique, different and distinct. Cities existed in the past, they exist now and they shall continue to dominate the future of human journey on this planet earth. No two cities are same. Each city has its paces of strength and weaknesses. Making any city great, ,has genesis in understanding its uniqueness and making optimum use and build on its strength; overcoming the existing weaknesses; creating opportunities for its orderly growth and overcome possible challenges which may emerge in its march to become great. Cities must be owned by people and city must own its people. we need co-operative cities and not smart and sky scrapper cities. People would need cities which provides them safety and basic amenities of life, make them happy and healthy. City must create options for providing best possible living to its people; create options for appropriate working; make people happy and healthy; both physically and mentally and make them travel only when needed and that too on a limited scale. Following this order of planning can surely enhance the credibility and operational efficiency of the cities. Planning cities, using nature and natural elements of Sun, Space and Greenery can help in making cities wonderful and healthy places to live and work. Cities must identify, preserve, manage, protect and manage its Heritage, as integral part of its growth and development to make it connect with past glory. Agra needs to be made, promoted and declared as a heritage city to showcase its past glory and make it integral part of future growth and development. Ignoring and damaging its heritage, which lead to chaos and anarchy. Agra must come out with its own charter of growth and development to retain
not only its past glory but also charter an agenda of its glorious future growth.
9. Cities and their Context
• Cities have been part of human history.
• - Cities- known to command power and authority
• .Cities- known for both -- positivity and negativities
• Cities -- known for their dualities and contradictions
• Cities -- known to be areas of concentration of population/
activities, infrastructures, services, healthcare, education
• Cities -- known to be Engines of economic growth-70%
• Cities - generators of employment , wealth and prosperity,
• Cities – also known for their negativities,
• – where rich and poor rub shoulders-
• Cities – large consumers of resources/energy
• Cities- generators of 70% waste
• Cities – consuming 60% global energy
• -generating 70% of carbon footprints-
10. Cities and their Context
• Cities- remain a manmade , mechanical habitat
• Cities- destroy nature and natural habitat
• -anti-thesis to bio-diversity
• Cities- known to be creator of best/ worst living
conditions- housing both rich and poor
• Cities- home to large migrants/ slums
• Cities- remain in crisis- natural and manmade
• Crisis-- of population, poverty, pollution
• Cities – ever evolving, devolving, never static , never finite
• Cities – will remain dominant in future
• Cities- drivers of nation’s future
• However Cities - need rationalization
• Cities --need to be made more-- bio-diverse; productive,
effective, efficient, humane, livable, inclusive, safe,
Resilient ,sustainable, Healthy place to live /work
11. Indian Urbanization
• 250 million in 1919
• 1210 million in 2011
• 2050- Indian population- 1600 mil. -- 50%
in Urban India.
• Metropolitan Centres -5 (1951)- -53 (2011)-
68(2031), - 85 (2051)
• 10 m plus- nil (1951)- 3 (2011) -7 (2031)-9
(2051)
• During last 100 years, India witnessed—
- -Urbanization level going up by 3 times
- --Urban settlements growing merely 4
times
- --Total Population multiplying 5 times
- -Urban population increasing 15 times and
- -Rural population increasing 3.5 times
- India heading to be most populated
https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/agra-
populationuntry on this planet-2036
13. Indian Urbanization
• Urban area important because they will be :
Areas of concentration of population,
Providers of large employment.
Areas of large investment.
Housing major infrastructure & services.
Hub around which entire economy gravitates.
Promoters of higher order of productivity
• Major contributors to the national wealth/GDP
1950-51 - 29% (level of urbanization - 17.29%)
1970-71- 37% (level of urbanization - 19.91%)
1990-91- 50% (level of urbanization - 25.72%)
2001-02- 60% (level of urbanization - 27.78%)
2011- 12- 65% (level of urbanization - 31.1%)
10 Largest cities house 8%pop and produce 15%GDP
53 Metro cities house 13 %pop and produce 33%GDP
100 Largest cities house 16%pop and produce 43%GDP
14. Urbanization-issues
• Urban centers :
Poorly planned, developed managed and governed.
Unable to meet challenges of urban dynamism
Haphazard /Unplanned pattern of development.
Enormous growth of slums
• Poor quality of life
• largely unhealthy-House large polluting gases of NO, O3,
Co2,SO2 suspended particulate
• -98% cities in low& low/middle countries / 56% in high
income economies do not meet air quality –WHO norms
• 6 million people died -due to air pollution-2019-20
• Cities Remain unsafe
• Cities -- Remain water stressed
• Unable to meet basic needs of
• -Shelter
• --Services ,
• --Sanitation
15. Urbanization-issues
• Cities--Have acute shortage of green spaces
• Remain prone to disasters- natural and manmade
• Create large heat island- leading to temperature rise
of 2-4 degree during day and up to 10 C at night
• Perpetually suffering from problems of traffic/
transportation
• Promoting exclusion
• Creating dichotomy between rich and poor
• Remain unsustainable- largely dependent on rural
hinterland for day to day needs
• Remain polluter of environment / destroyer of bio-
diversity
• Indian Urbanization rightly called :
Urbanization of Population
Urbanization of Poverty
Urbanization of Pollution
27. URBAN INDIA- 2030- Mckinsey Global Inst-
• India Urban Awakening :Building Inclusive Cities-
Report- April, 2010 -- by 2030:
• 590 m to live in Urban India- twice the US population
• 70% GDP generated by cities
• 80% Revenue generated by cities
• 4 fold increase in per capita income
• 5 times the number by which GDP would multiply
• 270 million net increase in working age group
• 70% of new jobs(170 mil) generated in cities
• 91 M urban households will be middle class-- up from 22 M
• 68 Cities will be Metropolises-Europe has 35 only
• $ 1.2T capital needed to meet projected infrastructure demand
• 700-900 million Sqmts of residential/ commercial area needed
annually- a new Chicago to be created
• 2.5 b Sqmts roads paved-20times created in last decade
• 7400km (350-400 km/year) of metro needed -20times created in last
decade
• 200 million Rural Indians to benefit-living close to top 70 cities
• 75%urban India to live in bottom segment -earning Rs 80 per day
28. Options For making Cities more
Liveable
Making cities great
Places to live –
redefining
approach to
Planning- Regional
Planning-1
29. Redefining Approach to Physical Planning
Changing priority
from Urban Planning to
--Regional Planning
- for Synergizing
- urban - rural areas
- Followed by Urban & rural
Planning
--Promoting both Urban and Rural
Areas
- Minimizing Migration
- - Rationalizing Urban growth
- - Minimizing Slums
- - Economizing infrastructure
32. Sustainable/Smart Planning
• For making cities livable/productive in past
• -urban planning concepts revolved around promoting:
Planned cities
Inclusive Cities
Intelligent Cities
Resilient Cities
Sustainable Cities
Green Cities
Smart Cities
• Looking at the solutions:
Garden City
Linear City
Industrial City
Vertical Cities
Compact Cities
Radiant Cities
• City Planning and Architecture needs to be leveraged to make cities
Smart, cleaner, greener & Sustainable,
33. SDG 11- Make cities and human settlements
inclusive ,safe, resilient and sustainable
34. Smart City Mission in India
• India launched a Mission to make 100 selected cities Smart
• In First stage , state governments nominated potential cities
• Centre shortlisted 100.
• In August 2015 Govt. of India released list of 98 cities,
• MOUD received proposals from 97 cities --- for beneficiaries of first
year financing from 2016
• - 11 cities in UP shortlisted for Smart City Project ;
• 1. Agra 2. Aligarh 3. Allahabad 4. Bareilly
• 5. Jhansi 6. Kanpur 7. Lucknow 8. Moradabad 9. Rampur 10. Saharanpur
• 11. Varanasi
• A total of ₹98000 Crores approved for development of:
• 100 smart cities and rejuvenation of 500 others.
• 48,000 Crores for Smart Cities mission and
• 50,000 Crores for the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban
Transformation(AMRUT)
36. Planning for Making Cities Great Places to Live
• Smart -- Visioning
• State of art --Planned Development
• Weaving nature-- with development
• Making cities-- Compact
• --Making cities-- Inclusive--Making Cities Safe
• --Leveraging-- Technology
• Making cities --Green/blue - Leveraging landscape/water
• -Leveraging-- Culture, Heritage, Art / Architecture
• -Creating Quality --Public Spaces
• --Making cities -- community/people centric
• -Creating -- ownership for city
• Reconnecting-- cities to food productivity
• Designing low energy --Buildings
• - integrating agriculture into cities
• -Making Cities --Spongy- keeping large area open/ promote
rain water harvesting--ground water charging/reducing flooding
• Making informal sector- integral part of planning/develop.
37. Defining Vision
• Vision- starting point for any city to be sustainable/ inclusive/
happy/safe
• Vision/Eco-vision to be defined after:
• Looking at existing strengths and weaknesses,--
• -- opportunities and threats
• -- future potential-
• Overcoming existing problems-Making best of the opportunities
• Creating vision achievable and realistic
• Making efforts focusing on achieving defined Vision
• -Vision to be outcome of-
• - Making Detailed study
• Carrying out in-depth analysis
• Adopting participatory approach
• Using a consultative process
• Involving all stakeholders
• Creating a think tank
• Involving intelligentia of city
38. CO
BS
WO
RKING
LIVING
CIRCULATIO
N
• The Radiant City
•An organism capable of housing works of
man of machine-age society.
• placed under masterful government of
natural conditions:
•Sun
•Space
•Greenery
•And its mission is service of mankind:
•To live
•To work
•To cultivate body and spirit
•To travel about
(in this order and obeying this
hierarchy)
39. PLANNING COMPACT CITIES
Make cities compact by;
-Adopting Mixed Land use
–PromotingHigh-density
development
-- adopting TOD
-- Raising Height and
-Rationalizing land uses
--Redefining Building bye-laws
-Building inside not outside
--- Building vertical not horizontal
--- Building High not low
--- Building mix not pure
---Building dense not shallow
---optimizing available infrastructure.
.
43. Amazing Future Green City of
World –Musdar –Abu Dhabi-UAE
A city of 50,000population
City of no cars , no waste
Planned to make use of cool sea winds
Using solar energy on rooftop
Narrow streets shading houses
Total recycling of waste/water
working/ living area-- not farther
than200 mts from transportation nodes.
Electric powered light rail on elevated
track to permit easy transport between
Musdar and Abu Dhabi.
•for Intra-city travel people use
personal rapid transit pods (PRT) run on
magnetic tracks using electric power.
•Aim is to create:
Zero Carbon
Zero Waste
Zero Car city
44. TIANJIN- Master Plan
..
1. Land-use Planning –Making city compact, mix land uses and
Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)
2. Transport Planning -Green transport .—Large trips via public transport ;
bicycles and walking
3. Green and Blue Network Planning---extensive green
(vegetation) and blue (water) networks – for quality living /working
environment.
4. Water bodies --linked for circulation – enhancing ecology ,
environment , recreational activities.
5. A wastewater pond -rehabilitated /transformed into a clean/beautiful lake.
46. • MAJOR ISSUES:
•Heterogeneous Traffic
•increasing individual vehicle ownership;
•low road capacity;
•poor road geometry;
•large obsolete vehicular population;
• inefficient and inadequate public transportation;
• high environmental pollution;
• low priority for traffic planning; ;
•Low priority to bicycles and pedestrians
• poor traffic management;
• mismatch between vehicle density and road
capacity;
•multiplicity of agencies involved
• absence of unified traffic regulatory authority;
• acute problems of parking;
•high rates of accidents etc.
TRANSPORTATION SCENARIO IN INDIA
48. --Redefining approach to Land-use Planning.
-Redefining shape and size of cities
-Making cities compact
--Reordering prioritization of modes of travel
Planning for People-- not for vehicles
Promoting Accessibility-- Not Mobility
-Making public transport -more equitable,
reliable, affordable, safe, comfortable,
sustainable, energy/operationally efficient, cost-
effective, eco/ users friendly
•Equitable allocation of road space.
•Road Pricing
• Promoting intelligent/smart transportation
•Creating public awareness
•Involving communities/ stakeholders
•Deregistration of Old Vehicles
•Establishing effective regulatory/enforcement
mechanisms
SMART TRANSPORTATION
49. Defining Sustainable Transport
• Sustainable Transport --
• -- sometimes known as Green Transport
• -- form of transport that does not use / rely
on dwindling natural resources.
• -- relies on renewable /regenerated energy
• -- rather than fossil fuels that have a finite life
expectancy
50. •Promoting Bicycle-- as preferred
mode of travel for intra- city travel :
Most inexpensive
Most flexible
Environmental friendly
Zero pollution
Minimizing road tragedies
Zero Energy Vehicle
Occupying minimum road space
Requiring minimum Parking
Space
Promoting National Economy
Promoting Human Health
Reducing depletion of Non-
renewable resources
Best option for travelling over
short distance.
SMART TRANSPORTATION- CYCLING
59. Greening Cities
Available open space/person in India-2.7 sqm
Number of available trees/ person- Canada- 10,163
Number of available trees-India- very low-- 28
trees/person
- Need for Creating a network of interconnected
Green parks/ spaces - 7 Trees / person
-Providing Green Space@ 9 Sqm/ pers
- Compensating all hard surfaces with greens within
buildings roofs/walls
-Greening Roofs/terraces/ Walls
-Preserving all natural areas
-Preserving water channels/ features/ Bio- Diversity
-Protecting existing flora/faun -Creating City Forests
- using derelict areas for greening
- Greening all low lying areas
- Declaring all existing trees as protected tree-
Chandigarh -- using local trees
74. Buildings- Role and Importance
Buildings-- integral part of human history, growth and
development since inception
Buildings -- would continue to define future journey of
human growth
Buildings-- constitute manmade environment-
Buildings-- remain vital for human growth
Buildings – are living organism
Buildings – cater to all human activities
Buildings- full of dualities and contradictions
Buildings -- largest consumers of energy
Buildings - largest consumers of resources
Buildings – largest generators of waste
Buildings- largest polluter of environment /ecology
Buildings --- responsible for largest carbon footprints
Buildings -- responsible for global warming
Buildings -- major determinant of global sustainability
75. Buildings- Role and Importance
• Buildings– providers of optimum/worst living
conditions
Buildings -- make people healthy/sick
Buildings --critical because 80% human life spent in
buildings
Buildings vital to overcome human/ ecological
concerns
Making Buildings Sustainable-- essential to make
value addition to resources, environment ,ecology
Studies revealed —
A Green School-- makes learning easy and more
meaningful
A Green House--- makes people happy and healthy
A Green Hospital-- cures patients quickly
A Green Shopping Mall-- can increase sale / profits
76. BUILDINGS AS CONSUMERS OF RESOURCES
•Built environment impact environment / consumption of
resources:
16% of world’s fresh water withdrawal.
25% of wood harvested.
30% of consumption of raw material.
50% of global energy consumption.
35% of world's CO2 emission
40% of Municipal Solid Waste.
50% of Ozone depleting CFC’s still in use.
30% of residents having sick building syndrome
– ( Roodman and Lenssen, 1995)
•70% global warming--outcome of buildings / transportation
•Existing buildings--low concern for energy conservation.
•Considering annual addition of- 700-900msqmts-
•-- energy/ environment implications will be critical.
•Buildings need to be;
•- designed /constructed / operated /maintained
•--with utmost care /considerations for
•-- energy/ sustainability/resources
81. Daylighting
Local materials
Indian Way of approaching design
• Rediscovery of the Indian ethos
– We worship 5 elements of Nature (Panchabhutas)
Prithvi (Earth) Sustainable Sites
Jal (Water) Water Efficiency
Agni (Energy) Energy Efficiency
Vayu (Air) Indoor Environmental Quality
Akash (Sky) Daylight
Views
Water body
83. How Livable cities use technology
• Most Efficient cities follow four steps to
• -- improve quality of life & promote economic growth
• - Using – technologies-a network of connected IoT devices
• 1. Collection – Smart sensors gather real-time data
• 2. Analysis – to understand operation of City services
• 3. Communication – data to decision makers for action
• 4. Action – improve operations, managing assets/ improve quality of life
• ICT framework brings together all stakeholders on same platform by ;
• -- collecting
• real time data
• - connecting / engaging/ interacting with citizens /smart city ecosystems
• -- connecting vehicles, managing traffic & transportation
• - Assessing and managing buildings/ infrastructure
• -- making delivery /operation/ maintenance of services cost- effective
• --improving sustainability
• -- making energy distribution / refuse collection efficient and effective
• -- Effectively monitoring/improving air quality.
• -- minimizing subjectivity -- bringing objectivity
84. Using Technologies for-
Urban Planning—Preparing/ Making
amendments in Master Plans/ Development
Plans
Managing Transportation-
Efficient Services--Monitoring /managing
delivery of services- water supply
--sensor based garbage bins
--Tackling noise
Promoting Accessibility- making payments on
line
Minimising Pollution-
-Tackling air pollution
Promoting Efficiency--creating platform for efficiency
--breaking silos
-- lodging complaints/
Redressing Grievances-
-rendering services on line
85. Smart Technologies
• Using smart technologies for ;
• -- smart parking- to help find a parking space / allow for digital payment.
• -- smart traffic management-- to monitor traffic flows / optimise traffic
lights to reduce congestion/ride-sharing services / digital bus stops- bus
schedule -Managing Traffic/parking --Minimizing travel
• Promoting Energy conservation / environmental efficiencies- dimming
streetlights when roads are empty–
• -- improving operations /maintenance / planning -- power supplies.
• -- Combat climate change / air pollution
• --waste management / sanitation -- rubbish collection, bins /fleet
management
• -- Promoting safety measures-- monitoring areas of high crime-- using
sensors for early warning for floods, landslides, hurricanes or droughts.
• -- Smart buildings --structural health monitoring -- feedback to
determine when repairs are necessary.
• -- Citizens notifying officials of any problems,-- road potholes—
monitoring infrastructure problem leaks -- water pipes.
• -- improving efficiency of manufacturing, urban farming, energy use,
• -- connect all services to provide combined solutions for citizens.
87. •QUALITY LEADERSHIP
• Smart cities would require:
• well defined city ownership-ULBs
•Well defined city Leadership- Mayor
•Building a High performance team
•Adopting professional / Management
Approach
•Promoting Training and Development
•Investing in Learning
•Creating Culture of Accountability
•Securing Stakeholders Consensus
•Launching Pilot Programs in cities
•Prioritizing/defining Agenda for City Growth
•Each City to have a starting Point
•Mayors of Curitiba, New York, Washington,
Rio-de Janerio,, Bogota, Toledo ,London----,
created highest degree of urban
Leadership/Governance to make cities Smart
95. Future Cities-Conceptual
Ultima Tower- 2Mile High Sky City
•Location: Any densely populated urban
environment
•Date: 1991
•Cost: $150,000,000,000
•Population: 1,000,000 people
•Exterior surface area of building: 150,000,000
sft.
•Enclosed volume: 53,000,000,000 cubic feet
•Total enclosed acreage: 39,000 acres-156
secors
•Elevator speed: 20 feet per second (13 miles
per hour) 9 minutes and 40 seconds to reach
top floor from ground floor.
•Dimensions: Height--10,560 feet;
•Diameter at the base--6000 feet;
•Number of stories--500;
•Total Square Feet: Approximately 5,000,000 sft
96. Mile-High Tower-
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
• Location Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
• Cost US$28.5 billion
• Height 1 mile (1,600 m; 5,280 ft)
• Floor area3,530,000 m2 (38,000,000 sft)
• Capacity 80,000 people
• The tower will have -275 floors
• Lobby upto 5 th floor
• Offices 6- 50 floors
• Five-star hotel &Conference halls 51-75
floors
• Deluxe residential units 76-195 floors and
• Retail facilities 196-275 floors
• Alternate Energy Generation 196-275 floors
• Status of project
97. Earth Scraper – Mexico City
• Location- Mexico City
• Depth 300 m below ground
• Designed as Inverted Pyramid
• Glass floor to cover 240 mtrs X
240 mtrs. hole in cities main
square to filter natural light
• Preserve cities historic centre
and heritage buildings
surrounding square.
• Interior of building to look
natural.
• Building -- city’s top retail
destination.
98. •
• Three Mantra for Sustainable/Smart
cities --
• 1. Achieve smart growth
• -- finding best options to do things sustainably
• -- promote economic growth for people –
• -- making them earn good livelihood
• -- make them enjoy a good quality of life.
• 2. Do more with less–
• -- cities need money-- to accomplish all wants .
• Cities to collect, manage/spend resources effectively/ efficiently
• 3. Win support for change-
• - City leaders need to;-- deliver fast, positive, /visible results,
• - build support for changes.
• -- Involving high-performing civil servants
• -- making them accountable for their work—Singapore model
