Indian Architecture- A Synthesis of Diverse Culture and Beliefs

INDIAN ARCHITECTURE
- A SYNTHESIS AND FUSION OF
DIVERSE CULTURES AND BELIEFS
Ar. J.K. Gupta,
Director
College Of Architecture , IET Bhaddal (INDIA)

 Architecture is the matrix of Civilization – An
authentic measure of social status, expression of
ethos of an era.
When conserved, it is Heritage and when in
ruins it becomes archaeology.
Historically Architecture remains the principal
visible material record, through the ages of man’s
intellectual evolution.
Each great cultural movement made distinct
contribution to the art of buildings to reveal &
show case
 Aspiration of people
 Social and political conditions
 Way of life .
In India this movement found expression in
numerous noble monuments indicating the rich
architectural heritage.
INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
Historically each major architectural
development had genesis in one
basic/underlying principal, which
remained Supremely Distinctive.
 It was refined perfection with Greeks.
Roman buildings distinguished for scientific
construction.
French Gothic revealed condition of passionate
energy.
Italian Renaissance reflected scholarship of its time.
 Outstanding quality of Indian Architecture
was its spiritual content to represent
 In concrete form the prevailing religious consciousness of
people.
With mind materialized in terms of rock, brick or stone.

Indian architecture is distinguished by :
synthesis of different religions, cultures, beliefs,
ideas involving Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Islam,
Sikhism and Christianity to produce enormous wealth
of buildings.
With history spanning over 5000 years India
represents one of the oldest civilization having large
repository of built heritage.
Indian heritage includes both human settlements
and built environment involving.
 Cities and towns, temples, shrines, tombs, palaces,
mosques, caves, corridors, halls full of columns, rings
of battlemented walls, towering Gopurams, variety
of Domes and Arches, Shikhras, Toranas, Vimanas,
Garab Grihas, massive Gateways, beautiful Paintings,
profusely decorated Sculptures and Landscaped
Gardens.

Indian architecture is the outcomes of
Diverse religious beliefs
Pattern of worship
Prevailing climatic conditions
Available building materials
Available building technologies
Prevailing social structure
Prevailing economic structure
Topography
Climate
Culture
Historical & Linguistic patterns
Symbolism
Sculptures
Paintings
Shape of superstructure
Defense against invaders/wild animals

Indus Valley Civilisation- Cities
of Mohenjo-Daro (Sind) and
Harappa (Southern Punjab)
Contemporary of Mesopotamium civilization
Fully matured civilization as early as 3000 b.c.
One of the oldest civilization
Highly evolved Town Planning and Construction
Technology
City plan based on Grid Iron
All major roads cardinally oriented
City divided into distinct wards for protection
Burnt bricks laid with mud mortar in English
bond
Highly evolved bricklayer craft
Corbelled arch used for bridging spaces.
Highly developed water supply & drainage
system.

Predominance of small and large
dwelling houses
Major buildings included-
 market halls and offices
Palace with spacious courtyards
Huge Public bath
Several Halls for religious purposes
Large storage for grains
Highly practical form of building
construction
Indus Civilization declined in early 2nd
millennium BC with remains of over a
thousand towns & villages once full of
men-a Greek writer

VEDIC PERIOD
 Indus Civilization was followed by Vedic
period.
Period of great religious and intellectual
growth
Vedas were created during this period.
Ramayana, Mahabharta, Bhagwat Geeta also
belonged to this era
Manual for city planning created
Cities of Hastinapur, Inderprastha, Lanka,
Ayodhya, Kashi, Kaushambhi developed into
centres of trade, commerce & industry.

Circular & rectangular forms used for
buildings with circular/dome shaped roofing.
Carpenter held high place of honour in
society
Construction features imitated in rock and
stone architecture subsequently.
Cities largely of wooden construction began
to appear in different parts of country
Planned by Architect Maha-Govinda who
was responsible for planning of capitals of
Northern India involving
VEDIC PERIOD
City plan rectangular in shape
City divided into four quarters by two major
intersecting roads

Each road led to a gate
Each quarter allocated to
• Citadel and royal apartments
• Residences of upper classes
• Middle class housing
• Traders with their workshops.
Moghuls seperdict Vedic Period by 2000 yr.
followed the principles of
Palaces built around inner courtyard within citadel
Large central windows for darshan of king
Wing reserved for royal ladies
Pleasure garden with ornamental fountains and waters
Official enclosure containing audience and assembly
halls

Court of justice and music gallery
Arena for wrestling /display and contests of wild blasts
Palaces of Mughals were of marble but buildings in
Vedic were at primitive stages.
City wall of Rajgriha/ancient capital of Magdha (Patna)
constructed of rough pile of undressed stones with no
mortar up to 12 feet found to be of the same pattern
used in Acropolis Athens indicating desire for stable
method of constructions but skill/experience were
lacking.

HINDU ARCHITECTURE
Hindu architecture concentrates on the
Religious & Spiritual
Idols into their art
Religious worshipping of deities
Temples as the medium of expression
Temple viewed not merely place of worship
Abode of the Gods inside-in spirit, soul & body
Variations in design obsered in the temples constructed in
different ages & different regions
Approach during Pallavas moved from single to clusters of
religious buildings
Wood & Stone as the key materials
Perfected the art of polishing
Perfected the art of stone carving
Each temples dedicated to God
Entries to temples highlighted in the shape of Gopurams
Shapes generally pyramidical
Sculpture, Carvings & paintings extensively used inside &
outside the temples

MAHABALIPURAM TEMPLES
This group of sanctuaries, founded by the Pallava kings, was carved out of rock along
the Coromandel coast in the 7th and 8th centuries. It is known especially for
its rathas (temples in the form of chariots), mandapas (cave sanctuaries), giant open-
air reliefs such as the famous 'Descent of the Ganges', and the temple of Rivage, with
thousands of sculptures to the glory of Shiva.

KHAJURAHO
The temples at Khajuraho built during the Chandella dynasty, between 950 and 1050.
Only about 20 temples remain; they fall into three distinct groups and belong to two
different religions – Hinduism and Jainism. They strike a perfect balance between
architecture and sculpture. The Temple of Kandariya is decorated with a profusion of
sculptures that are among the greatest masterpieces of Indian art.

BHUBHANESHWAR
LINGARAJA TEMPLE 11th century dedicated to Lord Shiva

CHOLA TEMPLES
The Great Living Chola Temples were built by kings of the Chola Empire. The site includes three
great 11th- and 12th-century Temples: the Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur, the Brihadisvara
Temple at Gangaikondacholisvaram and the Airavatesvara Temple at Darasuram. The Temple of
Gangaikondacholisvaram, built by Rajendra I, was completed in 1035. Its 53-m vimana (sanctum
tower) has recessed corners and a graceful upward curving movement, contrasting with the
straight and severe tower at Thanjavur. The Airavatesvara temple complex, built by Rajaraja II, at
Darasuram features a 24-m vimana and a stone image of Shiva. The temples testify to the
brilliant achievements of the Chola in architecture, sculpture, painting and bronze casting.

SUN TEMPLE KONARK
On the shores of the Bay of Bengal, bathed in the rays of the rising sun, the temple at
Konarak is a monumental representation of the sun god Surya's chariot; its 24 wheels
are decorated with symbolic designs and it is led by a team of six horses. Built in the
13th century, it is one of India's most famous Brahman sanctuaries.

VIRUPKSHA TEMPLE - HAMPI
The austere, grandiose site of Hampi was the last capital of the last great Hindu
Kingdom of Vijayanagar. Its fabulously rich princes built Dravidian temples & palaces
which won the admiration of travellers between the 14th and 16th centuries.
Conquered by the Deccan Muslim confederacy in 1565, the city was pillaged over a
period of six months before being abandoned.

MADURAI TEMPLES
MEENAKSHI TEMPLE
16th Century
Dedicated to Parvati

Buddhist Architecture
Gautam Buddha advent and concept of middle
path to nirvana ushered a new era of architecture
involving Stupas & rock-cut caves.
Construction dominated largely by monasteries
and Stupas.
Monasteries used as residence for the Buddhist
monks.
Buddhist temples used for prayers & teachings
Stupas were hemispherical structure to enshrine
sacred relics of the monks.
Circular form of Stupa was selected as against
square to:
Symbolise the Buddhist wheel of law.
Ideal for performing rituals.
Circle in plan and circle in elevation became the
essencce of buddhist architecture.

Stupas comprised of :
Chaityas - the prayers hall for the Buddhists
Vedica -the railing used for demarcating the sacred
area of relic shrine
Torna -the ceremonial gateway to the shrine placed at
cardinal points.
Stambha - the pillar placed at the entrance.
Pradakshina path -the elevated processional passage
for Buddhists and at ground level open to the common
pilgrims.
Harmika-square platform at the apex of stupa
surrounded by railing from top of which the honorific
umbrella rises.
Structure made up of dry masonry.
Profusely sculptured stone columns with Buddhist
inscriptions placed along the roads leading to pilgrimage.

ROCK-CUT ARCHITECTURE-AJANTA CAVES
Rock-cut Architecture emerged as the outcome of search for eternity, peace &
tranquality, safe from natural hazard in the lap of nature to promote buddhism
and jainism.
The first Buddhist cave monuments at Ajanta date from the 2nd and 1st
centuries B.C. During the Gupta period (5th and 6th centuries A.D.), many more
richly decorated caves were added. The paintings and sculptures of Ajanta,
considered masterpieces of Buddhist religious art.

ROCK-CUT ARCHITECTURE-AJANTA CAVES

Comprises of 34 monasteries and temples, extending over more than 2 km, dug side by
side in the wall of a high basalt cliff, not far from Aurangabad, in Maharashtra. Ellora, with
its uninterrupted sequence of monuments dating from A.D. 600 to 1000, brings the
civilization of ancient India to life. Not only is the Ellora complex a unique artistic creation
and a technological exploit but, with its sanctuaries devoted to Buddhism, Hinduism and
Jainism, it illustrates the spirit of tolerance that was characteristic of ancient India.
ROCK-CUT ARCHITECTURE-ELLORA CAVES

ROCK-CUT ARCHITECTURE-ELLORA CAVES
KAILASH TEMPLE

Elephanta Caves
The 'City of Caves', on an island in the Sea of Oman close to Bombay, contains a
collection of rock art linked to the cult of Shiva. Here, Indian art has found one of its
most perfect expressions, particularly the huge high reliefs in the main cave.

JAIN ARCHITECTURE
Built temples as medium of expression
Temple built mostly in groups
Temples built mostly in hills
Compared to Hindus & Buddhists, Jain temples are few
Marble & Stone used as the main building material
Walls constructed around temples for protection against thefts
 Embattled walls and fortified gateways used
Richest temples
Followed the pattern used for Hindus & Buddhist temples
Images changed into Four Tirathankars placed back to back facing
cardinal points
Use of court yards
Series of Columned chambers leading to central halls of temples.
Extensive carving of roofing and walls
Sculptures used extensively on walls
Known for distinctive domes, shikhara, turrets & cupolas rising
majestically

JAIN ARCHITECTURE
DILWARA TEMPLE

JAIN TEMPLES
RANAKPUR (1444 pillars)

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
 Islamic architecture made valuable
contribution to the built heritage.
New architecture emerged under
patronage of Islamic rulers had genesis in:
 Religion,
Advance knowledge of building design
Construction techniques.
 Two sets of buildings created: Religious
and Secular.
Buildings created followed a distinct
pattern.

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
Approach was formal and materials
used were diverse.
 Buildings involved :
 Tall Structures,
Courtyards,
Domes
Arches,
Entrances etc.
Besides buildings, number of new
towns also planned & developed.
Art & Science of Landscaping was
also perfected.

HIGH RISE STRUCTURES-QUTUB MINAR
 Islamic Architecture credited with first High
Rise Structure in India.
Qutub Minar built in 12th century marked the
shadow of God over East & West.
72.5 m tall,14.3 m at base,2.7m at top with
360 steps-One of the Tallest free standing
masonry structure in world.
Construction made possible by synthesis of
inspired vision of Qutubdin & creative genius of
Indian workers.
Classical example of Architecture &
Construction advancement.
Defined the basic principles of construction of
tall structures , the manner of load transfer to
ground to make the structure safe from disaster.

LANDSCAPING
Love for nature lead to development of
landscaping.
Landscaping made both an Art & Science.
Buildings never conceived in isolation.
Buildings and Landscape were integrated.
Large sites selected to accommodate
Landscaping.
Buildings strategically placed within
landscaped area.
Landscape dictated by Symmetry and
Geometry.
Layout perfectly formal made around four
quadrants -Char Bagh.
Trees, Flowers and water constituted basic
elements.

COURTYARD
 Courtyards extensively used in Religious and
secular buildings.
Courtyard has distinct advantages in terms of :
Providers of air, light and ventilation.
Place for assembly/offering prayers
Place for social activities
Connector of buildings
Permitting direct contact between
worshippers.
Formation of uninterrupted orderly aligned
rows.
Absence of columns/walls.
Sealing prayer areas from external noise.
Opportunity for hearing the preacher with
clarity.

ENTRANCE
 Islamic Architecture viewed important
buildings as balanced composition dictated by
principles of urban design.
Approach to complex through a gate-specially
designed.
Gates designed as integral part of complex to :
provide access
showcase glory and majesty of the complex.
Entrance became ceremonial-designed with
great care and sensitivity.
Gates considered as elements of Architecture,
Engineering, structure besides solution to
common problem of ceremonial access.
Gates both impressed the visitors and
provided sense of temporary shelter as one
passes underneath.

DOME
 Dome for roofing introduced during
Islamic period.
Changed the skyline of building from flat
to oval.
Dome was invented due to:
Necessity for covering large spans.
Without any physical/visual barriers.
 Meet the needs of large spaces for
tombs/mosques.
Overcome the limitation of flat roof.
Optimization of space utilization.
 Construction of dome had genesis in:
 invention of arch as a system of support of roof.
Use of mortar with rubble masonry.
Dome a product of architectural genesis and
structural marvel.

DOME
 Gol Gumbaj Bizapur finest example of
dome.
Constructed over 136 ‘ square structure
with a height of 200’.
Largest span/height of the dome with
uninterrupted space of 18000 sqft.
Use of intersecting arches to overcome
the problem of large span.
Dome made in masonry & cement conc.
Dome a product of design, construction
technique which found perfection, elegance
and culmination in Taj Mahal.
Domes are well accepted as part of
architectural vocabulary to provide a distinct
shape, profile and personality to building.

TAJ MAHAL - AGRA
Mausoleum of white marble, built in Agra between 1631 and 1648 by Mughal emperor
Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, the Taj Mahal is the jewel of Muslim art &
Architecture in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's
heritage.

TOWN PLANNING
 Islamic Architecture obtained high degree of
proficiency in Town Planning besides buildings.
Large number of capital cities created on
virgin land.
Capital cities designed to be self-contained in
terms of defense, public buildings, royal
residences, residence for royal army.
Cities planned to be walled cities.
Site chosen strategically for protection from
invaders.
With diluted need of defense cities moved
closer to River front-Yamuna for fresh air,
scenic view of majestic Yamuna and availability
of water.
City planned on axis with longest axis placed
along the river front for view and defense.

FATEHPUR SIKRI
 Located 26 miles West of Agra on rugged
hill of Sikri.
Population estimated to be 2,00,000 at
Zenith equal to London & Rome.
Capital city comprised of great complexes
of royalty, residential, official, religious
buildings.
Planning dictated by:
Function, orientation, topography, security and
aesthetics.
Flexibility in planning dictated by broad zoning.
Absence of formal streets with arrangement of
broad terraces and stately courtyards around which
palaces and pavilions grouped together.
Absolute freedom to design the buildings under the
overall framework of development controls.

RAJASTHAN ARCHITECTURE
Architecture represents different types of buildings including
Secular - Towns, villages, wells, gardens, houses, forts and palaces
Meant for public and civic purposes
Religious - Temples, mosques, and tombs.
Stone & marble used as the major materials
Sculpture & Stone carvings used extensively
Main features of Rajasthan Architecture include:
Jharokha
Chhatri
Haveli
Stepwell
Johad
Jalli
Char Bagh

CITY PALACE JAIPUR

JANTAR MANTAR
The Jantar Mantar, in Jaipur, is an astronomical observation site built in the early 18th century. It
includes a set of some 20 main fixed instruments. They are monumental examples in masonry of
known instruments but which in many cases have specific characteristics of their own. Designed
for the observation of astronomical positions with the naked eye, they embody several
architectural and instrumental innovations. This is the most significant, most comprehensive,
and the best preserved of India's historic observatories. It is an expression of the astronomical
skills and cosmological concepts of the court of a scholarly prince at the end of the Mughal
period.

JANTAR MANTAR
HAWA MAHAL, JAIPUR
JAL MAHAL JAIPUR, JAIPUR

CITY PALACE UDAIPUR

UMAIDH BHAWAN PALACE, JODHPUR : LARGEST ROYAL PALACE IN THE WORLD

COLONIAL ARCHITECTUREThe Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, formerly known as Victoria Terminus Station, in Mumbai, is an
outstanding example of Victorian Gothic Revival architecture in India, blended with themes deriving
from Indian traditional architecture. The building, designed by the British architect F. W. Stevens,
became the symbol of Bombay as the ‘Gothic City’ and the major international mercantile port of
India. The terminal was built over 10 years, starting in 1878, according to a High Victorian Gothic
design based on late medieval Italian models. Its remarkable stone dome, turrets, pointed arches
and eccentric ground plan are close to traditional Indian palace architecture. It is an outstanding
example of the meeting of two cultures, as British architects worked with Indian craftsmen to
include Indian architectural tradition and idioms thus forging a new style unique to Bombay.

COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
HIGH COURT
BRIHAN MUMBAI CORPORATION OFFICE

GATEWAY OF INDIA
HOTEL TAJ MUMBAI

VICTORIA HALL KOLKATA

VICE REGAL LODGE
CHURCH SHIMLA

GPO & CORPORATION OFFICE, SHIMLA

RASHTRPATI BHAWAN DELHI

PARLIAMENT HOUSE
INDIA GATE DELHI

SOUTH BLOCK DELHI

POST INDEPENDENCE ARCHITECTURE
A CITY OF TWO PLANS : CHANDIGARH

VICTORIA HALL KOLKATA•City planned for a population of 0.5
million to be realized in 3 stages.
Stage-I (S1)
Sector 1 to 30 covering 3642 hectares for
150000 population a low density
development of 41.12 persons per
hectare(16 ppa)with high order of
infrastructure and amenities. Land to be
allotted on free hold basis.
Stage-II (S2)
from Sector 31 to 47 covering 2428 hectares
for 350000 population, a high density
development of 144.15 persons per
hectare(56ppa) (3.5 times of stage 1). Land
to be allotted on lease hold.
• Stage-III (S3 )
• Re-densification of Stage-I to
accommodate population exceeding 0.5
million without compromising with the
quality of life.
S2
S1&S3

 City plan was based on the concept of four basic human
functions:
- Living - Working - Circulation - Care of Body & Spirit
•Beginning with practical necessity of re-siting capitol and
reducing area to be acquired for the city, the entire urban
structure was modified.
•Mayer’s concept of fan shaped city was changed by adopting
the grid iron pattern of straight roads because:
Circulation of traffic demands a straight line
-The curve is ruinous, difficult and dangerous;
-it is a paralyzing thing.
-The straight line enters into all human history,
-into all human aims,
-into every human act.
Present urban form of Chandigarh is derived from:
-Grid iron pattern with straight roads
-Neighborhood units-sector.
-The circulation pattern based on theory of 7VS
(les septvoies)
-Regular grid of the fast traffic V3 roads defining
edges
LE CORBUSIER’S MASTER PLAN
COBS
WORKINGLIVING
CIRCULATION

LE CORBUSIER’S MASTER PLAN – DESIGN APPROACH
Critical factors impacting the architecture and urban form of
Chandigarh were:
Low budget for the city($2.2m)
Strict adherence to budget and its pre-conceived
structure
estimates prepared on Mayer’s Plan
Large range of social services to be provided
Existence of plan prepared by Albert Mayer
Which made Chandigarh
A low density and
A low rise city with
Simple traffic system and
sector layouts dictated by restricting cost of roads,
service & infrastructures.
Consideration of economy also dictated.
choice of local bricks as the chief material for
construction
 boulders/pebbles from the rivers beds used in random
patterns creating a rich variety of surface texture.

LE CORBUSIER’S MASTER PLAN – DESIGN APPROACH
Minimizing windows- sizes/glass-cost of wood
work/glazing seven times more than a brick wall.
Standardizing doors, window, sanitary fittings,
ironmongery and
Using pre-cost roof battens to save on time and labour
during construction.
using manpower and not machinery for achieving
economy.
Chandigarh Architecture became the product of:
protection of sun/ dust laden winds of hot seasons and
the discipline of cost, material, technology, climate
created a box-like structures of bricks/ stone
 small windows protected by brise-soleil, jalis
whichled to the beginning of a style which the Architects
had not consciously sought but which nevertheless,
became the hallmark of Chandigarh.
Despite constraints, Corbusier promised a unique life to
the future inhabitants of the city.

LE CORBUSIER WITH THE BLUE PRINT OF THE MASTER PLAN OF
CHANDIGARH

SECRETARIAT

ASSEMBLY HALL
PARABOLIC AND TRIANGULAR ROOF

INTERIOR- STATE ASSEMBLY

INTERIOR OF CHIEF JUSTICE COURT ROOM CHANDIGARH

GOVERNOR’S PALACE

GANDHI BHAWAN, PANJAB UNIVERSITY
PLACED IN THE POOL OF WATER TO CREATE A QUIET, MEDITATIVE ATMOSPHERE

• CHANIGARH MUSEUM---SQUARE SPIRAL PLAN
• IT IS BUILT ON COLUMNS HAVING ENTRANCE AT GROUND LEVEL

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
FRONT FAÇADE IS ADORNED WITH A DEEP SCREEN OF PRE-CAST
CONCRETE, A SORT OF MINIATURE brise-soleil

DEVELOPMENT CONTROL

MILLENIUM CITY GURGAON
SUNCITY GURGAON

Major drivers of architecture in this era of globalisation and
liberation of economics are :
Universalisation of architecture
Commercialisation of architecture
Architecture being treated as trade rather than art and science
Dilution of professional input.
driven by technology/IT
Irrelevance of form follows function
Dilution of local climatic conditions
Dominance of structural consideration
Dominance of western materials
Dilution of vernacular architecture
Dominance of artificial light ,heating ,ventilation, air
conditioning
Dominance of vertical/high rise buildings
Dilution of natural system of lighting /ventilation
Dominance of construction technologies
sub-servient to materials, structure & building technologies
Dominance of form
Architectural solutions largely dictated by western concepts
Dilution of site conditions
Quantity overshadow quality
Energy consumption aspect least priority
MAJOR DRIVERS OF ARCHITECTURE

DEMOGRAPHY INDIA
Population of India reached
 250 million in 1919
 500 million in 1966 (47 yrs. Later)
 1000 million in 2000 ( 34 yrs. Later)
 1210 million in 2011 ( 11 yrs. Later)
By 2050 Indian to have population of 1500
million with 50% living in Urban India.
Urban India had 285.39/377 million in
2001/2011.
Metropolitan Centers number 53 in 2011
Greater Mumbai with 18.5 million was the
most populous city in 2011
Increased population requires housing,
educational institutions, commercial
centers, industrial buildings, shopping
malls, buildings, multiplexes etc.

URBANISATION
• Cities profoundly alter the quality of
life and impact local and global
environment
• Cities are fast emerging as GREY
CITIES, the way they:
 Use land
 Consume resources
 Create high energy demand
 Increase travel needs
Create heat islands
Generate waste
Create ecological problems
Destroy natural habitat
Add to water pollution
Adversely impact environment and
Lower down quality of life

URBANISATION
* Human settlements fast emerging as large
consumers of energy due to:
Concentration of population.
Concentration of activities.
Increasing size of cities.
Increased travel distance.
Increasing travel demand.
Increased use of personal vehicles.
Construction of large number of buildings
Cooling and heating spaces for comfortable
living.
* Energy consumptions levels are rising rapidly
due to:
Increasing income level.
Higher car ownership.
Travel becoming a habit.
Designing buildings without caring for energy
implications and
Increasing level of living comforts.
There is an urgent need to make cities
sustainable converting existing GREY CITIES to
Green Cities.

THREAT TO SUSTAINABILITY: POVERTY

THREAT TO SUSTAINABILITY: POLLUTION

THREAT TO SUSTAINABILITY: POPULATION

Development that improves long term physical, social and
ecological health of cities and towns. A sustainable urban
development has following characteristics
Compact development
Use of Green Energy
Efficient land use
Use of Bicycles as mode of transport
Less automobiles use yet providing better accessibility
Less pollution and waste
Restoration of natural systems
Good affordable housing
Good living Environment
A healthy social Ecology
A sustainable Economy
High degree of community participation and involvement
Preservation of local culture and wisdom
Quality of life
Buildings designed on local climate and culture
Buildings which are least consumers of energy
Buildings which showcase vernacular architecture
PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE CITIES

COBS
WORKINGLIVING
CIRCULATION
• The Radiant City
•An organism capable of housing
the works of man of machine-age
society.
• placed under the masterful
government of natural conditions:
•Sun
•Space
•Greenery
•And its mission is the service of
mankind:
•To live
•To work
•To cultivate body and spirit
•To travel about
(in this order and obeying
this hierarchy)

THANKS FOR YOUR
PATIENCE
&
SEARCH FOR VERNACULAR SOLUTIONS
TO PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE BUILT
ENVIRONMENT & URBAN DEVELOPMENT
CONTINUES AS A CHALLANGE TO
ARCHITECTS AND PROFESSIONALS ……….

Indian Architecture- A Synthesis of Diverse Culture and Beliefs

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Indian Architecture- A Synthesis of Diverse Culture and Beliefs