POWERPOINT PRESENTATION

INDIAN PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL
SOCIAL SCIENCE
FA 1
POWERPOINT PRESENTATION
TOPIC: DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIRDS AND ANIMALS
DONE BY:
JIBIN JOSEPH
X. A

The African Bush Elephant is the largest of all living creatures on
land today, with some individuals growing to weigh more than 6
tons. The African Bush Elephant is mainly found in central and
southern Africa in nomadic herds that wander the plains
and grasslands of Africa grazing for food and searching for
waterholes. Unlike the slightly smaller African Forest Elephant, the
African Bush Elephant inhabits the grassy savanna plains and
shrub-land of the African continent in groups that contain mothers
and their calves. The African Bush Elephant is a
herbivorous mammal meaning that it survives on a diet that solely
consists of plants and plant matter. The bulk of the African
Bush Elephant's diet is comprised of leaves and branches that are
stripped off the trees and bushes using it's trunk

The African Wild Dog (also known as the Painted Dog and the
Cape Hunting Dog) is a medium sized species of canine found
across sub-Saharan Africa.
African Wild Dogs are found naturally roaming the deserts, open-
plains and arid savanna of sub-Saharan Africa where the range of
the African Wild Dog has decreased rapidly
African Wild Dogs are highly sociable animals that gather in packs
of generally between 10 and 30 individuals
The African Wild Dog is a carnivorous and opportunistic predator.

The Arctic wolf is found in the most northern parts of the wolf's
range, in the Arctic Circle. Arctic wolves mainly inhabit
Northern Canada and Alaska, parts of Greenland and Iceland and
Northern Europe. Arctic wolves are incredibly versatile and
adaptive animals, able to withstand year round sub-zero
temperatures. Arctic wolves tend to be white with brown irises,
unlike most other subspecies of wolves with yellow to amber eyes.
White fur gives them camouflage in a snowy environment, and the
darker irises give added protection to the eyes in a high glare
environment.

The Asiatic Black Bear is a medium to large sized species of bear
that is found inhabiting the deciduous tropical forest throughout
Asia. The Asiatic Black Bear has a strong and sturdy body with a
large head and thick-set legs which are strong enough to enable the
Asiatic Black Bear to both stand and walk on, using bipedal
movement in order to make themselves appear even bigger when
they feel threatened or are competing for territory with other
individuals. Asiatic Black Bears have a black coat of fur
(sometimes brown or even blonde depending on the subspecies)
with a distinctive whitish v-shaped marking on their chest and a
ruff of longer fur around their necks which again is thought to help
to make them appear larger in size than they actually are.

The Bactrian camel is better known as being the type of camel with
two humps. There are only two surviving species
of camel remaining, the single humped camels from the Middle
East and the Bactrian (double humped)camel from Northern Asia.
Like the single humped camel, the Bactrian camel is able to
survive on its own water reserves for long periods of time meaning
they can cross enormous desert plains and mountain ranges without
the need to stop so often. The Bactrian camel is one of the most
adaptive animals in the world with the Bactrian camel being able to
withstand temperatures from 40 degrees Centigrade in the summer
to -30 degrees Centigrade in the winter.

The Borneo elephant is a sub-species of Asian elephant which
includes the Indian elephant, the Sumatran elephant, the Sri-
Lanka elephant and the Borneo elephant. The Borneo elephant is
also known as the pygmy elephants it is the smallest of
the elephant sub-species. As its name suggests, the
Borneo elephant is found exclusively on the island of Borneo in the
Malaysian state of Sabah and parts of Indonesian Kalimantan.
Much of the Borneo elephants natural habitat has been destroyed to
make way for palm oil plantations and there are now thought to be
less than 1,000 Borneo elephant individuals left in Sabah.
Borneo elephants are herbivorous animals

Bottlenose Dolphins are the most common and well-known type
of dolphin. Bottlenose dolphins are found inhabiting warm seas
worldwide. Bottlenose dolphins are grey in color and grow
between 2 and 4 meters long. These dolphins typically stay in
groups from 15 to 2,000 in number, meaning that
bottlenose dolphins can often be found in large groups. Dolphins
are thought to be one of the more intelligent animals of
the mammal world, along with bigger primates
and humans. Dolphins are thought to communicate to
other dolphins through a series of clicking sounds.

The caiman is a large aquatic reptile found in the swamps and
tropical rivers that cover Central and South America.
Caimans are found in a variety of habitats throughout Central and
South America from marshes and swamps to Mangrove Rivers and
lakes. As with other reptiles, caimans have scaly skin and live a
fairly nocturnal existence. There are six different species of caiman
found throughout the watery, jungle habitats of Central and
Southern America. The average length for most of the other caiman
species if about 2.5 meters long. The caiman is a
carnivorous predators and, like the alligator and the crocodile, the
caiman has a diet that consists of a great deal of fish. The caiman
also hunts insects, birds and small mammals and reptiles.

The Capybara is a large, semi-aquatic rodent that is found inhabiting the
water-logged regions of Central and South America. these mammals
have adapted well to life in the water and have a number of distinctive
characteristics that aid their amphibious lifestyle, including the webbed
skin between their toes which is particularly helpful when swimming.
The Capybara is found throughout a variety of habitats in Central and
South America providing that there is a constant source of
standing freshwater. They are found in Panama, Colombia, Venezuela
and Peru, down through Brazil and Paraguay and into northern
Argentina and Uruguay where they are most commonly found in
swamps, marshes, rivers and lakes. The Capybara can be found
inhabiting grassy plains and even in rainforests where they occupy
territories in herds, with these areas reported to be adequate territories
year round even with the differing seasons. The Capybara is a
herbivorous animal

The chamois is a large sized mountain goat, native to the
European mountains. Today, the range of the chamois includes
Romania, Italy, Switzerland, Austria and parts of Turkey. The
chamois has also been introduced to the mountainous regions of
New Zealand's South Island. The chamois is a member of the
Bovidae family of animals which includes sheep goats and
even antelope. As with other animals of the same group, such
as sheep and goats, the chamois is a herbivorous animal feeding on
a purely plant based diet. The chamois spends it time grazing on
the alpine meadows and munching leaves from the shrubs and
bushes.

The crested penguin (also known as the Fiordland crested penguin)
is a medium-sized species of penguin natively found along the
New Zealand coast. The crested penguin is found inhabiting dense
tropical rainforest along the Fiordland coast, which is a region of
New Zealand's South Island, found at the south-west tip. The
crested penguin is also found on a number of the
surrounding islands in Stewart Island where it shares
it's habitat with other penguin species such as the yellow-
eyed penguin and the little penguin. The crested penguin is a
carnivorous animal, that like all other penguin species, survives on
a diet that is only comprised of marine animals.

The cuscus is a large marsupial native to the Northern forest
of Australia and the large, tropical island of Papua New Guinea.
The cuscus is a subspecies of possum with the cuscus being the
largest of the world's possum species. The cuscus is known to
range in size from just 15cm to more than 60cm in length, although
the average sized cuscus tends to be around 45cm (18inches). The
cuscus is an arboreal mammal, and spends it's life almost
exclusively in the trees. The cuscus is an omnivorous animal but
the cuscus mainly eats leaves and fruits occasionally feasting on
small birds and reptiles.

The Egyptian Mau is an ancient breed of Egyptian cat thought to
be at least 3,000 years old! The Egyptian Mau is a medium-sized,
short-haired cat and the Egyptian Mau is one of the only cats to be
naturally spotted.
The Egyptian Mau is the fastest of all the domestic cats and has
been known to reach speeds of 30 mph, making the Egyptian Mau
a keen predator, probably due to the fact that the Egyptian Mau has
longer back legs than most cats.

The fennec fox is a small species of canine found in the dry, sandy
regions of the African Sahara Desert. The fennec fox is most well
known for it's large ears which can be half as long as the body of
the fennec fox. The fennec fox is the smallest fox in the world,
with fennec fox individuals ranging from 24 cm to 41 cm in length.
The fennec fox also has a remarkably long tail which ranges in
length from 18 cm to 31 cm depending on the size of the
fennec fox individual.The fennec fox is an omnivorous animal and
it's diet mainly consists of insects, rodents, plants and fruits along
with small reptiles and the occasional egg.

The Galapagos Tortoise is the biggest species of tortoise in the
modern world with some Galapagos tortoises reaching more than
4ft long! The Galapagos tortoise is also one the longest living
species of tortoise with a number of Galapagos tortoises getting
older than 150! The Galapagos tortoise, like most other species
of tortoise, is a herbivore spending its time grazing on grass and
low trees. Today only 10 out of the 12 Galapagos tortoise species
still exist on the Pacific islands due to the introduction of goats a
few hundred years ago.The domestic goat, stripped the islands of
their good foliage meaning that the Galapagos tortoise found it
hard to find food. Today the Galapagos tortoise is most well known
for their long necks, which make them look slightly like a
dinosaur!

The gharial is a large-sized reptile found in the murky waters of
Northern India and the surrounding countries. The gharial is
closely related to other large reptiles
including caimans and alligators, although the salt-water
crocodile is believed to be the gharial's closest relative. The gharial
is most commonly found in the calmer areas of the deep, fast-
flowing rivers of the North Indian subcontinent. The gharial spends
most of its time in the water as it is not well suited for a life on the
land, due to its short legs. The gharial (along with the larger adult
salt-water crocodiles) is the longest of this group of large reptiles.
The gharial is a carnivorous animal and a dominant predator within
its environment.

There are two main species of gopher, the pocket gopher and the
Richardsons ground squirrel, both of these species of gopher are
found in North America. The gopher is a small squirrel-like rodent
which lives in burrows underground.
Gophers are small animals, usually around 15cm in length and a
quarter of a kilogram in weight this however is slightly dependent
on the species of gopher.
Gophers are omnivorous animals with the diet of the gopher being
predominantly comprised of nuts, seeds and berries along with
grass, grains and insects which is where the gopher gets the
majority of its protein from.

The guinea pig is found in the Andes mountains in South America,
were it is used as a stable food source for the local peoples. Today’s
domestic guinea pig is thought to be a subspecies of the Andes
guinea pig and therefore cannot be found in the wild. The
guinea pig is a small, furry herbivore that rarely grows to more
than 30cm in length. The domestic guinea pig can get to around 6
or 7 years old. A wild guinea pig would probably be about 3 or 4.
The guinea pig tends to communicate through a series of high
pitched squeals. Domestic guinea pigs have a diet that is primarily
made up from dried food pellets and thediet of the guinea pig is
often bulked out by the guinea pig eating the hay (dried grass) that
is put into the cage of the guinea pig, usually as bedding.

Hammerhead Sharks are appropriately named after their flat
shaped heads. Hammerhead sharks are large
carnivorous fish that prey on large fish and occasionally
hammerhead sharks will hunt small water mammals. Hammerhead
sharks are found in the warmer waters of oceans worldwide but
hammerhead sharks are particularly found in coastal waters, and
along continental shelves. The shallow waters that the hammerhead
sharks inhabit allow the hammerhead shark to hunt prey more
easily. There are 9 different species of hammerhead shark
worldwide, ranging from 3ft to 20ft in length! The flat shaped head
of the hammerhead shark is thought to allow the hammerhead
shark to detect prey more easily, as it increases the hammerhead
sharks sensitivity to sonar activity.

The hermit crab is a small sized crustacean, that is found in ocean
waters worldwide. There are more than 500 different species of
hermit crab found in marine habitats all around the world.
Although hermit crabs do venture into deeper waters, they are more
commonly found in coastal waters where there is more food and
places to hide. Hermit crabs are omnivorous animals that eat pretty
much anything they can find in the surrounding water.
Small fish and invertebrates including worms, are the most
common prey for the hermit crab along with plankton and other
food particles in the water.

The humpback whale is one of the bigger species of whale with the
average adult humpback whale measuring more than 15m long
(thats still about half the size of the blue whale).Humpback whales
are found in all of the main oceans worldwide, but the humpback
whales tend to stay in three main herds, the Atlantic,
the Pacific and the Indian Ocean herds. The humpback whales
spend the summer months in the colder, polar waters and then the
humpback whales migrate south in the winter to the warmer
tropical waters where the humpback whales live off their fat
reserves until they migrate north again in the summer. The average
humpback whale can travel to around 25,000 km every year when
the humpback whale migrates between the north and the south.

Iguanas are native to the jungles of central and south America, and the
Caribbean. The iguana is a large docile species of lizard, meaning that
iguanas are often a popular choice when keeping exotic pets. Iguanas
have excellent sight allowing the iguana to detect movement from
incredibly long distances. The iguana can use this skill to seek
out prey and be aware of approaching predators often before the
predators has even noticed the iguana. Green Iguanas are forest
dwelling lizards that live high in the tree canopy of the South
American rainforest. Young iguanas get to grips with tree top living by
staying in areas lower in the canopies while older mature adult iguanas
reside higher up in the tree tops. Although iguanas are classed
as omnivores, most iguana individuals in the wild, tend to enjoy a very
herbivorous diet, with ripened fruit being one of the iguanas favorite
foods along with leafy green plants.

Indian Palm Squirrels are also known as the 3 stripe squirrel due to
the mix of dark and white stripes on the back of the Indian palm
squirrel. The Indian palm squirrel can be found nesting in the tree
tops of exotic trees. The Indian palm squirrel is only naturally
found in parts of India and Sri Lanka. The Indian palm squirrel
naturally hunts for small mammals, birds and insects but the
Indian palm squirrel has caused problems in recent years as
the Indian palm squirrel has taken to eating crops. An Indian palm
squirrel only weighs around 100g making the squirrel easy prey for
small meat-eating mammals and birds.

The Indochinese tiger (also known as the Corbett's tiger) is a
subspecies of tiger, found throughout south-east Asia. The
Indochinese tiger is now an endangered species and actually thought
to be extinct in the Chinese wild today. The Indochinese tiger is found
throughout Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Burma and Vietnam, although
the Indochinese tiger's range is much smaller now .The
Indochinese tiger is a medium sized species of tiger that is found
inhabiting the secluded forests in the mountainous regions that
generally lie along the borders between countries. The
Indochinese tiger is a dominant and carnivorous predator, hunting
it's prey by stalking it until the Indochinese tiger has the opportunity
to catch it off guard. Indochinese tigers primarily hunt
larger mammals including deer, wild boar, cattle and goats.

The Japanese Macaque is a medium sized Monkey found in a
variety of different habitats throughout Japan. The Japanese
Macaque is also known as the Snow Monkey as they are often
found living in colder regions of the country where heavy snowfall
is common during the winter. They are the world's most northern
living Monkey species and have adapted incredibly to their
surroundings and changing seasons. There are two different
subspecies of Japanese Macaque, one which is found across
northern and mainland Japan, and the other is restricted to one of
the country's southern islands. The two differ very slightly in size
and appearance. The Japanese Macaque is an
omnivorous animal meaning that it forages for both plants and
smaller animals in order to survive.

The Komodo Dragon is a large species of lizard that is only found on a
handful of islands in the Indonesian archipelago. Not known to the
world until the First World War, the Komodo Dragon is actually a
species of Monitor Lizard that has been evolving in island isolation for
millions years, which has led to it becoming very large indeed. The
Komodo Dragon is not only the largest lizard in the world, but it also
one of the most aggressive and is so powerful that it is able to
take prey many times it's own size. However, Komodo Dragons are also
in severe danger in their natural environments as hunting
and habitat loss, along with a shortage of prey, has led to population
declines on the few islands where they are found in the Komodo
National Park, meaning that they are now listed on the IUCN's Red List
and therefore have some legal protection.

The kudu is a sub-species of antelope that is found inhabiting
mixed shrub woodland, and savanna plains in eastern and
southern Africa. The kudu relies heavily on close, dense thickets in
which the kudu can escape to and hide when it feels threatened.
There are two species of kudu in Africa which are the Lesser kudu
and the Greater kudu. Both kudu species are closely related and
look very similar in appearance.
Kudus are herbivorous animals and therefore have a completely
vegetarian diet.

The leaf-tailed gecko (also known as the flat-tailed gecko) is a
group of geckos that are found only on the African island of
Madagascar and on a number of the little islands that surround it.
There are eight different species of leaf-tailed gecko all of which
are endemic to the island. Leaf-tailed geckos are found in both the
primary and secondary tropical forests of Madagascar where they
are either found stuck vertically to the tree trunks or resting
amongst the twigs, depending on the species. All species of leaf-
tailed gecko are being threatened by habitat loss caused by drastic
deforestation across the island. The leaf-tailed gecko is a
carnivorous animal and the bulk of this lizard's diet is primarily
comprised of insects.

The lynx is a member of the cat family and one of the bigger
felines of North America. Lynx are best known for their short
stubby tails and the long tufts of black hair on the ears of a lynx.
There are three different types of lynx with these being the North
America lynx found in Canada and Alaska, the European lynx
found in Spain and Portugal and the Asian lynx which is found in
Turkestan and central Asia. The lynx tends to inhabit dense shrub
and grasslands in the forests of North America and parts of Eurasia.
The lynx hunt small mammals, birds and fish, and the lynx
are prey to few predators. Although the lynx is a ground mammal,
lynx are often known to climb trees or swim in order to catch
their prey.

The Malayan civet (also known as the Oriental civet) is a species
of civet natively found across the Malaysian Peninsula and on a
number of the islands that surround it. The Malayan civet is one of
the most distinguishable species of civet due to it's dark legs, and
the spot-like markings that form stripes along it's body.
The Malayan civet is found inhabiting the tropical jungles
and rainforests throughout mainland Malaysia and is also found on
a number of the large tropical islands close by including the
Philippines, Borneo and Sumatra. Unfortunately, Malayan civets
have been drastically affected by increasing deforestation (and
therefore habitat loss) in their native regions.The Malayan civet is
a carnivorous animal, and like other species of civet, it survives on
a purely meat-based diet.

The mandrill is a medium to large sized primate, natively found in
a small pocket of tropical jungle in western-central Africa. The
mandrill is most commonly known for it's red and blue colored
nose and it's multicolored rear end. The Mandrill is found in the
tropical rainforests and occasionally grasslands of southern
Cameroon, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, and Congo in western-
central Africa. The mandrill' shabitat is bordered by the Sanaga
River to the north and the Ogooué and Ivindo rivers to the east.
Mandrills are omnivorous animals and therefore eat almost
anything. The mandrill primarily feeds on fruits, berries, seeds,
nuts, roots, leaves, insects and even small mammals and reptiles.
Most of the mandrills’ diet is found at ground level or just above.

The markhor is an endangered species of wild goat that is natively
found in the mountainous regions of western and central and Asia.
The markhor is thought to have been named using the Persian word
for snake, either because of the large coiled horns of the markhor
or due to it's ability to kill snakes in the wild, although the exact
reason is unknown. The markhor is found in northeastern
Afghanistan, Gilgit-Baltistan, Hunza-Nagar Valley, northern and
central Pakistan and the disputed territory of Kashmir, southern
Tajikistan and southern Uzbekistan. The markhor is most
commonly found inhabiting the high-altitude monsoon forests that
litter these areas. The markhor is a herbivorous animal that
primarily grazes on a variety of vegetation including grasses,
leaves, herbs, fruits and flowers.

The Norwegian forest cat is native to the Scandinavian regions of
Northern Europe, with the Norwegian forest cat having adapted to
the colder climates of the near polar regions.
The Norwegian forest cat has long thick fur, which is in a double-
layer to keep the cat warm in the uncompromising winters. The
Norwegian forest cat also has a thick layer of fat insulating its
body.

The Ocelot is a medium-sized small cat that is native to the jungles
of South America. The Ocelot is also known as the
Painted Leopard due to the beautifully distinctive markings on it's
fur as it displays dark rosettes, along with spots and stripes. The
Ocelot is a strong and agile cat that can not only climb and run well
but they are also good swimmers. The Ocelot is found throughout
the South American tropics but is most common in the dense
jungles of the Amazon Basin. They are however, fairly widespread
and inhabit a variety of different habitats from southern Texas to
northern Argentina. The Ocelot is a carnivorous animal that hunts
for food under the cover of night and does so by stalking
it's prey primarily on the ground.

The opossum is a medium-sized animal that is found inhabiting farmland and
forested areas of North America. The opossum is thought to have evolved
from the basic marsupials that lived in the jungles of South America.
The opossum is often referred to as a possum, although there is no direct link
between the possums of Australia and the opossum of America. The opossum
is the only species of marsupial that is found outside of Australia an it's
surrounding islands. The opossum is found inhabiting areas of grassland,
farmland and woodland in North America. The opossum is also found
in urban areas where the opossum can be a pest as it feeds on rubbish, and
food that it finds lying around. The opossum is generally found in areas that
are close to water. The opossum is an omnivorous animal and will eat almost
anything that it can find. Opossums mainly feed
on insects, frogs, birds, snakes, small mammals, and earthworms. The
opossum is also a great scavenger and will feed on left over kills of
other animals along with road-kill.

The pademelon is a small to medium sized marsupial found
inhabiting the forests of Australia and a number of it's surrounding
islands. The pademelon is most closely related to the wallaby and
the kangaroo. There are seven different species of pademelon
found in the jungles of the far east, the population numbers of all
seven pademelon species are declining primarily due to hunting
and habitat loss. The pademelon spends much of it's waking time,
foraging for leaves, grasses, shoots, berries and herbs in it's dense
jungle environment. Pademelons also commonly venture into
shrublands where they have less cover to feast on the lush plants, if
there are no predatorsaround.

The quoll is a medium-sized marsupial, natively found in parts
of Australia, Papua New Guinea and Tasmania. The quoll is often
known as the native cat, due to the cat-like appearance of the quoll.
Quolls are found occupying woodland, shrubland and
grassy habitats across Australia and New Guinea. Although quolls
have been seen climbing trees, the quoll tends to live life on the
ground. The quoll is a nocturnal animal meaning that it spends the
nights hunting and the daytimes hours resting. Unlike many
other nocturnal mammals, the quoll enjoys to spend the sunlit days
basking in the heat rather than hiding in a crevice or underground.
Although the quoll is an omnivorous animal, the quoll is has a
predominantly meat-based diet.

The raccoon is a medium sized bear-like mammal that was originally only
found in North America. Due to the deliberate introduction of the raccoon
into other countries, the common raccoon can also be found now in
Europe and Japan. The average raccoon is around 70 cm from the raccoons
nose to the tip of the raccoons tail. A fully grown raccoon can weigh up to
10kg and can live for up to 20 years in captivity. Raccoons in the wild
however, tend to have a much lower life expectancy. The raccoon originally
inhabited densely wooded areas and large forests but today the raccoon has
adapted to living in mountainous and wetter habitats. The raccoon has also
moved closer to human communities as the raccoons are able to find food
very easily but many homeowners consider them to be pests. Raccoons are
grey, omnivorous animals surviving on a diet consisting of insects, plants and
small animals such as fish and the occasional bird. Raccoons tend to
be nocturnal but it is not uncommon to spot a raccoon during the day.

The Rock Hyrax is a large species of Hyrax, most commonly found
in Eastern Africa. They are also known as the Rock Dassie or the
Rock Rabbit. The Rock Hyrax is an omnivorous animal, feeding on
nearly everything it can find close to the colony's base. Rock
Hyraxes feed on herbs, grasses, fruit and leaves, along with Bird's
eggs, Insects and small Lizards that are sleepily sunbathing on the
nearby rocks. The skunk (also known as the polecat) are most
commonly known for their ability to secrete a foul, strong smelling
odor from their rear end, when the skunk feels that it is under
threat. There are 11 known species of skunk in the world, with
most of these skunk species inhabiting the American continent.

The South China tiger (also known as the Amoy, Chinese or
Xiamen tiger) is a smaller-sized subspecies of tiger native to the
forests of southern China. The South China tiger is the most
critically endangered tiger species with only a handful left in the
wild. The South China tiger is natively found in the temperate
upland forests of southern China, where its once wide range has
now been reduced to a few isolated populations, which are said to
be found inhabiting the mountainous borders between provinces.
The South China tiger is a dominant and carnivorous predator,
hunting it's prey by stalking it until the South China tiger has the
opportunity to catch it off guard. South China tigers primarily hunt
larger mammals including deer, wild boar, cattle and goats.

The spectacled bear is also known as the Andean bear, mainly
because the spectacled bear is native to the Andes mountain range
of South America. The spectacled bear’s territory ranges from
northwest Argentina, into Peru, Venezuela and Brazil. The
spectacled bear generally feeds on berries and shoots found both on
ground level and in the trees. The spectacled bear is the only
surviving species of bear in South America, with the
spectacled bears ability to climb tall trees quickly, thought to be the
reason for this. The spectacled bear tends to be found in the rain
forests and jungled areas of the Andes mountains, particularly in
the dryer and more forested areas.

The sperm whale is one of the world's water giants and is found in
ocean waters worldwide. Although historically known as the common
cachalot, the sperm whale gets it's name from the waxy-liquid substance
found in it's head, that is used in candles, soap and cosmetics by
humans. The sperm whale is most commonly found in the deep ocean,
where there is an abundance of food and along continental shelves.
Sperm whales are not only one of the world's biggest animals but are
also one of the deepest diving animals in the ocean (along
with elephant seals and bottlenose dolphins), and commonly dive to
depths of nearly 500 metres for up to half an hour at a time. The sperm
whale is one of the ocean's largest and most dominant predators, feeding
primarily on medium sized squid. The sperm whale is also known to
hunt larger squid species including the colossal and giant squids, and
also octopus and large fish.

The Sumatran rhinoceros primarily inhabits dense lowland rainforests, tall grass and
reed beds that are plentiful with rivers, large floodplains, or wet areas with many
mud wallows, swamps and cloud forests. The range of Sumatran rhinoceros once
stretched from India, through south-east Asia and down to Sumatra but today, the
Sumatran rhinoceros is only found on the islands of Sumatra and Borneo, with a
number also on the Malaysian mainland. The Sumatran rhinoceros is the smallest of
the rhinoceros species and along with having two horns, meant the
Sumatran rhinoceros has been an easy target for poachers. The
Sumatran rhinoceros uses it's horns for defence, intimidation, digging up roots and
breaking branches during feeding. The horns of the Sumatran rhinoceros are made
from a substance called keratin and are therefore very strong. The horns of the
Sumatran rhinoceros are used in ancient medicine and many Sumatran rhinos have
been illegally hunted for them. The Sumatran rhinoceros is a
herbivorous animal meaning that it sustains itself on a purely plant based diet.
Sumatran rhinos browse the densely vegetated sub-tropical forest for leaves,
flowers, buds, fruits, berries and roots which they dig up from the ground using their
horns.

The tang is a small to medium sized fish that is found in the warmer
coastal waters of the tropics. Tangs are well known for their bright
colours and are closely related to surgeon fish and unicorn fish. There
are 80 known species of tang, that inhabit the tropical waters of the
southern hemisphere, including the largest species of the tang group, the
white margin unicorn fish that has been known to grow over a meter
long. Tang are found around shallow coral reefs where there is an
abundance of food and plenty of places to hide from
approaching predators. The tang is named after the razor-sharp scalpel
(also known as tang) at the base of their tails. Although the tang is an
omnivorous animal, it has a predominantly vegetarian diet. Tang mainly
feed on algae and other plants around the coral reefs as well as picking
the larger food particles out of the plankton in the water.

The tapir is a large mammal that despite it's pig-like appearance, is believed
to be most closely related to horses and rhinos. The tapir is found in moist,
dense forests in the more temperate regions of the Southern Hemisphere.
There are four known species of tapir today, all of which are classified as
endangered. The different species of tapir are the Baird's Tapir which is native
to Central America and the northern parts of South America. The Malayan
Tapir (also known as the Asian Tapir) is the largest of the tapir species and
has a distinctive white band across it's body. The Mountain Tapir is the
smallest of the four different tapir species and (as the name suggests) it
inhabits more mountainous regions rather than lowland forests. The Brazilian
Tapir (also known as the South American Tapir) is known to be a fantastic
swimmer and the Brazilian Tapir is generally found close to water in the
Amazon Rainforest. The tapir is an herbivore and spends it's time browsing
for food to eat. The tapir eats leaves, twigs, branches, buds, shoots, berries,
fruits and aquatic plants.

The Tasmanian devil is a carnivorous marsupial. The Tasmanian
devil is only found on the Australian island state of Tasmania.
The Tasmanian devil is characterized by their black fur and the
offensive odour the Tasmanian devil secretes when stressed. The
Tasmanian devil is also known to making a horrible, loud
screeching sound when the Tasmanian devil is distressed or feels
threatened. Tasmanian devils are highly carnivorous and survive on
snakes, birds, fish, insects and road kill. When a carcass is found,
Tasmanian devils are known to be one of the loudest animals when
it comes to fighting for a meal.

The tuatara is a small to medium sized reptile, that is found only on
a few small islands surrounding New Zealand.
Tuataras are generally green or brown in colour and can grow up to
a meter in length, from the head of the tuatara to the tip of it's tail.
The tuatara also has a crest that runs down the middle of it's body,
which is particularly noticeable in male tuataras.
The tuatara is a carnivorous animal. The tuatara
primarily preys on insects, beetles, spiders, birds eggs, frogsand
small reptiles and mammals.

The Vervet Monkey is a medium to large sized monkey that is primarily found in
Eastern Africa. There are currently six recognised sub-species of the Vervet Monkey that are
generally classified depending on their location, although there is some difference in
colouration between them. The Vervet Monkey is found south of the Sahara and is
widespread across Eastern Africa. They are also found in parts of southern and
western Africa from Uganda to Ghana but their location is generally dependent on the sub-
species. The Vervet Monkey inhabits savanna, woodland and forests that tend to be close to
water, preferring acacia forests that line rivers and lakes. Vervet Monkeys can also be found
in mountainous regions up to 1,300 feet providing that there is an adequate supply of both
food and water to sustain the population. They are rarely found in more extreme
environments such as deserts and rainforests as these regions simply do not have everything
that Vervet Monkeys require to successfully survive. The Vervet Monkey is an
arboreal monkey which means that it spends most of it's time in the safety of the trees. The
Vervet Monkey is an omnivorous animal, meaning that they consume both plant matter and
other animals in order to get the nutrition that they need to survive. Leaves and young
shoots make up the bulk of the Vervet Monkey's diet, along with tree bark, flowers and
fruits that can also be found in the trees surrounding them.

The wallaby is a small to medium sized marsupial found on the
Australian continent and its surrounding islands. Today there are a
number of wild wallaby populations inhabiting other areas around
the world where the wallaby has been introduced by humans. The
wallaby is most closely related to Australia's largest marsupial,
the kangaroo. The wallaby is generally smaller than
a kangaroo although some wallaby individuals have been known to
reach 6ft tall. There are roughly 30 different species of wallaby
found in a variety of habitats throughout the Australian continent.
The habitats of wallaby are so diverse that wallaby species are
often named after their habitat. This includes the rock wallaby, the
brush wallaby and the shrub wallaby. Other wallaby species such
as the hare wallaby, are named after their size and appearance.

The western lowland gorilla is one of two subspecies of western gorilla (the
other being the incredibly rare cross river gorilla) found in the jungles on the
African continent. The western lowland gorilla is the most numerous species
of western gorilla but is still considered to be critically endangered in the
wild. The western lowland gorilla is found inhabiting the tropical jungles and
forests of western and central Africa, along with lowland swamps and
secondary forests. The western lowland gorilla is found throughout Angola,
Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon and is also the most likelygorilla to be
seen in the world's zoos. There are two separate sub-species of
western gorilla which are the western lowland gorilla and the cross
river gorilla. Although only slightly different in appearance, the two western
gorilla species are distinguished by their differing skull and tooth sizes, and
the cross rivergorilla is also much rarer than the western lowland gorilla with
only a handful thought to be left in the wild.

The White Tiger (also known as the White Bengal Tiger) is a subspecies
of Tiger, found throughout the Indian subcontinent. Although the range of the
White Tiger is historically very large, these animals are incredibly rare as their
colouration is dependent on a defective, recessive gene that is passed on from
their parents. Over the past couple of centuries the White Tiger has become even
rarer in the wild due to trophy hunting or capture for the exotic pet trade, with
there having been no recorded sightings of these elusive predators for the past 50
years. Today, the White Tiger can still be found in a handful of zoos
and animal sanctuaries around the world with these large and beautiful felines
often being the star attraction. Along with the Bengal Tiger, the White Tiger is
considered to be the second largest species of Tiger in the world after
the Siberian Tiger. In the same way as other Tiger species, the White Tiger is a
carnivorous animal meaning that it only hunts and eats other animals in order to
gain the nutrition that it needs. The White Tiger is an apex predator in it's
environment, hunting it's prey by stalking it stealthily in the darkness of night.

The wildebeest is actually a subspecies of the antelope, despite it's
bull-like appearance. There are two known species of wildebeest,
both of which are native to Africa.
The changing African seasons mean the wildebeest must migrate
south in the winter, so the wildebeest can continue to graze on
grass. Thousands of wildebeest all tend to migrate at once creating
a wildebeest stampede.
Wildebeest inhabit large plains on the African savanna where there
is plenty of food for the wildebeest to eat. Wildebeest are
herbivorous animals and graze on grasses, leaves and shoots.

The woolly monkey is a medium to large sized primate, that inhabits the tropical
forests of north-west South America. The woolly monkey is most well known
for it's round-shaped head and dense fur that covers the body of the woolly
monkey. Woolly monkeys are found throughout Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil
and parts of Venezuela where they live an arboreal lifestyle. Woolly monkeys
have long and very strong prehensile tails which allows them to balance and grip
onto branches without having to give up the use of their hands. There are four
different species of woolly monkey found in the South American jungles today.
These are the brown woolly monkey (also known as the common woolly
monkey), the grey woolly monkey, the Columbian woolly monkey and the
silvery woolly monkey. All four of the different woolly monkey species are
found in the same regions of South America. The woolly monkey is an
omnivorous animal, meaning that it feeds on both plants and other animals. Fruit
is the primary source of food for woolly monkeys, but they will also eat nuts,
seeds, leaves, flowers, nectar, insects and even small rodents and reptiles.

The Zonkey is a hybrid animal that is created by cross-breeding two different
species of animal that belong to the same genetic group. Technically though,
an individual is only classed as a Zonkey if it is sired from a male Zebra and
female Donkey, as one that has a male Donkey and female Zebra parents is
known as a Zedonk. Out of the three species of Zebra that are found living on
the African continent, two are found in Eastern Africa whilst the other is
found in more southern regions. Generally preferring to inhabit savannas and
open woodlands throughout their historical range, Zebras are often found in
enormous herds particularly on the Serengeti plains where they migrate
thousands of miles following the rains that bring new grass.
Like Donkeys, Zebras, Horses and their other relatives, Zonkeys are
herbivorous animals meaning that they survive on a diet that is solely
comprised of plant matter. The majority of their food is made up of grasses
and herbs that grow on the ground and like all equines, the Zonkey has flat,
broad teeth which are the perfect tools for grinding down the fibrous grass.

The American goldfinch (Spinus tristis), also known as the eastern
goldfinch, is a small North American bird in the finch family. It is
migratory, ranging from mid-Alberta to North Carolina during
the breeding season, and from just south of the Canadian border
to Mexico during the winter. The American goldfinch is
a granivore and adapted for the consumption of seed heads, with a
conical beak to remove the seeds and agile feet to grip the stems of seed
heads while feeding. It is a social bird, and will gather in large flocks
while feeding and migrating. It may behave territorially during nest
construction, but this aggression is short-lived. Its breeding season is
tied to the peak of food supply, beginning in late July, which is
relatively late in the year for a finch. This species is
generally monogamous, and produces one brood each year.

The American robin (Turdus migratorius) is a migratory songbird of
the thrush family. It is named after the European robin because of its reddish-
orange breast, though the two species are not closely related, with the European
robin belonging to the Old World fly catcher family. The American robin is
widely distributed throughout North America, wintering from southern Canada
to central Mexico and along the Pacific Coast. According to some sources, the
American robin ranks behind only the red-winged blackbird (and just ahead of
the introduced European starling and the not-always-naturally-occurring house
finch) as the most abundant extant land bird in North America. The American
robin is active mostly during the day and assembles in large flocks at night. Its
diet consists of invertebrates (such as beetlegrubs, earthworms, and caterpillars),
fruits, and berries. It is one of the earliest bird species to lay eggs, beginning to
breed shortly after returning to its summer range from its winter range. Its nest
consists of long coarse grass, twigs, paper, and feathers, and is smeared with
mud and often cushioned with grass or other soft materials. It is among the first
birds to sing at dawn, and its song consists of several discrete units that are
repeated.

The American tree sparrow (Spizelloides arborea), also known as
the winter sparrow, is a medium-sized sparrow. Their breeding
habitat is tundra or the northern limits of the boreal forest
in Alaska and northern Canada. They nest on the ground. These
birds migrate to the United States or southern Canada to spend the
winter. Usually, chipping sparrows are moving south around the
same time as these birds arrive. These birds forage on the ground
or in low bushes, often in flocks when not nesting. They mainly eat
seeds and insects, some berries. They are commonly seen near
feeders with dark-eyed juncos.

The bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus, from
Greek hali "sea", aiētos "eagle", leuco "white", cephalos "head") is
a bird of prey found in North America. A sea eagle, it has two
known subspecies and forms a species pair with the white-tailed
eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla). Its range includes most of Canada and
Alaska, all of the contiguous United States, and northern Mexico. It
is found near large bodies of open water with an abundant food
supply and old-growth trees for nesting.
The bald eagle is an opportunistic feeder which subsists mainly
on fish, which it swoops down and snatches from the water with its
talons. The beak is large and hooked. The plumage of the immature
is brown.

The barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) is the most widespread species
of swallow in the world. It is a distinctive passerine bird with blue
upperparts, a long, deeply forked tail and curved, pointed wings. It
is found in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas.
There are six subspecies of barn swallow, which breed across
the Northern Hemisphere. Four are strongly migratory, and their
wintering grounds cover much of the Southern Hemisphere as far
south as central Argentina, the Cape Province of South Africa, and
northern Australia. Its huge range means that the barn swallow is
not endangered, although there may be local population declines
due to specific threats.

The barred owl (Strix varia) is a large typical owl native to North
America. Breeding habitats are dense woods across Canada,
the United States, and south to Mexico The species is particularly
numerous in a variety of wooded habitats in the southeastern
United States. A factor of this suburban success may be easily
accessible rodent prey in such settings. However, for breeding and
roosting needs, this species needs at least some large trees and can
be locally absent in some urban areas for this reason. The main
danger to owls in suburban settings is from cars. The increased
offspring offset the death rate due to impacts from cars and disease.

The brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) is a small pelican found in the
Americas. It is one of the best known and most prominent birds found in the
coastal areas of the southern and western United States. It is one of only three
pelican species found in the Western Hemisphere. The brown pelican is one
of the only two pelican species which feeds by diving into the water. The
brown pelican lives on both coasts in the Americas. On the Atlantic
Coast and Gulf Coast they distribute from Nova Scotia to Venezuela, and to
the mouth of the Amazon River. Along the Atlantic, they are usually less
common north of the Carolinas, with a considerable population in much of
the Gulf of Mexico. On the Pacific Ocean they are found from British
Columbia to south central Chile, and including the Galapagos Islands. In the
Pacific, they are fairly common along the coast
of California, Mexico and Central America. Some immature birds may stray
to inland freshwater lakes. After nesting, North American birds move in
flocks further north along the coasts, returning to warmer waters for winter.
They are also common in Mangrove swamps.

The cedar waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum) is a member of the family
Bombycillidae or waxwing family of passerine birds. It is a medium-sized,
mostly brown, gray, and yellow bird named for its wax-like wing tips. It is a
native of North and Central America, breeding in open wooded areas in southern
Canada and wintering in the southern half of the United States, Central America,
and the far northwest of South America. Its diet includes cedar cones, fruit, and
insects. The cedar waxwing is not endangered. These birds' most prominent
feature is this small cluster of red wax-like droplets on tips of secondary flight
feathers on the wings, a feature they share with the Bohemian waxwing (but not
the Japanese waxwing). The wings are "broad and pointed, like a starling's." The
tail is typically yellow or orange depending on diet. Birds that have fed on
berries of introduced Eurasian honeysuckles while growing tail feathers will
have darker orange-tipped tail-feathers. The tail is somewhat short, and square-
tipped. Preferred habitat consists of trees at the edge of wooded areas, or "open"
forests, especially those that provide access to berry sources as well as water.
They are frequently seen in fruiting trees.

The common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) (also known as the swamp
chicken) is a bird species in the family Rallidae. It is distributed across
many parts of the Old World. The common moorhen lives around well-
vegetated marshes, ponds, canals and other wetlands. The species is not
found in the polar regions or many tropical rainforests. Elsewhere it is
likely the most common rail species, except for the Eurasian coot in
some regions. The moorhen is a distinctive species, with dark plumage
apart from the white undertail, yellow legs and a red frontal shield. The
young are browner and lack the red shield. The frontal shield of the
adult has a rounded top and fairly parallel sides; the tailward margin of
the red unfeathered area is a smooth waving line. In the related common
gallinule of the Americas, the frontal shield has a fairly straight top and
is less wide towards the bill, giving a marked indentation to the back
margin of the red area.

The common tern (Sterna hirundo) is a seabird of the tern family Sternidae. This bird has a
circumpolar distribution, its four subspecies breeding in temperate and subarctic regions of
Europe, Asia and North America. It is strongly migratory, wintering in coastal tropical and
subtropical regions. Breeding adults have light grey upperparts, white to very light grey
underparts, a black cap, orange-red legs, and a narrow pointed bill. Depending on the
subspecies, the bill may be mostly red with a black tip or all black. There are a number of
similar species, including the partly sympatric Arctic tern, which can be separated
on plumage details, leg and bill colour, or vocalisations. Breeding in a wider range of
habitats than any of its relatives, the common tern nests on any flat, poorly vegetated
surface close to water, including beaches and islands, and it readily adapts to artificial
substrates such as floating rafts. The nest may be a bare scrape in sand or gravel, but it is
often lined or edged with whatever debris is available. Up to three eggs may be laid, their
dull colours and blotchy patterns providing camouflage on the open beach. Incubation is by
both sexes, and the eggs hatch in around 21–22 days, longer if the colony is disturbed by
predators. The downy chicks fledge in 22–28 days. Like most terns, this species feeds by
plunge-diving for fish, either in the sea or in freshwater, but molluscs, crustaceans and
other invertebrate prey may form a significant part of the diet in some areas.

Phalacrocoracidae is a family of some 40 species of aquatic birds commonly known
as cormorants and shags. Several different classifications of the family have been
proposed recently, and the number of genera is disputed. There is no consistent
distinction between "cormorants" and "shags", and these appellations have been
assigned to different species randomly. Cormorants and shags are medium-to-large
birds, with body weight in the range of 0.35–5 kilograms (0.77–11.02 lb) and wing
span of 45–100 centimetres (18–39 in). The majority of species have dark feathers.
The bill is long, thin and hooked. Their feet have webbing between all four toes. All
species are fish-eaters, catching the prey by diving from the surface. They are
excellent divers, and under water they propel themselves with their feet with help
from their wings; some cormorant species have been found to dive as deep as 45
metres. They have relatively short wings due to their need for economical
movement underwater, and consequently have the highest flight costs of any bird.
Cormorants nest in colonies around the shore, on trees, islets or cliffs. They are
coastal rather than oceanic birds, and some have colonised inland waters – indeed,
the original ancestor of cormorants seems to have been a fresh-water bird. They
range around the world, except for the central Pacific islands.

Flamingos or flamingoes are a type of wading bird in
the genus Phoenicopterus, the only genus in the family Phoenicopteridae.
There are four flamingo species in the Americas and two species in the Old
World. Traditionally, the long-legged Ciconiiformes, probably
a paraphyletic assemblage, have been considered the flamingos' closest
relatives and the family was included in the order. Usually
the ibises and spoonbills of the Threskiornithidae were considered their closest
relatives within this order. Earlier genetic studies, such as those of Charles
Sibley and colleagues, also supported this relationship Relationships to
the waterfowl were considered as well, especially as flamingos
are parasitized by feather lice of the genus Anaticola, which are otherwise
exclusively found on ducks and geese. The peculiar presbyornithids were used
to argue for a close relationship between flamingos, waterfowl, and waders. A
2002 paper concluded they are waterfowl, but a 2014 comprehensive study of
bird orders found that flamingos and grebes are not waterfowl, but rather are
part of Columbea along with doves, sandgrouse, and mesites.

The great blue heron (Ardea herodias) is a large wading bird in
the heron family Ardeidae, common near the shores of open water and in
wetlands over most of North America and Central America, as well as
the Caribbean and the Galápagos Islands. It is a rare vagrant to Europe, with
records from Spain, the Azores, England, and the Netherlands. An all-white
population found only in the Caribbean and southern Florida was once treated
as a separate species and known as the great white heron. The great blue
heron was one of the many species originally described by Carl Linnaeus in
his 18th-century work, Systema Naturae. The great blue heron is replaced in
the Old World by the very similar grey heron (Ardea cinerea), which differs in
being somewhat smaller (90–98 cm (35–39 in)), with a pale gray neck and
legs, lacking the browner colors that great blue heron has there. It forms
a super species with this and also with the cocoi heron from South America,
which differs in having more extensive black on the head, and a white breast
and neck.

The great egret (Ardea alba), also known as the common egret, large
egret or (in the Old World) great white heron, is a large, widely
distributed egret. Distributed across most of the tropical and
warmer temperate regions of the world, in southern Europe it is rather
localized. In North America it is more widely distributed, and it is
ubiquitous across the Sun Belt of the United States and in the Neotropics.
The Old World population is often referred to as the great white egret. This
species is sometimes confused with the great white heron of the Caribbean,
which is a white morph of the closely related great blue heron (A.
herodias). It has a slow flight, with its neck retracted. This is characteristic
of herons and bitterns, and distinguishes them from storks, cranes, ibises,
and spoonbills, which extend their necks in flight. The great egret is not
normally a vocal bird; it gives a low hoarse croak when disturbed, and at
breeding colonies, it often gives a loud croaking cuk cuk cuk and higher-
pitched squawks.

he gray catbird (Dumetella carolinensis), also spelled grey catbird, is a medium-
sized North American and Central American perching bird of the mimid family. It is
the only member of the "catbird" genus Dumetella. Like the black
catbird (Melanoptila glabrirostris), it is among the basal lineages of the Mimidae,
probably a closer relative of the Caribbean thrasher and trembler assemblage than of
the mockingbirds and Toxostoma thrashers. In some areas it is known as the slate-
colored mockingbird.
Native to most of temperate North America east of the Rocky Mountains, gray
catbirds migrate to the southeastern United States, Mexico, Central America, and
the Caribbean in winter; except for the occasional vagrant they always stay east of
the American Cordillera. They are extremely rare vagrants to western Europe.
Normally present on the breeding grounds by May, most leave for winter quarters in
September/October; as it seems, this species is increasingly extending its stay in the
summer range, with some nowadays remaining until mid-winter as far north
as Ohio. The Gray catbird is a migratory species. Spring migration ranges from
March to May, and in the fall ranges from late August to November.

The hermit thrush (Catharus guttatus) is a medium-sized North
American thrush. It is not very closely related to the other North
American migrant species of Catharus, but rather to
the Mexican russet nightingale-thrush. Their breeding habitat
is coniferous or mixed woods across Canada, Alaska, and the
northeastern and western United States. They make a cup nest on the
ground or relatively low in a tree. Hermit thrushes migrate to
wintering grounds in the southern United States and south to Central
America but some remain in northern coastal US states and
southern Ontario. Although they usually only breed in forests, hermit
thrushes will sometimes winter in parks and wooded suburban
neighbourhoods. They are very rare vagrants to western Europe. It
has also occurred as a vagrant in northeast Asia. They forage on the
forest floor, also in trees or shrubs, mainly eating insects and berries.

The hooded merganser (Lophodytes cucullatus) is a species of
small duck. It is the only extant species in the genus Lophodytes.
The bird is striking in appearance; both sexes have crests that they
can raise or lower, and the breeding plumage of the male is
handsomely patterned and coloured. The hooded merganser has
a sawbill but is not classified as a typical merganser. Hooded
mergansers are the second smallest species of merganser, with only
the smew of Europe and Asia being smaller, and it also is the only
merganser whose native habitat is restricted to North America. For
preference the hooded merganser lives on small bodies of water
such as ponds and small estuaries where there is ample emergent
aquatic vegetation, but it also inhabits larger wetlands,
impoundments, flooded timber, and rivers. They prefer fresh water
but do occur on brackish water bodies as well.

The mallard or wild duck (Anas platyrhynchos) is a dabbling duck which breeds
throughout the temperate and subtropical Americas, Europe, Asia, and North Africa, and
has been introduced to New Zealand, Australia, Peru, Brazil, Uruguay,Argentina, Chile,
the Falkland Islands and South Africa. This duck belongs to the subfamily Anatinae of
the waterfowl family Anatidae. The mallard is widely distributed across the Northern
and Southern Hemispheres; in North America from southern and central Alaska to
Mexico, the Hawaiian Islands, across Eurasia, from Iceland and southern Greenland and
parts of Morocco (North Africa) in the west, Scandinavia to the north, and to Siberia,
Japan, and South Korea, in the east, Australia and New Zealand in the Southern
hemisphere. It is strongly migratory in the northern parts of its breeding range, and
winters farther south. For example, in North America, it winters south to Mexico, but
also regularly strays into Central America and the Caribbean between September and
May. The mallard inhabits a wide range of habitat and climates, from Arctic tundra to
subtropical regions. It is found in both fresh- and salt-water wetlands, including parks,
small ponds, rivers, lakes and estuaries, as well as shallow inlets and open sea within
sight of the coastline. Water depths of less than 1 metre (3.3 ft) are preferred, birds
avoiding areas more than a few metres deep. They are attracted to bodies of water with
aquatic vegetation.

The Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura) is a member of the Dove family, (Columbidae). The
bird is also known as the Turtle Dove, American Mourning Dove or the Rain Dove, and was
once known as the Carolina Pigeon or Carolina Turtledove. It is one of the most abundant and
widespread of all North American birds. It is also the Leading Gamebird, with more than 20
million birds (up to 70 million in some years) shot annually in the U.S., both for sport and for
meat. Its ability to sustain its population under such pressure is due to its prolific breeding; in
warm areas, one pair may raise up to six broods a year. (with 2 eggs per clutch). The wings
make an unusual whistling sound upon take-off and landing, a form of sonation. The bird is a
strong flier, capable of speeds up to 88 km/h (55 mph). Mourning Doves are light grey and
brown and generally muted in color. Males and females are similar in appearance. The species
is generally monogamous, with two squabs (young) per brood. Both parents incubate and care
for the young. Mourning Doves eat almost exclusively seeds, but the young are fed crop
milk by their parents.
The ranges of most of the subspecies overlap a little, with three in the United States or
Canada. The West Indian subspecies is found throughout the Greater Antilles. It has recently
invaded the Florida Keys. The eastern subspecies is found mainly in eastern North America,
as well as Bermuda and the Bahamas. The western subspecies is found in western North
America, including parts of Mexico.

The pied-billed grebe (Podilymbus podiceps) is a species of the grebe family of water
birds. Since the Atitlán grebe (Podilymbus gigas) has become extinct, it is the sole
extant member of the genus Podilymbus. The pied-billed grebe is primarily found in
ponds throughout theAmericas. They are most commonly found throughout North
America, Central America and South America year round. During the summer breeding
season, they are most prevalent in central, northern and northeastern Canada. If they
live in an area where the water freezes in the winter they will migrate. Migrating birds
generally meet with year round birds in September and October. They migrate at
night. Most migratory birds leave in March or April. They make occasional
appearances in Europe and Hawaii. One bird in England bred with a little grebe,
producing hybrid young. It is the only grebe on record to have visited the Galapagos
Islands. Pied-billed grebes are found in freshwater wetlands with emergent vegetation,
such as cattails. They are occasionally found in salt water. When breeding they are
found in emergent vegetation near open water, and in the winter they are primarily
found in open water due to the lack of nests to maintain. They may live near rivers, but
prefer still water. They may be found in higher elevations when migrating. They will
breed in restored and man-made wetlands. Pied-billed grebes live approximately 10–12
years.

The pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus) is a large woodpecker native to North
America. Roughly crow-sized, it normally inhabits deciduous forests in eastern North
America, the Great Lakes, the boreal forests of Canada, and parts of the Pacific coast. It is
the largest woodpecker in the United States, second to the critically endangered ivory-billed
woodpecker. Their breeding habitat is forested areas across Canada, the eastern United
States and parts of the Pacific coast. This bird favors mature forests and heavily wooded
parks. They specifically prefer mesic habitats with large, mature hardwood trees, often
being found in large tracts of forest. However, they also inhabit smaller woodlots as long as
they have a scattering of tall trees. These birds mainly eat insects, especially carpenter
ants and wood-boring beetle larvae. They also eat fruits, nuts, and berries, including poison
ivy berries. Pileated woodpeckers will often chip out large and roughly rectangular holes in
trees while searching out insects, especially ant galleries. They also will lap up ants by
reaching with their long tongue into crevices. They are self-assured on the vertical surfaces
of large trees but can seem awkward while feeding on small branches and vines. Pileated
woodpeckers may also forage on or near the ground, especially around fallen, dead trees,
which can contain a smorgasbord of insect life. They may forage around the sides of human
homes or even cars and can occasionally be attracted to suet-type feeders. Although they are
less likely feeder visitors than smaller woodpeckers, pileateds may regularly be attracted to
them in areas experiencing harsh winter conditions.

The red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus) is a medium-sized hawk. Its breeding
range spans eastern North America and along the coast of California and
northern to northeastern-central Mexico. Red-shouldered hawks are permanent
residents throughout most of their range, though northern birds do migrate,
mostly to central Mexico. The main conservation threat to the widespread
species is deforestation. The red-shouldered hawk is a member of
the genus Buteo, a group of medium-sized raptors with robust bodies and broad
wings. Members of this genus are known as buzzards in Europe, but hawks in
North America. Red-shouldered hawks are forest raptors. In the East, they live in
bottomland hardwood stands, flooded deciduous swamps, and upland mixed
deciduous–conifer forests. They tend to live in stands with an open subcanopy,
which makes it easier for them to hunt. They are not exclusively birds of deep
forest, though; one can find red-shouldered hawks in some suburban areas where
houses or other buildings are mixed into woodlands. In the West, they live in
riparian and oak woodlands, and also in eucalyptus groves and some residential
areas

The red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) is a passerine bird of the
family Icteridae found in most of North and much ofCentral America. It breeds
from Alaska and Newfoundland south to Florida, the Gulf of Mexico, Mexico,
and Guatemala, with isolated populations in western El Salvador,
northwestern Honduras, and northwestern Costa Rica. It may winter as far north
as Pennsylvaniaand British Columbia, but northern populations are generally migratory,
moving south to Mexico and the southern United States. Claims have been made that it
is the most abundant living land bird in North America, as bird-counting censuses of
wintering red-winged blackbirds sometimes show that loose flocks can number in an
excess of a million birds per flock and the full number of breeding pairs across North
and Central America may exceed 250 million in peak years. It also ranks among the
best-studied wild bird species in the world. The red-winged blackbird is sexually
dimorphic; the male is all black with a red shoulder and yellow wing bar, while the
female is a nondescript dark brown. Seeds and insects make up the bulk of the red-
winged blackbird's diet.
The red-winged blackbird inhabits open grassy areas. It generally prefers wetlands, and
inhabits both freshwater and saltwater marshes, particularly if cattail is present. It is
also found in dry upland areas, where it inhabits meadows, prairies, and old fields.

The red-billed gull (Chroicocephalus scopulinus), once also known as
the mackerel gull, is a native of New Zealand, being found throughout the country
and on outlying islands including the Chatham Islands and sub Antarctic islands.
The Māori name of this species is tarapunga or akiaki. Its vernacular name is
sometimes also used for the dolphin gull, a somewhat similar-looking but
unrelated species. As is the case with many gulls, the red-billed gull has
traditionally been placed in the genus Larus. The red-billed gull is a fairly
small gull with an all-red bill, red eye ring, red legs and feet, pale grey wings with
black wingtips. The rest of the body and tail are white. There is virtually nonvisual
difference between the male and female birds. Juvenile gulls have a dark brown
bill with only hints of red, making them difficult to distinguish from the black-
billed gull. The legs are also brown and there are brown spots on the grey wings. It
is the smallest gull commonly seen in New Zealand; a recent estimate of the
population puts it at half a million birds in the country. Until recently it was
regarded as a subspecies of the silver gull found in Australia, and the two species
are very similar in appearance. However the most recent research suggests that
they are not particularly closely related.

The Savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) is a small American sparrow. It is
the only widely accepted member of the genus Passerculus. Comparison
of mtDNA NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 and 3 sequences indicates that the Ipswich
sparrow, formerly usually considered a valid species (as Passerculus princeps), is a
well-marked subspecies of the Savannah sparrow, whereas the southwestern large-billed
sparrow should be recognized as a distinct species (Passerculus rostratus). The common
name comes from Savannah, Georgia, where one of the first specimens of this bird was
collected. This passerine bird breeds in Alaska, Canada, northern, central
and Pacific coastal United States, Mexico and Guatemala. The Pacific and Mexican
breeders are resident, but other populations are migratory, wintering from the southern
United States across Central America and the Caribbean to northern South America. It
is a very rare vagrant to western Europe. This species has a typically sparrow-like dark-
streaked brown back, and whitish underparts with brown or blackish breast and flank
streaking. It has whitish crown and supercilium stripes, sometimes with some yellow
(more often near the beak). The cheeks are brown and the throat white. The flight
feathers are blackish-brown with light brown or white border. The eyes are dark. The
feet and legs are horn-colored, as is the lower part of the bill, with the upper part being
dark grey.

The wood duck or Carolina duck (Aix sponsa) is a species of perching
duck found in North America. It is one of the most colorful North
American waterfowl. The wood duck is a medium-sized perching duck. A
typical adult is from 47 to 54 cm (19 to 21 in) in length with a wingspan of
between 66 to 73 cm (26 to 29 in). This is about three-quarters of the length
of an adult mallard. It shares its genus with the Asian Mandarin duck (Aix
galericulata). Their breeding habitat is wooded swamps, shallow
lakes, marshes or ponds, and creeks in eastern North America, the west coast
of the United States and western Mexico. They usually nest in cavities in
trees close to water, although they will take advantage of nesting boxes in
wetland locations if available. Females line their nests with feathers and other
soft materials, and the elevation provides some protection from
predators. Unlike most other ducks, the wood duck has sharp claws for
perching in trees and can, in southern regions, produce two broods in a single
season—the only North American duck that can do so.

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