2. ANAEMIA
⢠Anemia is defined as the reduced Hb con. in
blood below the lower limit of the normal
range for the age and sex of the individual
⢠Normal Hb values
Males :- 14- 16gm/dl
Females :- 12-14 gm/dl
⢠New born infants :- 15-17 gm /dl
⢠In western Males< 13.2 gm /dl
⢠Females < 11.7 gm /dl taken as anemia
3.
4. ⢠Anemia is not a diseases but it is the
expression of underlying disease and from
the treatment point of view , it is necessary
to identify the cause of anemia
5. WHO criteria
⢠Adult M <13gm/dl
⢠Adult F< 12gm/dl
⢠Infant & children's up to 12 yrs <11gm/dl
⢠Pregnant women <11gm/dl
⢠Other parameters
⢠RBC count, PCV, & absolute values( MCV,
MCH, MCHC) are the other alternative
parameters
8. Morphological classification
⢠Based on the red cell size, Hb content , red
cell indices
⢠Classified in to 3 types
ď Microcytic hypochromic
ď Normocytic normochromic
ď Macrocytic normochromic
9.
10. Microcytic hypochromic :-
ď§ Many RBCs smaller than normal(MCV<80fL)
ď§TheRBCs are usually hypochromic(MCH<27pg)
ď§Increased zoneof centralpallor
ď§Cells are various in shape &size
ď§MCV,MCH,MCHC are reduced
o Eg:- iron deficiency anemia(IDA)
o And in certain non iron deficicient anaemia
(Sideroblastic anemia),
o Thalassaemia,
o Anaemia of chronic disorder(ACD)
14. Normocytic anaemia can be presented with
elevation of reticulocyte count or a reduction of
reticulocyte count.
Elevated
reticulocytecount
⢠Blood loss
anaemia
⢠Haemolytic
anaemia
Normal or low
reticulocyte count
⢠Bone marrow
disorders(Aplasti
c anaemia)
⢠Chronicdisease
⢠Kidney disease
14JTV/KMC/Patho
15. Macrocytic normochromic
ď§ Theaveragesizeof RBCsare larger
than normal(>100fL) ie MCV is raised.
ď§ {MCHCis normal or high}
ď§ Eg:- megaloblastic anaemia( vit B12 &
folic acid deficiency)
ď§ 2 types of macrocytes
ď§ Oval macrocytes are seen in
megaloblastic anaemia
ď§ Round macrocytes are seen in liver
disease.
17. ETIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
⢠A) ANAEMIA DUE TO BLOOD LOSS
2 TYPES
1. A/C blood loss
Eg :Accidents
Surgery
2. Anaemia of chronic blood loss
Eg: Peptic ulcer
Parasitic infection
GIT bleeding
18. B.ANAEMIA DUE TO IMPAIRED RED
CELL FORMATION
a)Defect in Hematopoietic stem cell
proliferation and differentiation
- Aplastic anaemia
- Pure red cell aplasia
⢠b)Cytoplasmic metabolic defect
-Deficient haem synthesis(IDA)
-Deficient globin synthesis(Thalassaemia)
19. c)Nuclear maturation defect
-Vit B12 & Folic acid def(megaloblastic)
d)Nutritional deficiency
IDA ,MBA
e)Anaemia of chronic disorders
- Anemia due to inflammation/ infections
- Anaemia in renal disease
- Anaemia in liver disease
21. C) Anaemia due to increased red
destruction/ Haemolytic anaemia
1.Intrinsic red cell abnormalities(Intracorpuscular)
2.Extrinsic red cell abnormalities (Extracorpuscular)
(acquired haemolytic anaemia)
Intrinsic
Hereditary Acquired
PNH
Infections
23. KINETIC CLASSIFICATION
⢠Based On Reticulocyte Production Index
⢠RPI = Reticulocyte count x HCT
Reticulocyte maturation time x0.4
Hypocellular RPI < 2
Hypercellular RPI > 3
24.
25. Pathophysiology of anaemia
⢠Subnormal level of Hb causes lowered O2
carrying of blood
⢠This initiates compensatory physiologic
adaptations
Increased release of O2 from blood
Increased blood flow to tissue
Maintains of blood volume
⢠Redistribution of blood flow to maintain
cerebral blood supply.
26. Clinical Features Of Anaemia
1.Speed of onset of anaemia
⢠Rapidly progressive anaemia cause more
symptoms than that of slow on set anaemia,
less time for physiologic adaptation
2.Severity of anaemia
⢠No signs & symptoms in some anaemia
ďąMild 9.1 -10.5 g/dl
ďąModerate -6-9 g/dl
ďąSevere <6 g/dl of Hb
27. 3.Age of the patient
ďYoung patient due to good cardiovascular
compensation tolerate Anaemia
ďElderly people develop cardiac & cerebral
symptoms
4.Spurious anaemia
ďRed cell concentration decreases due to
hemodilution as in 3rd trimester of pregnancy
36. HISTORY
⢠Onset of symptoms âA/C or insidious
⢠History of drug intake,exposure to chemicals
⢠Family history of similar d/s
⢠Occupation of pt
⢠Glossitis,stomatitis
⢠Haematuria, tarry stools
⢠No. of pregnancies
⢠H/o of jaundice
⢠Pain in legs