3. OVERVIEW
Mating system
Statistical Introduction
Aims/ objectives of breeding strategy
How to develop?
Breeding strategy recommended by Govt. of Rajasthan
Breeds used for propagation
Salient features of Breeding policy
Future Scope of developing breeding strategy
4. Mating system
Random mating Non-random mating
Based on
Phenotypic relationship
Based on
Genetic/ Pedigree relationship
Negative assortative mating
Positive assortative mating
Inbreeding Outbreeding
Line breeding
Close breeding
Outcrossing Cross breeding Grading up Species
hybridization
Rotational cross breeding
Specific cross breeding
5. Mating between animals which are related to each other through common
ancestry up to 4-6 generations.
Close breeding: - Type of inbreeding in which closely related mates are mated
Different types of close mating: -
Full sib mating
Half sib mating
Parent offspring mating
Double first cousin mating
First cousin mating
Second cousin/ Half cousin mating
Line breeding: - It is a mild form of inbreeding to maintain high degree of
genetic relationship to an outstanding ancestor (mainly sire of high genetic
merit).
Inbreeding
6. Pathway of close mating
Full sib
A B
C D
E
Half sib
A
B C
D
Parent offspring
S
D
Z
Double cousin
A B C D
E F G H
I
J
K
First cousin
A B
C D
G
E F
Second cousin
S
D
X Y
C D
A B
E
7. Inbreeding coefficient (𝑭𝒙): - It is a probability that 2 alleles at a locus are identical by descent.
They are exact copy of a single allele.
Range of inbreeding coefficient from 0 to 1
Relationship coefficient (R): - Between two individuals, it is the probability that they both
carry a particular allele due to common ancestry.
Inbreeding and relationship coefficient of different types of inbreeding: -
Mating Inbreeding
coefficient (𝐅𝐱)
Relationship
coefficient(R)
Full sib mating &
Parent offspring mating
0.25 0.5
Half sib mating &
Double 1st cousin
0.125 0.25
First cousin mating 0.0625 0.125
Second cousin mating 0.03125 0.0625
8. Inbred line developed from two generations of full sib mating.
It has 0.375 or 37.5 % minimum inbreeding coefficient (Fx).
All the individuals have identical genotype.
Inbred lines are against adverse environment, they need good
environment for survival.
These lines are highly homozygous lines.
These lines to be used for hybridization in poultry and swine.
In crossing: - Crossing of two different inbred lines derived from same
breed.
In cross breeding: - Crossing of two different inbred lines derived from
different breeds.
Inbred line
9. Consequences of inbreeding
Genetic consequences: -
1. Increases homozygosity and Decreases heterozygosity
2. Uncovering of recessive genes leading to hereditary defect
3. Increased genetic resemblance and Prepotency
4. Decreases genetic variability
5. Increases environmental variance within population and reduces homeostatic
ability
Phenotypic consequences: -
1. Phenotypic uniformity among population
2. Depresses the growth rate
3. Reduces reproductive efficiency
4. Appearance of genetic defect
10. Outbreeding
Mating between animals which are not related to each other for at least 4-6 generations.
Outcrossing: - Mating between unrelated animals within same breed.
Selective breeding = Outcrossing within a herd by use of selected sires and dams.
Cross breeding: - Mating between animals of different breeds within same species.
Example = Cross breeds of sheep are = Hissardale, Avikalin, Avivastra etc.
Cross breeds of cattle = Taylor, Jerthar, Jersindh, Karan swiss, Karan fries etc.
New breed is obtained
Grading up: - Mating of pure bred sire of descriptive breed with a local female.
“Pure breed” is obtained by repeated back crossing up to 7-8 generations
Top crossing: - Grading up for only one generation.
Species hybridization: - Mating between animals of different species
Jack x Mare = Mule, Cattle x Yak = Pien-niu,
American buffalo bull x Domestic cow = Cattlo
11. Cross bred progeny shows better adaptation to environment and show
higher fertility, viability, improved size and growth and other polygenic
trait compared to purebreds.
It is an additional performance shown by 1st generation offspring
(crossbred) above mean performance of their parental performance.
Heterosis depends upon magnitude of non-additive gene action.
Factors determining magnitude of heterosis: -
Degree of dominance
Genetic diversity between parental population
Heterosis
12. F1cross breed of crossing between pure homozygous breeds exhibits 100%
heterozygosity (heterosis HF1 ) and improved performance over parental
population.
Inter-se mating among F1 , produces F2 generation and it exhibits loss in
heterosis (HF2 =
1
2
HF1).
When F2 mated among them, level of heterozygosity in F3 remain same as F2.
Conclusion: -
Improved performance of cross bred F1 is transient and not possible to
fix.
To take full advantage of heterosis, fresh crosses between breed have to be
made in each generation.
Heterosis is halved between F1 and F2 generation but remain constant in
subsequent generation i.e. from F2 onwards.
Cont...
13. 1. Individual heterosis: - Increased performance exhibited by crossbred
individual animal itself.
2. Maternal heterosis: - When dams are crossbred, the benefits occurring from
their heterotic effects are obtained and accumulated in their offspring.
3. Paternal heterosis: - Exhibited by crossbred males for paternal traits such as
libido, semen trait etc.
Individual heterosis is most important and of practical significance as animals
used for commercial production.
Maternal heterosis used in litter bearing and meat producing animals.
Paternal heterosis is least important because sire influence performance of
their offspring through genes only.
Types of Heterosis
14. Mating between particular breed of sire to a particular breed of dam. Resulting crossbred
offspring used for commercial purpose.
1. 2-breed specific crossing: - Two purebred animals are mated together and produce
crossbred offspring. (A x B = AB) (A is male, B is female and AB is crossbred)
Crossbred progeny F1 do not used in breeding programme.
Crossbred progeny shows 100 % individual heterosis.
2. Back crossing: - Mating of F1 crossbred to one of the two parental breeds. [A
x AB = A(AB)]
To exploit maternal heterosis (because of more importance), back crossing between
crossbred female to purebred parental male.
It utilizes half individual and full maternal heterosis.
3. 3-breed crossing: - Mating of F1 crossbred animal to a third breed. [C x (AB) = C(AB)]
To exploit maternal heterosis, mating between crossbred female to third purebred male.
It utilizes full individual and full maternal heterosis.
4. 4-breed cross: - Crossing of crossbred female produced by crossing of two breeds with
crossbred male produced by crossing of other two breeds. {(AB) x (CD)}
It exploits individual, maternal and paternal heterosis.
Specific cross breeding system
15. It is a specific cyclic pattern of rotating the use of sire breeds on crossbred females (from a
preceding cross).
1. 2-breed rotational crossing: - F1 crossbred females (AB) are mated back to male (A) of one of
parental breeds. In next generation, the crossbred females [B(AB)] are mated to sire of breed
B.
Sire from breeds A and B are mated alternatively on successive generations of crossbred
females.
Loss of one-third individual and maternal heterosis is seen.
2. 3-breed rotational crossing: - steps
Base generation: A (male) and B (female) breeds are mated to produce F1 crossbred (AB).
1stgeneration: F1 crossbred female (AB) are mated to male to male of third breed C.
2nd generation: Three breed crossbred females are mated to male of 1st breed (A).
Mating of sires from each of three breeds on crossbred females in succession.
After 7-8 cycles of rotational crossing percentage of inheritance from three breeds:
57 % inheritance from last sire breed
29 % inheritance from previous sire breed
14 % inheritance from third breed
Rotational cross breeding system
16. Percentage of heterosis
Type of cross
(Male x Female )
Percentage or fraction of heterosis
Individual Maternal Paternal
2-breed cross (A x B) 100 - -
Back cross (A x AB) 50 100 -
3-breed cross (C x AB) 100 100 -
4-breed cross (AB x CD) 100 100 100
Rotational cross
2-sire breeds 66.7 or 2/3 66.7 or 2/3 -
3-sire breeds 85.7 or 6/7 85.7 or 6/7 -
17. Scheme of grading up: -
Grading up
Generation Mating % purity
Base Purebred sire x Native females 0 %
1st Purebred sire x 1st generation female 50 %
2nd Purebred sire x 2nd generation female 75 %
3rd Purebred sire x 3rd generation female 87.5 %
4th Purebred sire x 4th generation female 93.7 %
5th Purebred sire x 5th generation female 96.8 %
6th Purebred sire x 6th generation female 98.4 %
7th Purebred sire x 7th generation female 99.2 %
8th Purebred sire x 8th generation female 99.6 %
18. Genetic consequences: -
1. Increases heterozygosity and maximum heterozygosity in 1st generation.
2. Hide deleterious recessive alleles
3. Outbred animals are less alike to true breed
4. Breed complementarity in cross bred animal
5. Gene introgression in population
Phenotypic consequences: -
1. Development of new breed
2. Improved performance of outbred animal over purebreds
3. Production of parent stock
4. Improvement in reproduction and growth efficiency
Consequences of outbreeding
19. • Total milk production in India during 2018-19 is 187.75 million tonnes
• Total milk production in Rajasthan during 2018-19 is 23668.07 ‘000 tonnes
(shares 12.6 % of total milk production of India) Rank 2nd
• Total meat production in India during 2018-19 is 8.11 million tonnes
• Total meat production in Rajasthan during 2018-19 is 191.66 ‘000 tonnes (shares
2.4 % of total meat production of India)
• Total wool production in India during 2018-19 is 40.42 million kg
• Total wool production in Rajasthan during 2018-19 is 14521.84 ‘000 kg (shares
35.9 % of total wool production of India) Rank 1st
• Total egg production in India during 2018-19 is 130.32 billion number of eggs
• Total egg production in Rajasthan during 2018-19 is 16615.65 lakh number
(shares 1.6 % of total egg production of India)
(Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics-2019)
20. S. no. Index India % change Rajasthan % change
1. Milk 187.75 million
tonnes
+6.5 % 23668.07
‘000 tonnes
+5.5 %
2. Meat 8.11 million tonnes +6 % 191.66 ‘000
tonnes
+1.7 %
3. Egg 103.32 Billion
number eggs
+8.5 % 16615.65
lakh number
+14.2 %
4. Wool 40.42 million kg -2.5 % 14521.84
‘000 kg
-1.64 %
• Rajasthan Shares 12.6 % in total milk production of India and got Rank 2nd
• Rajasthan Shares 2.4 % in total meat production of India
• Rajasthan Shares 35.9 % in total wool production of India and got Rank 1st
(Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics-2019)
21. S.no. Index India
(In million
number)
%
change
Rajasthan
(In million
number)
%
change
Rank of
Rajstha
n
Highe
st
Lowest
1. Total livestock population 535.82 +4.63 % 56.7 -1.66% 2nd
2. Cattle population 192.52 +0.83 % 13.9 -4.41% 6th Bikaner Dholpur
3. Buffalo population 109.85 +1.06 % 13.7 -5.53% 2nd Jaipur Jaisalmer
4. Sheep population 74.26 +14.13 % 7.9 -12.95% 4th Barmer Banswara
5. Goat population 148.88 +10.14 % 20.84 -3.83% 1st Barmer Dholpur
• Contribution of livestock in : Agricultural GDP 28.4 %, National GDP 4.9%
• Not able to satisfy the demand at the present growth rate
• We need to increase the production of milk, meat and wool at maximum level
• Exploit the animal genetic resources through proper breeding strategy
(20th livestock census, Department of animal husbandry and dairying)
22. To exploit available resources in different agro-ecological zones of the
Rajasthan judiciously.
To utilize sustainably for further enhancing the productivity of animals.
To conserve indigenous animal genetic resources of Rajasthan.
More milk, meat and wool production level in indigenous pure bred
animals.
To ensure availability of good quality draught animals.
Genetic improvement for production traits of indigenous breeds.
Aims/ objectives of proper breeding strategy
23. To fix minimum production standards for breeding sires’ dams.
To ensure breeding soundness of all stud sires.
To fix the exotic inheritance in indigenous non-descript breed of
animal.
To bring the animal population under organized breeding through A.I.
and natural mating of known pedigreed sires.
To select the low genetic merit/ scrub sires and to castrate them.
To avoid indiscriminate breeding and propagation of poor germplasm.
Cont...
24. How can breeding strategy be developed?
Two kinds of breeding strategy: i) Selective breeding strategy
ii) Grading up strategy
Factors considered in the development of a breeding programme
Animal species involved
Types of traits considered
Availability, accessibility and affordability of different breeds
Production environment and location
Time frame for the planned genetic improvement
Infrastructure of the livestock sector and the resources allocated to the
programme
Existing breeding programme and other activities of farmers/ breeders
25. Sr.
No.
Species Breeding strategy Purpose
1. Cattle
i. Selective breeding
ii. Grading up
iii. Cross breeding
Milk production
Draught purpose
2. Buffalo
i. Selective breeding
ii. Grading up
Milk production
3. Sheep
i. Selective breeding
ii. Grading up
Increase body wt. for meat (mutton)
production
Quantity and Quality of Wool
4. Goat
i. Selective breeding
ii. Grading up
Milk production
Increase body wt. for meat (chevon)
production
Breeding strategy recommended by Govt. of Rajasthan
(Animal husbandry department GOR, 2007 & 2014)
26. Breeds used for propagation
S. no. Species Breeds
1. Cattle Gir, Hariana, Malvi, Rathi, Kankrej, Nagauri, Tharparkar,
Sahiwal
2. Buffalo Murrah and Surti
3. Sheep Marwari, Jaisalmeri, Magra, Pugal, Nali, Chokla, Malpura
and Sonadi
4. Goat Sirohi, Marwari, Jhakrana, Barbari and Jamnapari
(Animal husbandry department GOR, 2007 & 2014)
27. Salient features of Breeding policy
For all species: -
Indigenous breeds should be propagated through Selective breeding
Non-descript breeds will be upgraded with high productive native indigenous
breeds
For Cattle: -
Non-descript breeds replaced by Cross breeding and Grading up with improved
indigenous cattle breeds
Holstein Friesian and Jersey: Breed of choice as exotic breed for cross breeding
For Sheep: -
For evolving prolific sheep breed, Cross breeding with native breeds will be
adopted
Breeding will be allowed with the crossbred females to crossbred males only
(Animal husbandry department GOR, 2007 & 2014)
28. Cont…
For Goat: -
The Jhakrana breed will be conserved.
For Sheep and Goat: -
All possible efforts will be made to avoid inbreeding in the sheep and goat
flocks
A sire will be used for 2 years in the same flock
Wherever crossbreeding will be adopted, the blood level of exotic blood
should be maintained between 50-62.5 %.
Crossbreeds are maintained thereafter through inter-se mating.
(Animal husbandry department GOR, 2007 & 2014)
29. • Well established indigenous breeds should never be crossed with
any exotic breed.
• Non-descript indigenous breeds would be crossed with pure exotic
breed or, Descript indigenous breeds of the same breeding tract.
• Installing Pedigree and Performance Recording Scheme (PPRS) in
places.
• Best selection of the superior cows as dams of bulls.
• Efficient and early progeny testing programme.
General considerations for breed improvement through breeding strategies
30. • Minimum standards for production of semen, including performance
standards for dams for breeding sires.
• Easy provision of excellent quality exotic breed semen/ defined breed
semen for A.I.
• Guidelines for use of frozen and liquid semen in AI and natural
mating.
• Scrub bulls should be castrated and never be used for breeding by the
farmers.
• Only progeny tested bulls which are free from all sorts of STDs
certified by GOI/ GOR should be used for breeding.
• Establishing breed societies for conservation and genetic
Cont...
31. Sire selection
Selection of Breeding sire: -
S.
no.
Species Criteria for sire selection
1. Cattle and
Buffalo
i. Phenotypic characters of breed
ii. Their dam’s yield
iii. Progeny tested/ Pedigree selected bulls
2. Sheep i. Phenotypic characters of breed
ii. Minimum body weight of 25 Kg at the age of 9 to
12 months
iii. Wool quality as per breed
3. Goat i. Phenotypic characters of breed
ii. Minimum body weight of 30 Kg at the age of 9 to
12 months (Animal husbandry department GOR, 2007 & 2014)
32. Region wise proposed breeds
In Rajasthan, 33 districts are divided into 7 divisions/ regions
So per breeding policy different breeds are also divided into these
divisions.
In table: -
(Animal husbandry department GOR, 2007 & 2014)
34. Advanced reproductive technologies: MOET, Embryo Manipulation Techniques
(sexing and cloning etc.) faster multiplication and production of superior
germplasm/ bulls
Molecular marker system (RFLP, AFLP, micro satellite markers), genome
maps, QTL-mapping technologies Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) of
superior indigenous animals
Advanced technologies in breeding programs for genetic improvement
(Sreenivas, 2013)
35. FUTURE SCOPE OF DEVELOPING BREEDING
STRATEGY
• Sketching out the breeding strategy is the tool for success but
implementation and maintenance of the strategy is most
necessary.
• Interest should be grown within farmers and organised farms
about the benefit of the breeding plan to ensure the application.
• For improvement of draught purpose breeds cross breeding with
any exotic draught cattle may be an area to think over.
• Advanced breeding strategies to induce alleles affecting disease
resistance traits, milk component alleles etc. into the breeds of
