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1. TITLE: WORLD ELECTRICITY DEMAND &
GENERATION
PRESENTED BY: Rajiv Sen Gupta
BRANCH: POWER ELECTRONICS & DRIVES
COURSE: btech
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Hameerpur
PRESENTED TO: Dr ANMOL RATAN SAXENA
(Associate Professor)
DEPARTMENT: EEE

2. CONTENT
 ELECTRICITY ACCESS
 PERCAPITA CONSUMPTION
 WORL DATA OF ELECTRICITY:
Generation, Consumption
 Different sources contribution in
electricity generation
 Electricity in India: Installed
capacity, Demand, Generation,
consumption, Per capita energy
consumption
 RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE
PHOTOVOLAIC SYSTEM: solar cell,
mathematical modelling, MPPT,
P&O ALGORITHM, Incremental
conductance, Advantage and
Disadvantage
 ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM:
BATTERY, CAES, FLYWHEEL,SUPER
CAPACITORS,SUPER CONDUCTING
MAGNETIC STORAGE SYSTEM

3. ELECTRICITY ACCESS
 ELECTRICITY ACCESS IS
DEFINED AS HAVING AN
ELELCTRICITY SOURCE
THAT CAN PROVIDE
VERY BASIC LIGHTING
AND CHARGE A PHONE
OR POEWR A RADIO
FOR FOUR HOURS
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1990 2000 2010 2020
Electricity Access
US CHINA INDIA
UK JAPAN RUSSIA
Norway Brazil EU

4. PER CAPITA ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION
 PER CAPITA ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IS REFERS
TO AVERAGE QUANTITY OF ELCTRICITY CONSUMED
BY A PERSON TO THE GROSS QUANTIY AVAILABLE
 PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION = Total energy
consumed/ Total Papulation
 INDIA PER CAPITA ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN
2022 IS 1218 KWH

5. PER CAPITA ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION
52,980
29,075
19,217
16,801
13,076
11,585
10,318
9,920
8,480
8,183
7,974
5,985
4,605
1,218
135
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000
Iceland
Norway
Qatar
Canada
United States
South korea
Australia
Saudi Arabia
France
Japan
Russia
china
United kingdom
India
Nigeria
Per Capita electricity consumption

6. World Electricity Generation By Source
Other renewable
3%
Solar
4%
Wind
7%
Hydropower
15%
Nuclear
10%
Oil
2%
Gas
23%
Coal
36%
Other renewable Solar Wind Hydropower Nuclear Oil Gas Coal
Total Electricity Generated in 2021 28,218.07 TWH

7. ALL INDIA INSTALLED CAPACITY SECTOR
WISE
99004.93 99004.93 99004.93
201798.97 201798.97 203831.84
104969 104969.33 104959.8
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
Jul-22 Aug-22 Sep-22
MW
2022
ALL INDIA INSTALLED CAPACITY SECTOR WISE
Central private sec state sec

8. ALL INDIA POWER GENERATION
THERMAL, 93.23
NUCLEAR, 3.59
HYDRO, 23.4
BHUTAN IMP, 1.29
ALL INDIA POWER GENERATION
AUG 2022 IN BU

10. ALL INDIA RENEWABLE ENERGY
GENERATION

11. RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION DATA

12. PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF INDIA

13. RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL
 PHOTOVOLTAICS IS THE DIRECT WAY TO CONVERT SOLAR RADIATION IN TO
ELECTRICITY
 IT IS BASED ON PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT, AND FIRST OBSERVED BY HENERY
BECQUEREL IN 1839.
 PHOTOVOLTAICS EFFECT IS EMERGENCE OF AN ELECTRIC VOLTAGE BETWEEN
TWO ELECTRODE ATTACHED TO A SOLID OR LIQUID SYSTEM OPON SHINING
LIGHT ON TO THIS SYSTEM.
 ALL PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES ARE MADE OF PN JUNCTION IN A SEMICONDUCTOR
LIKE SILICON WHICH IS LOW EFFICINCY

14. Solar cell and electrical single diode
model

15. The diode current is -
𝐼𝑑 = 𝐼𝑠 𝑒
𝑉𝑑
𝜂𝑣𝑡 − 1
WHERE – 𝐼𝑠 reverse saturation current
𝑉𝑑 is diode voltage drop
𝑉𝑡 is thermal equivalent voltage
𝜂 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐼𝑝ℎ ∝ 𝐼𝑠𝑐 linear variation with
temperature
Single diode model
 𝑉𝑂𝐶 Non- linear variation with
temperature
 𝐼𝑝𝑣 = 𝐼𝑝ℎ-𝐼𝑑-𝐼𝑠ℎ

16. SOLAR CELL IV & PV CHARECTERISTIC
IV&PV curve with irradiance
IV & PV CHARECTERISTIC

17. MPPT IMPLEMENTAION
VOLTAGE
REGULATOR
DC/DC
CONVERTER
DC/DC
CONTROLLER
MPPT
LOAD
𝑉𝑃𝑉
D
𝐼𝑃𝑉
+
−

18. MONOCRYSTALLINE & POLYCRYSTALLINE
SOLAR CELL
 Monocrystalline silicon is made up
of single crystal wafers called ingot
 Efficiency 15-20 %, more costly,
 Polycrystalline solar cell is made of
many silicon crystal melted
together
 Polycrystalline si solar cell is less
efficient than monocrystalline cell

19. BASIC OFFGRID SOLAR SYSTEM

20. ALGORITHM FOR MPPT OF SOLAR CELL
P&O FLOW CHART INCREMENTAL CONDUCTANCE

21. SOLAR CELL ADVANTAGE AND
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGE
 1.PV panels provide clean – green energy. During electricity
generation with PV panels there is no harmful greenhouse gas
emissions thus solar PV is environmentally friendly.
 2.Solar energy is energy supplied by nature – it is thus free and
abundant!
 3.Solar energy can be made available almost anywhere there is sunlight
 4.Solar energy is especially appropriate for smart energy networks with
distributed power generation – DPG is indeed the next generation
power network structure!
 5.Solar panels cost is currently on a fast reducing track and is expected
to continue reducing for the next years – consequently solar PV panels
has indeed a highly promising future both for economical viability and
environmental sustainability.
 6.Photovoltaic panels, through photoelectric phenomenon, produce
electricity in a direct electricity generation way
 7.Operating and maintenance costs for PV panels are considered to be
low, almost negligible, compared to costs of other renewable energy
systems
DISADVANTAGE
 1.As in all renewable energy sources, solar energy has
intermittency issues; not shining at night but also during daytime
there may be cloudy or rainy weather.
 2.Consequently, intermittency and unpredictability of solar
energy makes solar energy panels less reliable a solution.
 3.Solar energy panels require additional equipment (inverters) to
convert direct electricity (DC) to alternating electricity (AC) in
order to be used on the power network
 4.For a continuous supply of electric power, especially for on-
grid connections, Photovoltaic panels require not only Inverters
but also storage batteries; thus increasing the investment cost for
PV panels considerably
 5.In case of land-mounted PV panel installations, they require
relatively large areas for deployment; usually the land space is
committed for this purpose for a period of 15-20 years – or even
longer.
 6.Solar panels efficiency levels are relatively low (between 14%-
25%) compared to the efficiency levels of other renewable
energy systems.

22. APPLICATION
 Solar Farm:
 Many acres of PV panels can provide utility-scale power—from tens of megawatts to more than a gigawatt of electricity. These large systems, using fixed or sun-tracking
panels, feed power into municipal or regional grids
 Building-Related Needs:
 In buildings, PV panels mounted on roofs or ground can supply electricity. PV material can also be integrated into a building’s structure as windows, roof tiles, or cladding to
serve a dual purpose. In addition, awnings and parking structures can be covered with PV to provide shading and power.
 Transportation:
 PV can provide auxiliary power for vehicles such as cars and boats. Automobile sunroofs can include PV for onboard power needs or trickle-charging batteries. Lightweight
PV can also conform to the shape of airplane wings to help power high-altitude aircraft.
 Power in Space:
 From the beginning, PV has been a primary power source for Earth-orbiting satellites. High-efficiency PV has supplied power for ventures such as the International Space
Station and surface rovers on the Moon and Mars, and it will continue to be an integral part of space and planetary exploration.
 Stand-Alone Power:
 In urban or remote areas, PV can power stand-alone devices, tools, and meters. PV can meet the need for electricity for parking meters, temporary traffic signs, emergency
phones, radio transmitters, water irrigation pumps, stream-flow gauges, remote guard posts, lighting for roadways, and more.
 Military Uses:
 Lightweight, flexible thin-film PV can serve applications in which portability or ruggedness are critical. Soldiers can carry lightweight PV for charging electronic equipment in
the field or at remote bases

23. ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM

24. BATTERY
 Battery energy storage systems are rechargeable battery systems that store energy from solar arrays or the electric grid
and provide that energy to a home or business. Because they contain advanced technology that regular batteries do not,
they can easily perform certain tasks that used to be difficult or impossible, such as peak shaving and load shifting.
STEP 1: CHARGE
 During daylight, the battery storage system is charged by clean electricity generated by solar.
STEP 2: OPTIMIZE
 Intelligent battery software uses algorithms to coordinate solar production, usage history, utility rate structures, and
weather patterns to optimize when the stored energy is used.
STEP 3: DISCHARGE
 Energy is discharged from the battery storage system during times of high usage, reducing or eliminating costly demand
charges

25. Lead storage battery charging
discharging
Charging of battery
 During charging of battery, external DC
source is applied to the battery. The negative
terminal of the DC source is connected to the
negative plate or anode of the battery and
positive terminal of the source is connected to
the positive plate or cathode of the battery.
 Reduction reaction takes place in the anode
instead of cathode. Actually in the case of
discharge of battery, reduction reaction takes
place at cathode.
 As a result oxidation reaction takes place at the
cathode and cathode material regains its
previous state (when it was not
discharged).This is the overall basic of charging
of battery.
Discharging of battery
 discharging of battery, the other electrode
involves in reduction reaction. This electrode is
referred as cathode. The electrons which are
excess in anode, now flow to the cathode
through external load.
 In cathode these electrons are accepted, that
means cathode material gets involved in
reduction reaction.
 Now the products of oxidation reaction at
anode are positive ions or cations, that will flow
to the cathode through the electrolyte and at the
same time, products of reduction reaction at
cathode are negative ions or anions, that will
flow to anode through the electrolyte.

26. DISCHARGE CHEMICAL REACTION

27. C-rating of battery

28. c rating and time curve

29. Pro and cons of battery

30. Compressed air energy storage CAES
 Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is a way to store energy generated at
one time for use at another time. At utility scale, energy generated during
periods of low energy demand (off-peak) can be released to meet higher
demand (peak load) periods
 Compressed air energy storage (CAES) plants are largely equivalent to
pumped-hydro power plants in terms of their applications. But, instead of
pumping water from a lower to an upper pond during periods of excess power,
in a CAES plant, ambient air or another gas is compressed and stored under
pressure in an underground cavern or container. When electricity is required,
the pressurized air is heated and expanded in an expansion turbine driving a
generator for power production

31. CAES

32. PRO AND CONS OF CAES
ADVANTAGES
 Provides economic benefits
 Increases output during off-
peak times
 Provides a better supply
during peak hours
 Absorbs excess energy
during low demand
DISADVANTAGES
 Limited site selection
 Perceived risk
 Inevitable energy loss
 Additional heating
requirements

33. Super capacitors
 A super capacitors (SC), also called an ultra capacitors, is a high-capacity capacitor with a
capacitance value much higher than other capacitors, but with lower voltage limits, that
bridges the gap between electrolytic capacitors and rechargeable batteries. It typically stores
10 to 100 times more energy per unit volume or mass than electrolytic capacitors, can accept
and deliver charge much faster than batteries, and tolerates many more charge and discharge
cycles than rechargeable batteries.
 Storage principles:
 Electrochemical capacitors use the double-layer effect to store electric energy;
however, this double-layer has no conventional solid dielectric to separate the
charges. There are two storage principles in the electric double-layer of the
electrodes that contribute to the total capacitance of an electrochemical
capacitor:
 Double-layer capacitance, electrostatic storage of the electrical energy
achieved by separation of charge in a Helmholtz double layer.
 Pseudo capacitance, electrochemical storage of the electrical energy achieved
by faradaic redox reactions with charge-transfer.

34. Super capacitors design
 Basic design:
 Power Source
 Collector
 Polarized Electrode
 Helmholtz Double Layer
 Electrode Having Positive& Negative
ions
 Separator

35. COMPRISON OF BATTERIES Vs SUPER
CAPACITORS

36. PRO AND CONS OF SUPERCAPACITORS
Advantages
 It offers high energy density and high power
density compare to common capacitor.
It offers high capacitance (From 1 mF to
>10,000F) .
 It offers fast charging ability.
It offers superior low temperature performance
(from -40oC to 70oC)
 It offers longer Service and long life (about 10
to 15 years compare to 5-10 years of Li-ion
battery) . It offers virtually unlimited cycle life
and can be cycled millions of time.
It offers higher reliability of performance.
It reduces size of the battery, its weight and
consecutively cost.
Super capacitors meet environmental standards.
Hence they are eco-friendly
Disadvantages
 They have higher self discharge rate. This is
considerably high compare to battery.
Individual cells have low voltages. Hence series
connections are required in order to achieve
higher voltages
 Amount of energy stored per unit weight is
considerably lower compare to electrochemical
battery. This is about 3 to 5 Wh/Kg for an ultra
capacitor than 30 to 40
 It offers low energy density compare to battery.
This is about (1/5)th to (1/10)th the energy of the
battery.
It can not be used in AC and higher frequency
circuits

37. PUMPED HYDRO STORAGE

38. PHES
 Pumped-storage hydroelectricity (PSH), or pumped hydroelectric energy
storage (PHES), is a type of hydroelectric energy storage used by electric power
systems for load balancing
 The method stores energy in the form of gravitational potential energy of water,
pumped from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation.
 Low-cost surplus off-peak electric power is typically used to run the pumps. During
periods of high electrical demand, the stored water is released through turbines to
produce electric power. Although the losses of the pumping process make the plant a
net consumer of energy overall, the system increases revenue by selling more electricity
during periods of peak demand, when electricity prices are highest. If the upper lake
collects significant rainfall or is fed by a river then the plant may be a net energy
producer in the manner of a traditional hydroelectric plant

39. Pumped hydro storage

40. Pro and Cons of pumped hydro storage

41. Flywheel energy storage

42. FLYWHEEL STORAGE SYSTEM
 Flywheel energy storage (FES)
works by accelerating a rotor
(flywheel) to a very high speed and
maintaining the energy in the
system as rotational energy.
 When energy is extracted from the
system, the flywheel's rotational
speed is reduced as a consequence
of the principle of conservation of
energy adding energy to the system
correspondingly results in an
increase in the speed of

43. Super conducting magnetic storage
system
 In 1969, Ferrier originally introduced the superconducting magnetic energy
storage (SMES) system as a source of energy to accommodate the diurnal
variations of power demands .
 An SMES system contains three main components: a superconducting coil a
power conditioning system (PCS); and a refrigeration unit .
 It stores energy in a superconducting coil in the form of a magnetic field
generated by a circulating current.
 The maximum stored energy is determined by two factors. The first is the size
and geometry of the coil, which determines the inductance of the coil.

44. REFRENCES
 https://cea.nic.in/dashboard/?lang=en
 https://www.researchgate.net/
 https://ourworldindata.org/
 http://oecd.org/
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128129029000055
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting_magnetic_energy_storage