Kashmir issue

REPORT
Topic:
KASHMIR ISSUE
Group Members:
Isma Khalid BS-IAS-31-R-F18
Iqra Ashfaq BS-IAS-38-R-F18
Aniqa Butt BS-IAS-27-R-F18
Maha Sarfraz BS-IAS-41-R-F18
Hamda Shahid BS-IAS-48-R-F18
Aymen Zahid BS-IAS-26-R-F18
Submitted to:
SIR ZEESHAN HANIF

KASHMIR PRESENT DAY ISSUE 1
History of Kashmir
16 March 1846: A treaty named “Treaty of Amritsar” was signed between British East India
Company and Maharaja Gulab Singh after Anglo-Sikh war. Kashmir was sold for 75 lac
Nanakshahi rupees to Maharaja Gulab Singh.
1925: Hari Singh became the Maharaja of Kashmir.
1927: Maharaja changed the property rights that only Kashmiris can buy land in state of Jammu
and Kashmir to keep British away from Kashmir.
1932: First political party of Muslims of Kashmir was made by Sheikh Abdullah and Ghulam
Abbas named “ Muslim Conference “ . It demanded social and political reforms.
1939: Sheikh Abdullah changed the name of party to “ National Conference” so that all Kashmiris
belonging to all other religions join the movement .
1941: Ghulam Abbas and other Muslims of the party revived Muslim conference due to secular
nature of party.
Now, there were two political parties in Kashmir leading “Quit Kashmir movement against
monarchy “
May 1946: Maharaja imprisoned Sheikh Abdullah to kill this movement. Nehru rushed to
Kashmir and demanded his release. Maharaja arrested the Nehru and he was unceremoniously
escorted out of the state.
1947: Radcliffe commission was made to set the boundary lines between the two dominions. The
four tehsils of Punjab were:
Gurdaspur
Bhatala
Shakar Garh
Pathankkot
Among them , only Pathankot was Hindu majority . Radcliffe map included Muslim majority
tehsils in Pakistan but after meeting by Nehru, Mountbatten and Radcliffe, the map was changed
and these areas were given to India just to create a link between India and Kashmir.
At that time, in Kashmir Muslims were 77%, Hindus were 20% and Sikhs and Buddhist were 3%.
Maharaja Hari Singh wanted to keep Kashmir independent .

12 August 1947: Maharaja Hari Singh sent Standstill to both dominions that he want his state to
remain independent. In case, he made his mind , he will inform to them.
20 Oct 1947- 30 Oct 1947:
Pakhtoon tribal lashkars from Pakistan invaded Kashmir . The date is not exactly known because
historians write it to support their point of view. Whether these lashkars were directed by
government or army of Pakistan or they went on their own to help their Kashmiri brothers is also
unknown . But Brigadier Akbar Khan in his book “The Nation that lost its soul” and Shaukat Hayat
Khan , a famous political leader also wrote that they were appointed by Liaquat Ali Khan to train
and send the lashkars.
On this tribal invasion, Maharaja Hari Singh asked India for helped. But India kept a condition
that if Maharaja accedes to India, then India will provide him military help . At the same time,
Sheikh Abdullah was released. Maharaja signed the Instrument of accession . Sheikh Abdullah
was also present there at that time.
India sent its army to Kashmir which resulted in first Indo-Pak War 1947-48.
British Plan A failed: In 1930s , when communism came in China , British got afraid that now
through Sinkyang it can come to sub-continent through Gilgit. At this , Captain William Brown
was sent to Gilgit to study the area and people there. Before Partition, Gilgit was again given to
Maharaja because British thought that then Prime Minister Ram Chandar Kak would go with
Pakistan because he has good relations with Quaid-e-Azam . But right before partition , on 11
august 1947 , Ram Chnadar Kak was dismissed in Darbar of Maharaja Hari Singh . British Plan A
got failed.
British Plan B: In Plan B, Major Brown imprisoned head of Gilgit, Ghansara Singh and on 31
oct1947 ,announced that Gilgit has been acceded to Pakistan.
31 Dec 1947: Nehru went to United Nations which resulted in cease-fire and formation of line of
control.
21 April 1948: UN passed a resolution that has three main points:
1) Pakistan withdraw all its forces from Kashmir.
2) India keep some of its forces there to maintain peace
3) UN will do a referendum to ask for public opinion and will decide the future of state.
17 Oct 1950: Sheikh Abdullah introduced land reforms and said that land belongs to farmers not
the landlords and large areas were given to poor farmers.

Nov 1951: Constituent Assembly of Kashmir was made. In elections, Sikhs and Hindus minority
party Praja Parkash boycotted the election considering that there will be irregularities . Yuvraj
Karan Singh, son of Maharaja Hari Singh became Sadar-e-Riyasat .
July 1952: Delhi Agreemnt was signed to constitutionalize and institutionalize Kashmir with
India. In this agreement, much power was given to state of Jammu and Kashmir.
Article 370:
Article 370 was the basis of Jammu and Kashmir's accession to the Indian union at a time when
erstwhile princely states had the choice to join either India or Pakistan after their independence
from the British rule in 1947. The article, which came into effect in 1952, exempts Jammu and
Kashmir state from the Indian constitution. It allows the Indian-administered region jurisdiction
to make its own laws in all matters except finance, defence , foreign affairs and communications.
It established a separate constitution and a separate flag and denied property rights in the region
to the outsiders. That means the residents of the state live under different laws from the rest of
the country in matters such as property ownership and citizenship.
Article 35A:
Article 35A was introduced through a presidential order in 1954 to continue the old provisions of
the territory regulations under Article 370 of the Indian constitution. The article permits the local
legislature in Indian-administered Kashmir to define permanent residents of the region. It forbids
outsiders from permanently settling, buying land, holding local government jobs or winning
education scholarships in the region. The article, referred to as the Permanent Residents Law,
also bars female residents of Jammu and Kashmir from property rights in the event that they
marry a person from outside the state. The provision also extends to such women's children.
While Article 35A has remained unchanged, some aspects of Article 370 have been diluted over
the decades. Critics of Article 35A say the provision did not have any parliamentary sanction,
and that it discriminates against women.
Now article 370 has been abrogated.

Iqra Ashfaq
Roll no. 38
The situations caused by the abrogation of article 370 in Kashmir
Normalcy in Kashmir has been the call of Prime Minister Modi and Home Minister Amit Shah.
Truth be told, the very reason for the choice of stripping Kashmir of its extraordinary status was
to make Kashmir normal and accomplish its full and complete integration with India.
Restricted mobility
Going inside Srinagar and different towns and even inside the valley has become a difficult task
except for the individuals having their very own vehicle. The city transport administration in
Srinagar worked by the Jammu and Kashmir State Road Transport Corporation (JKSRTC) has
suspended tasks since August 5, 2019. There was one ordinary night transport to Jammu and back.
There is no transport administration of any normality inside Srinagar, inside Kashmir or to outside
Kashmir. Before August 5, 2019 there were in any event 30 transports, both open and private,
among Srinagar and Jammu. This has made travel troublesome and furthermore costly as
individuals are compelled to pay a few times more for transport. For those in the towns, since there
are not many landlines and, these are not working, individuals were not able contact anybody in
crisis and they have to take a risk and physically head out right to the city in the midst of high
security for their medical and different needs. No web implied any chance of buying air tickets.
Air tickets must be acquired at the air terminal
Communication Blockade
Leaving the house is maybe the second thing that each individual in the 21st century does on an
ordinary day. The shutdown of versatile communication and both portable and fixed line services
has been weakening day by day. It has brought all types of social correspondence from every day
trade of prosperity among guardians and youngsters and obviously social trades, at deaths inside
the family and network, at celebrations, and so on., to the most fundamental access to open and
particularly basic administrations

Government Services Discontinued
Rather like the phone framework, the mail station has likewise been closed. However no postal
stamps are sold from where individuals can convey letters outside Jammu and Kashmir by Speed
Post alone. The arranging workplaces have been shut since fifth August. Post has not been gathered
nor been conveyed since fifth August.
Education
Education has gone to a granulating end. Schools are shut. The fate of the adolescent and students
is questionable. Schools are authoritatively open in certain territories however there is no
participation of instructors and students. Instructors come seldom to class just to sign attendance
list out as they have threat of losing their positions. The Divisional Commissioner demands that
the instructors proceed to gather students and carry them to the school, yet this also isn't working.
Public Health Centers
The Primary Health Centers (PHCs) are scarcely working or are shut and individuals attempt
tremendous hardship to reach Srinagar for medical treatment. General Health Centers at town level
and local emergency clinic are working. Tertiary clinics situated in Srinagar are hard to get to and
costly.
Why did government abrogate the article?
On August 5, the Indian government drove by PM Narendra Modi and his Hindu patriot Bharatiya
Janata Party (BJP) revoked Article 370 of the Indian constitution. Article 370 has given a unique
status to the northern territory of Jammu and Kashmir since 1947, including a different
constitution, independence over interior authoritative issues, and under which just the inhabitants
were able to buy the property in Kashmir. Presently, with the article gone, Kashmir's territory is
accessible for anybody from India to purchase, Kashmiris stress that soon they're uprooted from
their home. Modi knows there is no fair reason for such an extreme burden of the Indian

government's control over Kashmir, so he is completing Article 370's repeal by power. The Indian
government has forced an interchanges power outage on Kashmir, suspending web and telephone
benefits, all upheld by paramilitary principle. He wants to make Kashmir, and Kashmiris,
undetectable to the more extensive world, with the goal that he can complete his political plan in
the district.
Prime minister Narendra Modi and the Hindu patriot Bharatiya Janata Party had since quite a while
ago restricted Article 370. This is one of their big elections promises in the 2019 polls that just
went by. Many semi critics off the move says that to revoke this article this is a part of the Hindu
nationalists parties plan to change the demographics of India’s only Muslim majority state.

Presented by : Aniqa butt
Roll no : BS-IAS-27-R-F18
ROLE OF UNITED NATIONS :
The issue of Kashmir was first taken to the United Nations Security Council on January 1 1948 by
India in which they lodged a complaint against Pakistan under Article in which Pakistan was
accused of aiding the tribal infiltration in the areas Kashmir but two weeks later Pakistan denied
the charges and accused India of annexing Kashmir and destabalize Pakistan in its infancy. The
fist U.N debate on the issue of Kashmir started under the title of “Kashmir Question” United
Nations, European Union, OIC and other international institutions adopted a principled position
when the Kashmir question first came before the UN Secretary General, voting in support of
resolutions of 1948 and 1949, upholding the right of people of Kashmir to decide their future in a
free and impartial plebiscite under UN auspices. Despite many resolutions and debates the issue
of Kashmir still stands the oldest unsolved disputein UN. The UN involvement in the Kashmir
issue lasted for almost 23 years. During these 23 years(1948-1971), the United Nations passed a
number of resolutions, which were aimed at solving of the conflict. Between 1948 and 1971, the
U.N Security Council passed 23 resolutions on Kashmir Conflict.
First U.N resoulation on the issue of kashmir :
After hearing the representatives from both the countries the U.N adopted its first resolution on
this issue on January 17,1948, urging India and Pakistan to exercise restraint and to ease the
tension. Nine voted in favor of this resolution while two abstained from voting and none voted
against it.
UNCIP visited to sub-continent :
The UNCIP reached the Indian sub-continent in July 1948 and after deliberations with Indian and
Pakistani leadership, they produced a proposal in which they called for an immediate ceasefire and
an agreement between India and Pakistan along with withdrawal of all Pakistani tribals and fighters
and bulk of India's troops.India rejected the proposals on the basis of the argument that the proposal
did not hold Pakistan responsible, which India considered as the aggressor in Kashmir- whereas
Pakistan rejected the plan as the Interim administration of Valley of Kashmir and the territories
that had fallen under Indian control had been assigned to Sheikh Abdullah's control. Sheikh
Abdullah, who had become the Prime Minister of the autonomous J&K State on March 5, 1948,

was considered by Pakistan as India's ally and by implication could influence the referendum in
India's favour. Pakistan also rejected the agreement on the ground that it was supposed to withdraw
all its forces from the State whereas India was allowed to retain some of its troops to maintain
order, which could potentially lead to use of force on voters by Indian forces to influence the
outcome of the proposed referendum.
Cease fire plan :
On December 11, 1948, the UNCIP laid out a new set of proposals that elaborated on the question
of referendum in the State of Jammu and Kashmir. According to the proposals "The question of
accession to India or Pakistan was to be decided by a free and impartial referendum, which was
contingent upon having a cease-fire".Pakistan and India accepted the plan and allowed U.N to
observe the cease-fire from January1,1949.
UN has failed to bring peace :
The world bears testimony to the fact that UN has failed to bring peace and prosperity in many
states, for example, war in Afghanistan, Palestine-Israel collision, Syrian conflict and the Kashmir
issue between Pakistan and India. India is continuously using force on the faultless masses , and
justifying it as a “matter of policy” and “instrument of control” in Kashmir, whereas Kashmiris
have been struggling for their rights against the Indian rule “since 1989.’’
In June 2018, UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGESS highlighted the
atrocities and violence by the Indian government in the indian held kashmir. Human rights
violations are at its peak and there is a dire need for not only the UN to wake up but also the
international community. Article II of the “Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime of Genocide”, states that killing members of a group, or even causing them serious bodily
or mental harm comes under the definition of the crime of genocide. Death of democracy can be
seen by the hands of the Modi’s government as the Kashmiris have no access to raise any sort of
voice against the atrocities. Curfew has been imposed in the indian held kashmir and people are
not allowed to visit mosques for performing their religious obligations. Those Kashmiris who try
to resist are beaten to death by Indian forces and many have been forced to flee to other parts of
the country. India’s recent step is not only a violation of its constitution but also a defilement of
UN basic principles.
Despite Pakistan’s continuous struggle against the Indian injustices, the world has been silent. UN
must take serious steps against the Indian massacre, if not, then almost 1.5 billion people of South

Asia are under a constant threat of war. The war will not be restricted between two nations, but
due to the nuclear capabilities of both states, it will be spread across the entire region as well as
the globe. The United Nations Security Council’s prime mandate at the creation was to maintain
peace and security in the world, yet it has failed to perform its primary task. The world has its eyes
on the UN and innocent Kashmiris are waiting for justice. This is a moment for realization for not
only the UN but also the great powers of the world to act against the brutalities in IHK. If any
action is not taken against this ruthless act by Indian forces, then a big question ariseson the
existence of the UN and its role is under stake.
74th
session of united nations general assembley (UNGA):
Four countries - Pakistan, China, Malaysia and Turkey raised the Kashmir issue at the UN in
different ways. The Pakistan PM in his address that reeked of brinkmanship raised the Kashmir
issue with nuclear sabre-rattling in a way that only suits Pakistan.
As it was anticipated, the Turkish President Erdogan said the Kashmir issue had to be resolved
through "dialogue on the basis of justice, equity, and not through collision".
And finally, the biggest surprise came when the Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad
raised the Kashmir issue at the UNGA by almost calling India an invading force in Kashmir.
Initially, people thought that perhaps the Malaysian Prime Minister meant to say something else
but when he repeated the same words from his twitter handle it was now evident that the Malaysia
has decided to support Pakistan wholeheartedly at the peril of souring relations with its major trade
partner – India.
Turkish leader remarks on kashmir :
Addressing the 74th General Assembly, Tayyip Erdogan said that a solution to the Kashmir issue,
which has persisted for 72 years, can only be found through dialogue.
"In order for the Kashmiri people to look at a safe future together with their Pakistani and Indian
neighbors, it is imperative to solve the problem through dialogue and on the basis of justice and
equity, not through clashes," said Erdogan.
He said residents of Jammu and Kashmir are "virtually under blockade with 8 million people,
unfortunately, unable to step outside of Kashmir,".

China support pakistan on kashmir issue :
According to Xinhua news agency, Chinese President Xi told Khan that he was watching the
situation in Kashmir and would "support Pakistan in issues related to its core interests."
Xi, however, added that the parties [India and Pakistan] should resolve the dispute
through peaceful dialogue.

Name: Maha Sarfraz
Roll no: BS-IAS-41-R-F18
Topic: How peace can be bought in Kashmir?
The idea of peace is very wide. At one end is confrontational peace. At the other end is reconciled
peace. In between, there are many shades of peace an as fragile peace, cold peace, constrained
peace suspicious peace wary peace and unreconciled peace. The nature of peace achieved is
important for it determines the benefits that can be derived from peace. The economic benefits
after the peace has been achieved depends upon on the kind of peace achieved.
How peace can be bought in Kashmir?
Proposal 1: Political Independence for Kashmir
Of the considerable number of recommendations presented as an answer for this contention,
freedom for Kashmir is the most current and the one to the least extent liable to be settled upon.
Recommendations for Kashmiri freedom from India and Pakistan have solely originated from the
Kashmiri individuals themselves.
Proposal 2: partition of Kashmir
Of all the proposals presented in the peace talk is the formal partition of Kashmir between Pakistan
and India. The idea behind the partition is that an official international border should be created
between the Kashmir. This can be done either through the current LOC or and international border
can be formed. Both the sides will have sovereign control over the parts. To do such a division
between the two countries there should be demilitarization in Kashmir so that peace can be
pomoted.
Proposal 3: Autonomy for the Region of Kashmir
The third proposal to bring peace in Kashmir is to give maximum autonomy to Kashmir. It will to
be the most successful and best proposal if implemented. Like other proposals this proposals have
also variation: the Kashmir region will be given maximum autonomy by India and Pakistan and
this will also include Azad Kashmir, it would be granted self-rule, there would be demilitarization
from the region. And the borders would be open up in the state of “soft borders” from the two
sides. The question here arises is that how Kashmir will become autonomous whether the region
will be granted separate or joint autonomy or in other words the provinces will be formed or it
would be single autonomous state.

Proposal 4: United Nation’s trusteeship
This suggests that Kashmir could be placed under control of United Nations and after 10 to 15
years the matter can be refereed to people for final decision of their state.
Problems in the implementation of solutions:
 The problems with first proposal is that to give political independence to Kashmir there
has to be national discussion to shape the view of Kashmir as a secular state rather than
a Muslim majority state and to shape the view of Hindu dominated region of Kashmir to
be sovereign and independent.
 On 14th February a suicide bomber attacked buses carrying Central Reserve Police
Force (CRPF) security personnel on the Srinagar highway at Pulawama district. The
attack led to the death of 40 CRPF personnel and 1 suicide bomber and Pakistan based
Islamist militant group claimed the responsibility for the attack. This attack led to flare-
up between the two states and they were at the verge of war. Some experts feared the
scenario of an escalation of nuclear exchange. A chain of events such as release of
Indian pilot by Pakistan and Imran Khans speech about peace cooled down the
situation. However things are not much smooth between Pakistan and India. With
Indian prime minister making loud proclamation about retaliation and cross border
firing going on fear of escalation still loom on the horizon.
 The main reason which hinders to solve the problem of Kashmir is that if we want to
solve this issue then both India and Pakistan has to demilitarize Kashmir and then they
should negotiate about Kashmir issue.
Conclusion:
There are several problems that are preventing a solution to the Kashmir issue. First of all to solve
this problems there should be a proper dialogue between the two countries. Instead of this the
entire dialogue process is a failure. Because of certain reasons there have been difficulties
negotiating this matter. Because of Mumbai attack by Lashkar-e-Taiba India suspended all the
dialogues between Pakistan and India about kashmir.in retaliation for the evidence pointing to the
involvement of Pakistan’s military Inter-Services intelligence for training the attackers and for the
attack.

Hamda Shahid
Roll no 48
Shanghai cooperation organization
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), is a Eurasian political, economic,
and security alliance, which is formed by the leaders of China, Rusia and Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan in 1996. Initially it was known as SHANGHAI FIVE. But when Uzbekistan become its
member in 2001 it was renamed as SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION. Since then,
the organization has expanded its membership to eight countries when India and Pakistan joined
SCO as full members on 9 June 2017 at a summit in Astana, Kazakhstan. The headquarters of SCO
is in Beijing.
Thus, currently the SCO comprises eight member states, namely the Republic of India, the
Republic of Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Islamic
Republic of Pakistan, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Tajikistan, and the Republic
of Uzbekistan;
It has four observer states, namely the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, the Republic of Belarus,
the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Mongolia;
the SCO has six dialogue partners, namely the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Republic of Armenia,
the Kingdom of Cambodia, the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, the Republic of Turkey,
and the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka.
During the early 1990’s, against the background of a number of unresolved border demarcation
issues between China and the Soviet Union and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the leaders
of the newly independent states of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan found themselves in
the position of having to negotiate the settlement of territorial disputes and border delimitations
with China. To this end, a process of negotiations and confidence building measures were
established within a loose multilateral framework. The relative success of these open multilateral
border negotiations was seen by the signing of the Treaty of Deepening Military Trust in Border
Regions in 1996 and the official bilateral settlements of border demarcation in subsequent years.

Objectives of SCO
The SCO's main goals are as follows: strengthening mutual trust and neighbourliness among the
member states; promoting their effective cooperation in politics, trade, the economy, research,
technology and culture, as well as in education, energy, transport, tourism, environmental
protection, and other areas; making joint efforts to maintain and ensure peace, security and stability
in the region; and moving towards the establishment of a democratic, fair and rational new
international political and economic order.
Main areas of cooperation
The SCO basically facilitates cooperation in the areas of security, economics, and culture.
According to the charter each member state contribute directly to a fund that could then be used
for the realization of agreed SCO projects. However, Cooperation on common security concerns
remains the backbone of its SCO.
SECURITY
The security component of the SCO is centered on supporting the primary concerns of its
members’ political leaderships: the maintenance of their regimes and the stability of their states.
The struggle against what is termed as the “three evil forces” (terrorism, extremism, and
separatism), said to be active in the region, has been the mainstay of cooperation within the SCO
since its formation. SCO established a Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) in 2004, tasked
with compiling and continually updating a database of terrorist. In 2007 the SCO laid out an
agreement on the holding of regular military exercises, known as the “peace missions”. Instead,
the main role of the peace missions is as a confidence-building measure between SCO members.
In addition, the SCO is seeking to draw on its observer membership to act as a hub for negotiation
and coordination between Afghanistan’s neighbors to the end of managing the potential effects of
further instability in Afghanistan for the region
ECONOMICS
Since the mid-2000s, economic cooperation has emerged as a twin-priority for the SCO alongside
security. A plan for creation of the SCO Interbank Association and the SCO Business Council was

a step towards its. Via the framework of the SCO, China has become an important source of such
investment, Notably the SCO or rather China also provide loans to member states of the Shanghai
Cooperation Organization (SCO) to shore up their economies amid the global financial crisis The
Chinese leadership considers the removal of tariff barriers to open up new markets for its booming
consumer industries as one of its primary aims for the SCO. It even proposed an SCO free-trade
zone in 2011. Chinese elites perceive that it is necessary to invest in the development of the Central
Asian republics, in order to realize their aim of a customs union in the long term.
CULTURE
. This is driven by a desire to become a multifunctional framework, with the aim of forging a
collaborative regional unit out of its member states, including a common cultural space.. In so
doing it is hoped that greater understanding, trust, and common interest would emerge in the
region. Programs have been announced that aim at creating common education standards
recognized across its member states as well as creating a joint SCO university. There is also a
Chinese-sponsored program providing other SCO member states’ students a number of
scholarships to study in China. A joint SCO exhibition was held at the World Expo in Shanghai in
2010. And an SCO sponsored art exhibition “Fairy Tales Drawn by Children”—in which children
from each member state drew pictures of how they imagined the other SCO member states—has
toured the region.
However western point of view is that SCO is the counter part of NATO to. But infact after the
disintegration of Soveit Union 1991 china has several undecided and undisputed borders with
many of these countries which got independence after disintegration.it seems to be the main reason
of formation of SCO

Aymen Zahid
Roll no. 26
Islamabad’s perspective, the main question is what it can offer the SCO and what it can
gain from its membership in the organization?
IMPLICATIONS:
Islamabad faces a number of challenges at the regional and international levels and its SCO
membership can be of help in addressing these challenges.
1. DEFENSE COOPORATION
RELATION WITH MOSCOW:
Islamabad’s relations with Moscow have improved. After the meeting between PM Abbasi and
Russian PM Medvedev on the sidelines of the SCO meeting, both expressed satisfaction with the
evolution of bilateral relations including in defense cooperation.
RELATION WITH RUSSIA:
Russia’s recent support for Islamabad’s positions on membership in the Nuclear Suppliers Group
and terrorist sanctuaries on the Afghan side of the Durand line.
Islamabad’s SCO membership will provide an opportunity to expand this bilateral relationship
through the SCO platform, especially in the defense sector.
2. BENEFICIAL TRADE AND ENERGY TRANSACTIONS
INDIAN OCCEANS ACCESS:
Pakistan provides natural link and route for other SCO members to access the Indian Ocean. As
Pakistan’s former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif aptly pointed out:
“Pakistan provides the natural link between the SCO states to connect the Eurasian
heartland with the Arabian Sea and South Asia … We offer the critical overland routes and
connectivity for mutually beneficial trade and energy transactions intra-regionally and inter-
regionally
The SCO membership will provide Islamabad with an opportunity to initiate and revive a number
of projects using the SCO platform.

GAWADAR PORT ACCESS:
Gwadar port stands to become an important and effective trade outlet for the Central Asian States.
Under the SCO banner Islamabad can provide SCO member states with preferential ACCESS TO
GAWADAR.
ANTI- DRUG TRAFFICKING:
Afghanistan is the major source of narcotics and other illicit drugs which passed through
Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan and Iran. Pakistan can also play its useful role in sharing its
experience in drug interdiction and exchange of information and intelligence which will be helpful
to expose the network of drug barons in the region.
3. OIL AND GAS
SCO provides an opportunity to kick start all the energy related projects in the region which will
promote economic integration. The mega projects such as Iran-Pakistan Gas Pipeline and the
Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India Pipeline (TAPI) if gone in operation will
immensely benefit Pakistan in energy requirement, increasing productivity and resulting in an
economic turnaround. Similarly, the transit fee charged on oil and gas pipelines leading to other
countries through Pakistan will be in millions of dollars.
4. INDO –PAK RIVALRY
At the SCO summit in June 2017, Pakistan’s former PM Sharif agreed with and welcomed a
proposal made by Bottom of Form Chinese President Xi Jinping on a five-year treaty for good
neighborliness among SCO members. Conversely, India’s PM Narendra Modi used this forum to
continue his policy of isolating Pakistan in his first speech as an SCO member.
Yet contrary to general perception, India may not be able to use the SCO platform effectively
against Pakistan

INDO CHINA RELATION:
China is the SCO’s key member, and India-China relations are defined by strategic competition
and security concerns. It is well-documented that China was reluctant to grant India SCO
membership.
INDIA THREAT -PAK CHINA REALATIONS:
In South Asia, China plans to invest heavily in the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
(CPEC).India is extremely critical of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) as well as
China’s Belt and Road Initiative India also needs to exercise caution in using the SCO to highlight
the Kashmir problem, as China can raise the Tibet issue and India’s sheltering of the Dalai Lama
in response.
For these reasons, India’s SCO membership will not increase its ability to put pressure on
Pakistan.
5. SECURITY
Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS)
In January 2016, a delegation of SCO-RATS headed by the high officials including the Deputy
Director Zhou Qing visited Pakistan. The visit encompassed views of both sides about the current
security and terror situation in the region and also consisted the need for strengthening anti-terrorist
potential for cooperation in the SCO framework.
Regional Counter-Terrorism Structure (RCTS):
Regional Counter-Terrorism Structure (RCTS) under SCO will greatly help Pakistan to get
cooperation in large scale and in a comprehensive manner through an institutional arrangement.
6. SCO as a Platform to Resolve KASHMIR DISPUTE
SCO frameworks can be used to discuss bilateral issues between the two rivals at multiple levels.
CAN PLAY CONSTRUCTIVE ROLE:
The SCO can play a constructive role in the resolution of border disputes between Pakistan and
India through its various bilateral channels which would increase contact forums, leading to track
one as well as track two diplomacy and dialogue between both countries with the support of other
SCO members. The efforts would be positively augmented with the aid of RATS and other bilateral

as well as multilateral channels for both the countries to work together even in the case of Kashmir
dispute which has deep roots.
The SCO can be the best platform to bring Pakistan and India relations towards normalization and
conflict Shanghai Cooperation Organization and Conflict Resolution 97 NDU Journal 2018
resolution.
SCO was very successful in resolving many issues and disputes among the former USSR’s newly
independent states. It has resolved border disputes, extremism, terrorism, trafficking and
smuggling issues to a huge extent. SCO also played a vital role in promoting trade and tourism,
improving economies of member states.
After expansion in 2017, India and Pakistan joined as full members, the issues between India and
Pakistan are rather complicated and complex in nature. While, Kashmir is a disputed territory
between Pakistan, China and India, and active on the UN agenda.
INDIA UNILATERAL ACTION-5 AUGUST:
The Indian unilateral action on Kashmir on the 5th of August 2019, has created a big crisis
between Pakistan and India. The situation is so tense that both are at the chunk of War. As both
are nuclear states and possess as much as piles of lethal weapons that can destroy each other
completely. It is a threat to the whole region even in the case of nuclear war, which may affect
the whole world. According to Article 2 of Charter of SCO, the member States of SCO shall
adhere to the following principles:
Mutual respect of sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity of States and inviolability
of State borders, non-aggression, non-interference in internal affairs, non-use of force or
threat of its use in international relations, seeking no unilateral military superiority in
adjacent areas .
It is a big challenge for SCO, and if it could not settle the Kashmir issue according to the UN
charter, the future expansion of SCO may suffer and the reputation of SCO may not get wider
recognition. Especially, China and Russia are big powers in SCO and can influence India to
implement UN resolution in later and spirit. I believe it is the right time for SCO to prove its
potential and gain trust globally.
7.

7.LIMITATIONS OF SCO
But against all the hype, the trend of the Kashmir dilemma looks grim through the lens of the SCO.
Because of its open and flexible model, the SCO lacks the power to make robust legally binding
agreements like other multilateral institutions. And while this is a real strength for aligning
development strategies between countries, it does little to deter states from pursuing their own
interests that are incompatible with the “Spirit of Shanghai.”
Although the organization directly concerns such areas as security and border disputes, any
binding agreement must happen through consensus. So while China and Pakistan could leverage
the SCO to open dialogue with the Indians, without any formal resolution power, these
negotiations would be endless and serve as a mere formality.
And in raw geopolitical terms, India simply has no interest in pursuing a multilateral resolution to
the problem in Kashmir. All eyes will be on the 2020 SCO meeting planned for Chelyabinsk,
Russia. There, we hope, members will address these larger geopolitical issues in a way that
overcomes India’s unilateral interest. Cooperative resolution would count as a big win for China
and Eurasianism at large – however unlikely it seems at the present moment.

References:
https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/ipi_e_pub_shanghai_cooperation.pdf
https://css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-
studies/pdfs/Maduz-08
https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1035&context=irj
https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/kashmir-war-conflict-india-pakistan-
peace-south-asia-politics-news-this-week-71417/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/south_asia/03/kashmir_future/html/7.stm
https://www.academia.edu/824927/Possible_Solutions_to_Kashmir_Conflict
https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/customsites/perspectives-on-
terrorism/2019/issue-2/pandya.pdf

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