this report provides the description regarding the process & technology used in haridwar plant of Bhel

1. (10 JUNE 2015 TO 25 JULY 2015)
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (B.TECH)
ON
Submitted To: Submitted By:
Department Of Mechanical ISHANT GAUTAM
Engineering B.TECH (M.E)- 7TH Sem.
TITM, MEERUT. ROLL NO.-1232140025
TRANSLAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT,
MAWANA ROAD MEERUT PIN-250001
(Approved by AICTE and affiliated to Uttar Pradesh Technical
University Lucknow, U.P)

2. BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICALS LIMITED
(B.H.E.L) RANIPUR HARIDWAR
CERTIFICATE
This is certify that this training report submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Technology of Translam
Institute of Technology & Management Meerut Affiliated to U.P
Technical University,Lucknow, is a bonafide Training report, carried out
by Mr. Ishant Gautam S/O Om Prakash Gautam (B.TECH 3rd Year,
Roll No. 1232140025 EN NO. 123214045580) under our guidance and
supervision during the Academic session 2014-15.
Date. SH. AJAMANI ROHIT
(ENGR.- HEAVY M/C SHOP,
BAY-2 BL-3).
BHEL, HARIDWAR (U.K)

3. DECLARATION
I, Ishant Gautam the student of Bachelor of Technology (B.TECH- VIth
Sem.) Translam Institute of Technology & Management, Meerut
(Affiliated to U.P Technical University, Lucknow) hereby declare that
the project in B.H.E.L, RANIPUR, HARIDWAR is based on my
individual observation and work experience. It has not been published
previously in any trade Magazine or Trade Journals and has not been
submitted by any person.
I have also declare that I have done my work sincerely and accurately
even if any mistake or error has kept in, I shall most humble request the
readers to point out errors or omissions and guide me for the removal of
errors in future.
(ISHANT GAUTAM)

4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
“An engineer with only theoretical knowledge is not a complete
engineer. Practical knowledge is very important to develop and apply
engineering skills”. It gives me a great pleasure to have an opportunity
to acknowledge and to express gratitude to those who were associated
with me during my training at BHEL.
I am very great-full to SH. AJMANI ROHIT for providing me with an
opportunity to undergo training under his able guidance. Furthermore,
special thanks to Mr. Shastri Singh for his help and support in haridwar.
Last, but not the least, I would also like to acknowledge the immense
pleasure, brought about by my friends Arvind, Aman & Pankaj as they
pursued their training along with me. We shared some unforgettable
moments together. I express my sincere thanks and gratitude to BHEL
authorities for allowing me to undergo the training in this prestigious
organization. I will always remain indebted to them for their constant
interest and excellent guidance in my training work, moreover for
providing me with an opportunity to work and gain experience.
. (ISHANT GAUTAM)

5. CONTENTS
HISTORY OF BHEL 1
ABOUT BHEL 2-6
STEAM TURBINE 7
MAIN COMPONENTS OF STEAM TURBINE 9
AUXILIARY PARTS OF STEAM TURBINE 10
BLOCK-3 LAYOUT 15
 BAY-1 17-28
 BAY-2 29-34
 BAY-3 35-39
 BAY-4 40-43

6. HISTORY OF BHEL
BHEL was established in 1964. Heavy Electricals (India) Limited was
merged with BHEL in 1974. In 1982, it entered into power equipments,
to reduce its dependence on the power sector. It developed the capability
to produce a variety of electrical, electronic and mechanical equipments
for all sectors, including transmission, transportation, oil and gas and
other allied industries. In 1991, it was converted into a public limited
company. By the end of 1996, the company had handed over 100
Electric Locomotives to Indian Railway and installed 250 Hydro-sets
across India.

7. ABOUT BHEL
 Type Public: Sector enterprise, Maharatna Company
 Industry: Electrical equipments
 Founded: 1964
 Founder: Government of India
 Headquarters: New Delhi, India
 Area served: Worldwide
 Key people: B Prasada Rao, (Chairman & MD)
 Products: Gas and Steam Turbines, Boilers, Electric Motors,
Generators, Heat Exchangers, Pumps, Switchgears, Sensors,
Automation and Control Systems, Power electronics,
Transmission systems etc.
 Revenue: ₹411.9243 billion (US$6.5 billion) (2014)
 Net income: ₹35.0286 billion (US$560 million) (2014)
 Total assets: ₹752.4257 billion (US$12 billion) (2014)
 Total equity: ₹331.5687 billion (US$5.3 billion) (2014)
 Number of employees: 47,525 (March 2014)
 Website: www.bhel.com

8. OPERATIONS
It is engaged in the design, engineering, manufacturing, construction,
testing, commissioning and servicing of a wide range of products,
systems and services for the core sectors of the economy, viz. Power,
Transmission, Industry, Transportation, Renewable energy, Oil & Gas
and Defence.
It has a network of 17 manufacturing units, 2 repair units, 4 regional
offices, 8 service centres, 8 overseas offices, 15 regional centres, 7 joint
ventures, and infrastructure allowing it to execute more than 150
projects at sites across India and abroad. The company has established
the capability to deliver 20,000 MW p.a. of power equipment to address
the growing demand for power generation equipment.
It also has been exporting its power and industry segment products and
services for over 40 years. BHEL's global references are spread across
over 76 countries across all the six continents of the world. The
cumulative overseas installed capacity of BHEL manufactured power
plants exceeds 9,000 MW across 21 countries including Malaysia,
Oman, Iraq, UAE, Bhutan, Egypt and New Zealand. Their physical
exports range from turnkey projects to after sales services.

9. MAIN MANUFACTURING FACILITIES OF BHEL
 Centralised Stamping Unit & Fabrication Plant (CSU &
FP), Jagdishpur
 Insulator Plant (IP), Jagdishpur
 Electronics Division (EDN), Bangalore
 Industrial Systems Group (ISG), Bangalore
 Electro-Porcelains Division (EPD), Bangalore
 Heavy Electrical Plant (HEP), Bhopal
 Industrial Valves Plant (IVP), Goindwal
 Heavy Electrical Equipment Plant (HEEP), Ranipur (Haridwar)
 Central Foundry Forge Plant (CFFP), Ranipur (Haridwar)
 Heavy Power Equipment Plant (HPEP), Hyderabad
 Transformer Plant (TP), Jhansi
 Boiler Auxiliaries Plant (BAP), Ranipet
 Component Fabrication Plant (CFP), Rudrapur
 High Pressure Boiler Plant (HPBP), Tiruchirappalli
 Seamless Steel Tube Plant (SSTP), Tiruchirappalli
 Power Plant Piping Unit (PPPU), Thirumayam
 Heavy Plates & Vessels Plant (HPVP), Visakhapatnam

10. PRODUCTS AND SERVICES BY BHEL
 Thermal power Plants
 Nuclear power Plants
 Gas based power Plants
 Hydro power Plants
 DG power Plants
 Steam turbine
 Gas turbine
 Condensers and Heat exchangers
 Desalination and Water treatment plants
 Automation and Control systems
 Power electronics
 Transmission system control
 Semiconductor devices
 Solar photo voltaics
 Software system solutions
 Electrical machines
 DC, AC heavy duty Motors
 Compressors
 Research & development products

11. AWARDS AND RECOGNITIONS RECEIVED
BY BHEL
 It is the 7th largest power equipment manufacturer in the world.
 BHEL was adjudged the Best Power Equipment Manufacturing
Organisation by CBIP.
 The company bagged PSE Excellence Award 2014 for R&D &
Technology Development.
 BHEL received the National Intellectual Property Award 2014 and
WIPO Award for Innovative Enterprises.
 In 2014, BHEL won ICAI National Award for Excellence in Cost
Management for the ninth consecutive year.
 BHEL received two awards in CII-ITC Sustainability Awards 2012
from the President of India.
 In the year 2011, it was ranked ninth most innovative company in
the world by US business magazine Forbes.
 The company won the prestigious ‘Golden Peacock Award for
Occupational Health & Safety 2011’ for significant achievements
in the field of Occupational Health & Safety.
 It is also placed at 4th place in Forbes Asia's Fabulous 50 List of
2010.

12. STEAM TURBINE
Steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from
pressurized steam, and converts it into rotary motion. Its modern
manifestation was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884. It has almost
completely replaced the reciprocating piston steam engine (invented by
Thomas Newcomen and greatly improved by James Watt) primarily
because of its greater thermal efficiency and higher power-to-weight
ratio. Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly
suited to be used to drive an electrical generator – about 80% of all
electricity generation in the world is by use of steam turbines. The steam
turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much of its improvement in
thermodynamic efficiency through the use of multiple stages in the
expansion of the steam, which results in a closer approach to the ideal
reversible process.

13. Principle of Operation and Design:
An ideal steam turbine is considered to be an isentropic process, or
constant entropy process, in which the entropy of the steam entering the
turbine is equal to the entropy of the steam leaving the turbine. No steam
turbine is truly “isentropic” however, with typical isentropic efficiencies
ranging from 20%- 90% based on the application of the turbine. The
interior of a turbine comprises several sets of blades, or “buckets” as
they are more commonly referred to. One set of stationary blades is
connected to the casing and one set of rotating blades is connected to the
shaft. The sets intermesh with certain minimum clearances, with the size
and configuration of sets varying to efficiently exploit the expansion of
steam at each stage.
Turbine Efficiency:
To maximize turbine efficiency, the steam is expanded, generating work,
in a number of stages. These stages are characterized by how the energy
is extracted from them and are known as impulse or reaction turbines.
Most modern steam turbines are a combination of the reaction and
impulse design. Typically, higher pressure sections are impulse type and
lower pressure stages are reaction type.

14. MAIN COMPONEMTS OF STEAM TURBINE
L.P Rotor
1) LP Inner Casing Upper Half / Lower Half
2) LP Outer Casing Upper Half / Lower Half
I.P Rotor
1) IP Inner Casing Upper Half / Lower Half
2) IP Outer Casing Upper Half / Lower Half
H.P Rotor
1) HP Inner Casing Upper Half / Lower Half
2) HP Outer Casing Upper Half / Lower Half
3) Diffuser
4) G.B.C (Guide Blade Carrier)
5) I.V.C.V (Intercept Valve Control Valve)
6) E.S.V.C.V (Emergency Stop Valve Control Valve)

15. AUXILIARY PARTS OF STEAM TURBINE
1) Valve Seal & Valve Cover
2) U-Ring
3) Piston (500 MW) & Piston Rod
4) Base Plate
5) Guide Ring & Sealing Ring
6) Liner
7) Angle Ring & Thrust Ring
8) Guide Blades :- Fixed Blades, Moving Blades
9) Adjusting Ring & Support Ring
10) Bearing & Bearing Shell
11) Shaft Sealing Cover
12) Yoke & Mandrel
13) Sleeve
14) Support
15) Pin Taper (25x140)
16) Journal Bearing Shell
17) Casing
18) Guide bush

16. OVERVIEW OF HARIDWAR PLANT

17. BHEL, RANIPUR, HARIDWAR
TURBINE SHOP
BLOCK-3
TURBINE SHOP (BLOCK-3)

20. LAYOUT OF BLOCK-3 BHEL, HARIDWAR
ELECTRICAL
MAINTAINENCE
CNC
MECHANICAL
MAINTAINENCE STORES TOOL- CRIB TROLLEY MAINTAINENCE MACHINE
TBM
TRACK STORES BLANKING
RAILWAY TROLLEY TRACK
HEAVY HEAVY TURNING
MACHINE MACHINE &
SHOP SHOP MILLING
(HMS) (HMS) SECTION TBM
BAY-1 BAY- 2 BAY- 3 BAY- 4

21. BLOCK 3 (TURBINE BLOCK) LAY-OUT

22. BLOCK-3, BAY-1 LAYOUT BHEL HARIDWAR
OVERVIEW OF BAY-1 BHEL, HARIDWAR
BAY
1
HMS(HEAVY
MACHINE
SHOP)-1
ASSEMBLY SECTION
OSBT(OVER SPEED
BALANCING
TUNNEL)

23. PART A:- ASSEMBLY OF BAY-1
The final assembly of the turbine is done in bay 1. Main assembly parts:
 1. High pressure steam turbine
 2. Intermediate pressure steam turbine
 3. Low pressure steam turbine
 4. Bearing pedestals
 5. Control valves
FIG.-1 H.P TURBINE FIG.-2 I.P TURBINE
FIG.-3 L.P TURBINE

24. HIGH PRESSURE (H.P) STEAM TURBINE
 This is the smallest of the three turbines.
 It consists of two shells namely inner inner and outer outer.
 Inner inner part is the part on which guide blades are placed and
outer outer part mainly works as a casing of the turbine.
 HP outer outer lower half is placed on bed and leveling is done;
now upper half is assembled and alignment is done; now GBC is
aligned with respect to centre.
 Final alignment is checked and turbine is dispatched in the
assembled conditions.
H.P TURBINE

25. INTERMEDIATE PRESSURE (I.P) STEAM
TURBINE
Capacity 210/250 MW
Main components
 IP outer casing
 Inner casing
 GBC (Guide Blade Carrier)
 Shaft seals
 Rotor
Descriptions In outer casing, lower half is placed on bed and
leveling is done.
 U/H is assembled and alignment is done now inner casing is placed
and it is aligned with help of keys and pokers.
 Rotor is placed and alignment of rotor is done, now axial and
radial gap between inner casing and rotor are checked (flow path).
 The studs are heat tightened to achieve elongation. Turbine is
dispatched in assembled conditions.

26. LOW PRESSURE (L.P) STEAM TURBINE
 Capacity 210/250/500MW
 Main components:
 LP inner outer
 LP inner inner
 LP outer outer
 LP GBC
 Rotor
 LP I/O lower half is placed on bed and leveling is done. Now
upper half is assembled and alignment is done. Now GBC is
aligned with respect to centre then GBC 2 and GBC 3 are aligned.
Then inner core is aligned with help of adjustment pokers.
 Now projection pipes are welded then diffusers are aligned. Final
alignment is checked and turbine is dispatched in disassembled
condition.

27. COMPARISION OF H.P, I.P & L.P ON THE BASIS
OF SPECIFICATIONS
500 MW Steam Turbine:
HP Turbine:
 Module: H30-100-2
 Steam Pressure: 170Kg/sq.cm
 Steam temperature: 537 0
C
 Reheating temperature: 537 0
C
 Weight: 86400 Kg
 Length of Rotor: 4.61m
 Height: 2.15m
IP Turbine:
 Length: 4.425m
 Width: 5m
 Height: 4.8m
 Steam pressure: 41Kg/sq.cm
 Steam temperature: 537 0
C
LP Turbine:
 Module: N30-2x10sq.m
 Weight: 3.5 T
 Length of Rotor: 8.7m
 Width: 10.7m
 Height :4.6m

28. BEARING PEDESTALS
 Front HP/IP/LP, 210/250/500MW pipelines are hydraulically
tested. Then bearing is aligned with help of phins, and pinning is
done. Assembly is completed and dispatched in assembled
conditions.
WORKER DOING BEARING ASSEMBLY
BEARING HANDLED BY CRANE. STEAM TURBINE BEARING

29. CONTROL VALVE (C.V) FOR STEAM
TURBINE
 Valve seats are fitted in the casing by cooling in liquid oxygen.
 Pinning of seats is done, welding of nipples and flanges is done
and then hydraulic testing with valves covers, now casing is sent
for edge preparation and the color of valve assembly and valve seat
is checked.
 Travel of valve is checked and locking is done. Then trial assembly
of s/m is done. Valve is dispatched in assembled condition.
C.V FOR 500 MW STEAM TURBINE AT BHEL,HARIDWAR

30. PART B:- HEAVY MACHINE SHOP(H.M.S)
OF BAY-1
In this, there are very costly and big machines which are used to
carry operation on large parts of a turbine such as rotor, diffuser,
casing etc.
Machine number 1-120
 Center lathe machine CNC
 Job: HP Rotor (on that time)
 Operation: slotting
Specifications of the machine:-
 Main spindle bore: - 150mm
 Distance between centers: - 12000mm
 Turning dia. Over bed cover: - 1400mm
 Turning dia over carriage: - 1100mm
Machine number 1-28
Horizontal boring machine (Russian)
 Operation performed: - tapping, threading, drilling, boring, facing,
milling etc, except knurling.
Specifications
 Capacity: - 600mm (bore dia.), Dia. of spindle: - 150 mm
 Weight capacity: - 40 Tonne.

31. PART:- C OVER SPEED BALANCING
TUNNEL (O.S.B.T)
 This is the one of the most important section of the turbine block.
Here after the complete checking of the rotor from the bay 1, rotor
is bringing to get check it in the working conditions. Here we
rotate the rotor in the vacuum condition with a very small film of
oil consisting of some microns; the oil is on very high pressure.
Rotor is revolved on 3750 rpm, while in the operating conditions
rotor revolves at 3000rpm (500 MW).
 The time being for which rotor is revolved is 3 minutes. The power
required to rotate that much of heavy rotor is very high which
comes from the high voltage line nearly of 11000 Volts, and the
gear box with the synchronize motor is used to get accurate and
desired speed.
 Oil plays a very important role in the rotor checking the oil
comes from the underground tanks having a capacity up to 30000
liters this is pumped with the help of large pumps and a large
quantity of oil is supplied continuously so that oil film doesn’t
break.
 Here we use a number of filters on many stages so that oil is
checked out against dust particles or any foreign particles the
attention is paid during this checking so that everything going OK.
 The full control of OSBT is done with help of control system
which is in control room; each and every care is taken during the
complete testing.

32. OVER SPEED BALANCING TUNNEL (O.S.B.T)
SYSTEM TO CREATE VACCUM FOR THE OSBT, AT
BHEL HARIDWAR

33. SPECIFICATIONS RELEATED TO O.S.B.T

34. BLOCK-3, BAY-2 LAYOUT BHEL HARIDWAR
OVERVIEW OF BAY-2 BHEL, RANIPUR, HARIDWAR
BAY-2
H.M.S-2 ASSEMBLY SECTION

35. PART A: - HEAVY MACHINE SHOP (H.M.S)-2
 The main thing that is done here is that the making of rotor for the
gas turbine, the rotor of gas turbine is very different from that of
the steam turbine, here the rotor is made in the form of discs and
after that the complete rotor is made by joining the discs.
 On a simple disc firstly the grooves are cut on the broaching
machine, very similar to the gear cutting process. Now after cutting
one groove the indexing is done and the machine is ready to cut
another groove.
 After cutting the all grooves on the periphery of the disc now the
process is done to make teethes on both the surfaces with the help
of the grinding so that each disc should mesh all the teethes and
proper joining and the alignment can be done, and similar process
is done to all the other discs, now before assembling the all the
discs an very important operation is done to check the accuracy of
all the discs in meshing, and the operation is named as the Colour
matching.

36. H.P ROTOR AT BHEL H.M.S, BAY-2
 Colour matching: It is the process to check the complete meshing
of the two joining parts here the part on which we have to join is
colored and the mating part is put on it so that complete transfer of
color on the other part could be done if there is not the equal
distributions of the color on the second part then the portions are
identified to be machined so that complete and accurate matching
could be done.
 Now after checking all the discs the blades are inserted in the
respective grooves and now the shrink fitting of these discs is done
on the solid shaft which would be passing from each disc
thoroughly.
 Shrink It is the process of joining two parts, one part Is called
male part and the other is called as female part, the party on which
we have to insert other part is called as male part and another
would be female part.

37.  In this process the male part is cooled say in the liquid oxygen so
that it contracts and the female part is expanded by heating and
now both the parts are superimposed and are subjected to room
temperature conditions and after some time both parts are tightly
joined. Here in the gas turbine rotor the shaft is the male part and
the discs are called female part.
 In this way the complete rotor of the gas turbine is prepared and
the testing of the rotor as in the case of steam turbine is carried out
in the OSBT fitting.
HEAVY MACHINE SHOP (H.M.S)-2 BHEL,
RANIPUR, HARIDWAR

38. PART B: -ROTOR ASSEMBLY SECTION
In this section the rotor making is done for the steam turbine HP, LP, IP.
For the any steam turbine firstly the rotor is in the form of the shaft, the
procedure to make the complete rotor is explained here in the steps:-
 The rotor shaft is placed on the centre lathe machine and turning
and taper turning is done according to the provided drawings.
 Then grooves cutting is done for the blades fixing on all over the
length of the rotor accordingly as per in the drawing.
 Now with the help of the crane the rotor is placed on the other
machine on which rotor is just revolved to do the indexing.
 Talking about one groove a extra portion is cut so that blades can
be inserted in it easily.
 Then a locking blade is fixed to get lock all the blades of one stage.
Here unlike in gas turbine a single blade is fixed but in the GT
each and every blade was fixed individually.
 Sealing are placed on the portion in between two stages so that
these sailings match with the same sealing made on the casing so
that leaking of the fluid can be avoided from one stage to the other
stage.
 After doing all this work the rotor is now send to the Bay 1 so that
final inspection and the checking in OSBT could be done and the
finally rotor with proper alignment is assembled in the casing.

39. ROTOR ASSEMBLY BY THE WORKERS

40. BLOCK-3, BAY-3 LAYOUT BHEL HARIDWAR
OVERVIEW OF BAY-3 BHEL, RANIPUR, HARIDWAR
BAY-3
BEARING
SECTION
TURNING
SECTION
ASSEMBLY
SECTION
GOVERNING
SECTION

41. PART-A GOVERNING ASSEMBLY SECTION
Governing is the process of controlling the speed of the rotor so that we
can get constant frequency under the fluctuating loads. This is done by
controlling the amount of fluid going inside the turbine, means to say if
the load is less that mean speed of the rotor would tends to increase then
we make the less steam to enter inside so that rotor speed come to
desired value.
Opposite thing is done in case of the heavy load when the speed of the
turbine is less more steam is made to enter inside the turbine. To control
the speed of rotor we use some arrangements of electronic and
mechanical system which consists of oil pumps, servo motors pipes and
many indicators on the valve mouth.
GOVERNING ASSEMBLY OF STEAM TURBINE

42. PART-B TURNING SECTION
TURNING: turning may be performed upon a workpiece supported in a
chuck, but the majority of workpiece turned on an engine lathe are
turned between centers. Turning is the removal of metal from the
external surface of cylindrical workpiece using various types of cutter
toolbits.
Lathe centers must be in good condition and carefully aligned if the
turning operation is to be accurate. If necessary, regrind the centers and
check their alignment. When turning the workpiece, considerable heat
will be generated causing the workpiece to expand. Centers that are too
tight may cause binding of the workpiece due to this expansion. The
tailstock center or the dead center must be well lubricated to prevent the
workpiece from overheating. The center hole and the tailstock center
should be lubricated before the cutting operation with a mixture of white
lead and motor oil. During the turning operation, feel the dead center
frequently to determine whether lubrication or adjustment is necessary.
Straight turning is accomplished with the left-hand turning cutter bit,
the right-hand turning cutter bit, or the round nose turning cutter bit.
Wherever possible, the right-hand turning cutter bit or a round nose bit
ground for right-to-left turning is used and the hit is fed toward the
headstock.

43. LATHE MACHINE USED FOR TURNING
BLADE UNDER TURNING OPERATOR CHECKING
DIMENSION OF WORKPIECE

44. ROLE OF CUTTING OIL IN TURNING:
The chief purpose of cutting oil is to cool the cutter bit and the
workpiece. The name "coolant" is often given to the oil. A cutter bit
will last longer and will be capable of withstanding greater speeds
without overheating when cutting oil is used. Cutting oil also helps
lubricate the cutter bits, improves the finish of the workpiece, guards
against rusting, and washes away chips from the cutting area.
TYPES OF CUTTING OIL:
(a) Lard Oil: Pure lard oil is one of the oldest and best cutting oils. It
is especially good for thread cutting, tapping, deep hole drilling, and
reaming. Lard oil has a high degree of adhesion or oiliness, a relatively
high specific heat, and its fluidity changes slightly with the temperature.
(b) Mineral Oil: Mineral oils are petroleum based oils that range in
viscosity from kerosene to light paraffin oils. Mineral oil is very stable
and does not develop disagreeable odors like lard oil; however, it lacks
some of the good qualities of lard oil such as adhesion, oiliness, and high
specific heat. Because it is relatively inexpensive, it is mixed with lard
oil or other chemicals to provide cutting oils with desirable
characteristics

45. BLOCK-3 BAY-4 LAYOUT BHEL HARIDWAR
BAY-4
BLADE
SHOP
TURNING
SECTION
HEAT
TREATMENT
SECTION

46. PART-A BLADE SHOP
 Blades are one of the most crucial parts of a turbine. Blades are
fitted in the grooves .The shape of the blades is of aerofoil type.
There are two types of blades
(i) Guide blades (ii) Moving blades
1. Guide blades:- These blades are remained fixed during the
motion of the runner so these are also called as fixed blades .These
blades are fitted in the grooves in the casing. The sealing action is
also done before putting the blades in the grooves so that during
working conditions the leakage of fluid can be stopped. Guide
blades are put in guide blade carriers.
2. Moving blades:- As the name suggests these blades remain in
moving condition for the whole life cycle of a turbine. They are
arranged so that they become opposite to the direction of the fixed
blades. This arrangement will help in striking of the fluid on more
area of the moving blades and provide motion to the rotor.
VARIOUS TYPES OF TURBINE BLADES

47. MATERIAL FOR BLADES:-
 For steam turbines we mainly use the chrome steel, steel with some
% of V, W etc.
 For some special type of gas turbines we import blades from other
countries such as Germany, Russia etc. for increasing the
efficiency of the turbine.
TYPES OF BLADES:
 T2 blades
 T4 blades
 TX blades
 3DS blades
 F- blades
 GT-Compress blades
 Brazed blades
 Russian design blades
 Z-Shroud blades
 Compressor blades (Sermental coated)
 LP Moving blade 500MW

48. IMPORTANCE OF WRANG BLADE IN STEAM TURBINE:
 Due to the aerofoil type of shape of the blades it is not easy to
handle the blades when we are performing various operations on
them, so a material with low melting point (1000
C) is used for this
purpose. For this a die is taken, the blade is put between the wrang
and various machining operations are performed. To take the
blades outside the die with blade, we put the die in boiling water,
wrang melts and thus blade is taken outside.
WORKING OF BLADES:
 The fluid coming from the boiler is highly energetic the guide
blades which are also called fixed blades are arranged so that they
are in opposite direction to moving blades; it helps the maximum
fluid to strike on the moving blades and increases the efficiency of
turbine.

49. PART-B HEAT-TREATMENT SECTION
The heat treatment includes heating and cooling operations or the
sequence of two or more such operations applied to any material in order
to modify its metallurgical structure and alter its physical, mechanical
and chemical properties.
Usually it consists of heating the material to some specific temperature,
holding at this temperature for a definite period and cooling to room
temperature or below with a definite rate.
Annealing, Normalizing, Hardening and Tempering are the four
widely used heat treatment processes that affect the structure and
properties, and are assigned to meet the specific requirements from the
semi-fabricated and finished components.
Steels being the most widely used materials in major engineering
fabrications undergo various heat treatment cycles depending on the
requirements.
Also aluminum and nickel alloys are exposed to heat treatment for
enhancement of properties.

50. IRON-CARBON PHASE EQUILIBRIUM DIAGRAM
HEAT-TREATMENT PROCESS