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System Analysis and Designing 
Lecture 1
Outcomes: Knowledge, Skills, 
Attitude 
Ability to define and describe basic software engineering 
concepts such as lifecycle models, metrics, and testing 
methods. 
Ability to accurately and consistently elicit and 
communicate the requirements of a system via a structured 
analysis using data flow diagrams. 
Ability to design an appropriate set of modules from a 
structured analysis, and communicate them in the form of a 
structure chart. 
Ability to construct the main elements of a project plan. 
Ability to use a dictionary-based CASE tool (e.g. 
WinA&D) and a project management tool (e.g. MS 
Project). 
Ability to apply simple metrics and estimation techniques.
What is Software 
S/W is not just the programs, but also associated 
documentation and configuration data (to operate 
the program) needed to make the programs 
operate correctly. 
A S/W system consists of 
Number of separate programs 
Configuration files used to setup the programs 
System documentation – structure of the system 
User documentation – how to use the system
Programs Vs Software Products 
Programs: 
Small 
Single developer 
Single user (author) 
Simple user interface 
Sparse documentation 
No user manual 
Ad hoc development 
Software Products: 
Large 
Team of developers 
Multiple users (customer) 
Complex user interface 
Detailed documentation 
User manual 
Systematic development
What is software Engineering? 
Software engineering is an engineering discipline, 
concerned with all aspects of software production 
from early stages of system specification through 
maintaining the system. 
engineering discipline – make things work by applying 
theories, methods and tools where appropriate and also 
try to find solutions to problems when there’s no 
suitable theories/methods. 
all aspects of software production – not just technical, 
but project management and development of tools, 
methods and theories to support S/W production.
Characteristics of Software 
Engineering 
Software engineering deals with team-based 
production of large software systems: 
no single person has complete knowledge of all 
the details of a software engineering project. 
Software engineering borrows from: 
computer science & information technology; 
electrical & computer engineering; 
mathematics & physics; 
business & management; 
psychology & sociology.
Characteristics of Software 
Engineering contd. 
Modern engineering is based on the 
systematic collection of past experience: 
methodologies; techniques; guidelines. 
It involves tradeoffs between alternatives: 
a pragmatic approach to cost-effectiveness; 
a rigorous approach to quality and safety! 
It uses a variety of quantitative techniques 
with a sound theoretical basis: 
yet many SE techniques are just rules of thumb!
Computer Systems Engineering
Relative cost of Hardware & 
Software
Software Engineering History 
1950s: Early Programming 
Early 1960s: High Level languages and 
Control flow design 
Late 1960s: The demise of GOTO and 
Structured programming 
Early 1970s: Data Structure Design 
Late 1970s: Structured Analysis 
1980s:Object Oriented Design
Evolution of software 
development techniques
Modern SE Techniques 
In addition to software design, many other SE 
techniques have evolved: 
analysis & specification techniques; 
debugging & testing techniques; 
software metrics (used to measure SE); 
software project management; 
software quality assurance; 
Most of the above are examined in this unit.
Modern SE Techniques – 
The software life cycle 
A series of phases through which a software 
product passes during its lifetime, such as: 
Feasibility Study; 
Requirements Analysis & Specification; 
Design; 
Implementation (coding); 
Testing; 
Maintenance. 
Many different activities may be carried out in 
each phase.
Life Cycle (process) Models 
A program is developed by a single 
programmer who is free to make decisions. 
A software product is developed by a team of 
software engineers: 
there must be agreement between team members 
about what to do when; 
communication is essential – breakdown will 
quickly lead to chaos project failure. 
A software development team must identify a 
suitable life cycle model and stick to it!
Life Cycle (process) Models 
A software life cycle (process) model: 
is a descriptive and diagrammatic model of 
the life cycle of a software product; 
identifies all the activities and phases 
necessary for software development; 
establishes a precedence ordering among 
the different activities. 
Life cycle models encourage systematic 
and disciplined software development.
Life Cycle (process) Models 
Examples of well-known process models: 
classical waterfall model; 
iterative waterfall model; 
prototyping model; 
incremental model; 
spiral model.
References 
Essential Reading: 
Pressman – Chapter 1. 
Dijkstra, E: 1968. “Goto statement 
considered harmful.” Communications of 
the ACM: vol 11, no 3, pp 147-148. 
Background Reading: 
Pfleeger – Chapter 1; 
Sommerville – Chapter 1.
Next Lecture 
Life Cycle Models 
Q & A

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System Analisis And Designing

  • 1. System Analysis and Designing Lecture 1
  • 2. Outcomes: Knowledge, Skills, Attitude Ability to define and describe basic software engineering concepts such as lifecycle models, metrics, and testing methods. Ability to accurately and consistently elicit and communicate the requirements of a system via a structured analysis using data flow diagrams. Ability to design an appropriate set of modules from a structured analysis, and communicate them in the form of a structure chart. Ability to construct the main elements of a project plan. Ability to use a dictionary-based CASE tool (e.g. WinA&D) and a project management tool (e.g. MS Project). Ability to apply simple metrics and estimation techniques.
  • 3. What is Software S/W is not just the programs, but also associated documentation and configuration data (to operate the program) needed to make the programs operate correctly. A S/W system consists of Number of separate programs Configuration files used to setup the programs System documentation – structure of the system User documentation – how to use the system
  • 4. Programs Vs Software Products Programs: Small Single developer Single user (author) Simple user interface Sparse documentation No user manual Ad hoc development Software Products: Large Team of developers Multiple users (customer) Complex user interface Detailed documentation User manual Systematic development
  • 5. What is software Engineering? Software engineering is an engineering discipline, concerned with all aspects of software production from early stages of system specification through maintaining the system. engineering discipline – make things work by applying theories, methods and tools where appropriate and also try to find solutions to problems when there’s no suitable theories/methods. all aspects of software production – not just technical, but project management and development of tools, methods and theories to support S/W production.
  • 6. Characteristics of Software Engineering Software engineering deals with team-based production of large software systems: no single person has complete knowledge of all the details of a software engineering project. Software engineering borrows from: computer science & information technology; electrical & computer engineering; mathematics & physics; business & management; psychology & sociology.
  • 7. Characteristics of Software Engineering contd. Modern engineering is based on the systematic collection of past experience: methodologies; techniques; guidelines. It involves tradeoffs between alternatives: a pragmatic approach to cost-effectiveness; a rigorous approach to quality and safety! It uses a variety of quantitative techniques with a sound theoretical basis: yet many SE techniques are just rules of thumb!
  • 9. Relative cost of Hardware & Software
  • 10. Software Engineering History 1950s: Early Programming Early 1960s: High Level languages and Control flow design Late 1960s: The demise of GOTO and Structured programming Early 1970s: Data Structure Design Late 1970s: Structured Analysis 1980s:Object Oriented Design
  • 11. Evolution of software development techniques
  • 12. Modern SE Techniques In addition to software design, many other SE techniques have evolved: analysis & specification techniques; debugging & testing techniques; software metrics (used to measure SE); software project management; software quality assurance; Most of the above are examined in this unit.
  • 13. Modern SE Techniques – The software life cycle A series of phases through which a software product passes during its lifetime, such as: Feasibility Study; Requirements Analysis & Specification; Design; Implementation (coding); Testing; Maintenance. Many different activities may be carried out in each phase.
  • 14. Life Cycle (process) Models A program is developed by a single programmer who is free to make decisions. A software product is developed by a team of software engineers: there must be agreement between team members about what to do when; communication is essential – breakdown will quickly lead to chaos project failure. A software development team must identify a suitable life cycle model and stick to it!
  • 15. Life Cycle (process) Models A software life cycle (process) model: is a descriptive and diagrammatic model of the life cycle of a software product; identifies all the activities and phases necessary for software development; establishes a precedence ordering among the different activities. Life cycle models encourage systematic and disciplined software development.
  • 16. Life Cycle (process) Models Examples of well-known process models: classical waterfall model; iterative waterfall model; prototyping model; incremental model; spiral model.
  • 17. References Essential Reading: Pressman – Chapter 1. Dijkstra, E: 1968. “Goto statement considered harmful.” Communications of the ACM: vol 11, no 3, pp 147-148. Background Reading: Pfleeger – Chapter 1; Sommerville – Chapter 1.
  • 18. Next Lecture Life Cycle Models Q & A