Malnutrition is a worldwide problem especially in Asian countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, etc.

1. STATUS OF
MALNUTRITION IN
PAKISTAN
Prepared by :
• Inshrah Ali

2. MALNUTRITION
Define :
• faulty nutrition due to inadequate or imbalanced in take of
nutrients or their impaired assimilation or utilization
• Lack of proper nutrients caused by not having enough to eat ,not
eating enough of the right things or being unable to use the food
that one does eat.

3. MALNUTRITION
Causes :
• Having an eating disorder,such as anorexia nervona , which means that the
amount of food you eat is very small
• Having a health condition that causes a lack of appetite, such as cancer , liver
disorder , active infection ,persistent pain or nousea.
Symptoms :
• Problem with physical and mental development.
• Poor energy
• Hair loss
• Always feeling cold

4. MALNUTRITION
• Loss of fat , muscle mass and body tissue
• Lack of appetite
Treatment :
• Eating foods high in energy and nutrients
• Vitamins and minerals supplements
Recovery :
• Plenty of fruit and vegetables
• Plenty of bread , rice , potatoes ,pasta and other starchy foods
• Some milk and dairy foods
• Some meat ,fish ,eggs ,beans and other non dairy source of proteins

5. MALNUTRITION
Types :
There are two types of malnutrition:
• Over nutrition
• Under nutrition
Over nutrition:
“ The overconsumption of nutrients and food to the point at which health
is adversely affected.”
Causes :
• Overconsumption of certain nutrients such as proteins ,calories or fat.

6. MALNUTRITION
Symptoms :
• Obesity
• Diarrhoea
• Bleeding
• High blood pressure
• Hair loss
• Difficulty in walking
Effects on the body/Diseases :
Increases the risk of serious health conditions including:

7. MALNUTRITION
• Cardiovascular diseases
• Hypertension
• Cancer
• Typ-2 diabetes
Under nutrition :
Definition
“ insufficient intake of nutrients due to which body is affected”
Types :
• Normal
• Wasted (low weight for height )

8. MALNUTRITION
• Stunting ( low height for age )
• Under weight ( low weight for age )
Causes :
• Lack of nutrients in your diet
- poor diet
- problems absorbing nutrients from food
• Unavailability of food and nutrients
- financial condition

9. MALNUTRITION
• Accessability of food
• Improper use of food nutrients
- cooking method
- poor eating habit
• Symptoms :
• Unintentional weight loss
losing 5-10% or more of weight over three to six months is one of the
main signs.
• Lack of interest in eating and drinking
• Feeling tired all the time

10. MALNUTRITION
• Feeling weaker
• In children, not growing at the expected rate or not putting on weight as
would normally be expected
• Getting ill often and taking a long time to recover
• Deficiency diseases :
Nutrients Diseases
Calcium deficiency Osteoporosis, rickets, tetany
Iodine deficiency Goiter
Selenium deficiency Keshan disease
Iron deficiency Iron deficiency anemia
zinc Growth retardation

11. MALNUTRITION AMONG CHILDREN
Malnutrition has become a global issue and it contributes key problems in a
population of Pakistan especially targeting women and children. Malnutrition
in children is common globally and may result in both short and long term
irreversible negative health outcomes.
Causes :
• Unsafe water
• Inadequate sanitation or insufficient hygiene
• Factors related to society and poverty
• Diseases
• Maternal factors

12. MALNUTRITION AMONG CHILDREN
• Gender issues
Symptoms :
There are three commonly used measures for detecting malnutrition in
children :
• Stunting ( extremely low height for age)
• Underweight (extremely low weight for age )
• Wasting (extremely low weight for height )
Effects later in life
• Undernutrition in children causes direct structural damage to the brain

13. MALNUTRITION AMONG CHILDREN
• Children who are undernourished before age two , gain weight quickly later
in childhood.
Diseases :
Diarrhea and other infections can cause malnutrition through:
• Decreased nutrient absorption
• Decreased intake of food
• Increased metabolic requirements and direct nutrient loss
• A leading cause of diarrhea and intestinal worm infections in children in
developing countries is lack of sanitation and hygiene.

14. MALNUTRITION AMONG CHILDREN
• Chronic intestinal inflammation my lead to malnutrition such as some cases
of untreated celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease
• Maternal factors :
• Nutrition of children 5 years and younger depends strongly on the
nutritional level of their mother during pregnancy and breastfeeding
• Iodine deficiency in mothers usually causes brain damage in their offspring
• Level of maternal nutrition during pregnancy can affect newborn baby’s body
size and compostition

15. MALNUTRITION AMONG CHILDREN
Kwashiorkor Marasmus Anemia
It is a protein deficiency
disease caused due to poor
intake of protein or quality
protein over a prolonged
period of time.
It is due to severe deficiency
of protein and calorie in diet
Nutritional anemia is a serious
health problem. It is due to
deficiency of iron in diet. It is
very common in women.
Swelling in the body and hair
and skin show
chakeacteristic changes.
Loss of body weight and
failure in weight gain.
Menstrual losses and
increased needs in pregnancy
are some causes of anemia.

16. MALNUTRITION AMONG CHILDREN

17. MALNUTRITION AMONG CHILDREN

18. MALNUTRITION AMONG WOMEN
In adolescent girls
During pregnancy (maternal malnutrition)
IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS:
CAUSES :
• Poor nutrition
• Poverty
• Lack of education
• Ignorance about the symptoms

19. MALNUTRITION AMONG WOMEN
Symptoms :
• Lack of appetite and interest in food
• Tiredness and irritability
• Higher risk of getting sick
• Longer healing time for wound
Effects:
• Anemia (mortality among women )
• Iron deficiency
• Zinc deficiency
• Vitamin A deficiency
• Vitamin D deficiency

20. MALNUTRITION AMONG WOMEN
Maternal malnutrition:
Causes :
• Micro-nutrients deficiency
• Poverty
• Illiteracy
Effects on the mother :
• Anemia (mortality among women)
• Iron deficiency
• Zinc deficiency
• Vitamin A deficiency
• Vitamin D deficiency

21. MALNUTRITION AMONG WOMEN
Effects on the child :
Maternal malnutrition (during pregnancy) is very alarming due to the
following reasons:
• Contributes to fetal growth restriction (small size of the baby during
pregnancy) – leads to child malnutrition both in males and females – also a
cause of stunting
• Pre-mature birth
• Miscarriage
• Treatment :
• Supplementation (folic acid)

22. MALNUTRITION AMONG WOMEN

23. MALNURITION AMONG
OLDER AGE

24. PROBLEMS CAUSED BY
MALNUTRITION IN ADULTS
Malnutrition in older adults can lead to various health concerns, including:
. A weak immune system, which increases the risk of infections
. Poor wound healing
. Muscle weakness and decreased bone mass, which can lead to falls and
fracture
. A higher risk of hospitalization
. An increased risk of death
Factors contributing to malnutrition

25. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO
MALNUTRITION
• Normal age-related changes( Changes in taste, smell , making it more difficult to
enjoy eating and keep regular eating habits).
• Impairment in ability to eat( Difficulty chewing or swallowing, poor dental health)
• Dementia( memory problems from Alzheimer's disease can result in forgetting to
eat)
• Limited income( Older adults may have trouble affording groceries, especially if
they're taking expensive medications).
• Depression.
• Alcoholism

26. IMPROVING NUTRITION
• Nutrient-rich foods Plan meals with nutrient-rich foods that include a variety of
fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains
• Herbs and spices Use herbs and spices to add flavor to meals and improve interest
in eating.
• Healthy snacks Plan nutrient-rich snacks between meals with fruits, vegetables
• Nutritional supplements Use supplemental nutrition drinks to help with calorie
intake.

27. TALKING TO YOUR DOCTOR
• Talk to your family member's doctor about any concerns you have regarding the
older adult's weight, changes in appetite, or other concerns about health and
nutrition. The doctor's role may include:
• Regularly monitoring weight and screening for malnutrition
• Recommending vitamin and mineral supplements
• Changing prescription medications

28. NATIONAL
NUTRITIONAL
SURVEY 2018
Status of malnutrition
in boys and girls :

29. NATIONAL
NUTRITIONAL
SURVEY 2018
Prevalence of
malnutrition among
women of
reproductive age :

30. NATIONAL
NUTRITIONAL
SURVEY 2018
Prevalence of
malnutrition among
children and by
locality :

31. NATIONAL
NUTRITIONAL
SURVEY 2018
Prevalence of
malnutrition by
gender :

32. CONCLUSION
“Malnutrition is a condition of imperfect and inexact nutrition. Malnutrition
is one of the least talked debate in Pakistan although it has the most cripple
impact on poverty and quality of life. In developing countries such as Pakistan,
Bangladesh, and India one child out of three children affected by malnutrition.”
Prvention :
• Health education
• Improving life style
• Control of population

33. THANK YOU