P8 sig pertambangan principle steps in gis spatial
1. 1
SIG Pertambangan
(Theory of Spatial Analysis : Principle Steps in GIS Spatial)
Oleh :
Irvani
Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan
SKS, Penilaian & Kehadiran :
Banyaknya SKS = 2 SKS (Teori)
Penilaian :
- Absensi 10%
- Tugas 20%
- Teori (UTS & UAS) 70%
Kehadiran minimal 75% dari 14x perkualiahan
Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan
2. 2
Referensi :
Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan
• Bonham-Carter, G.F. (1994) Geographic Information System for Geoscientists: Modelling
with GIS. Delta Printing , Ontario, 398 p.
• Harris, J.R. (ed) (2006) GIS For The Earth Sciences. GAC Special Paper 44, Geological
Association of Canada, 616 p.
• de By, R.A. (ed) (2000) Principles of Geographic Information Systems. ITC educational
Texbook Series, Netherlands.
• Huisman, O. And de By, R.A. (2009) Principles of Geographic Information Systems. ITC
educational Texbook Series, Netherlands.
• Mitchel, A. (1999) The ESRI guide to GIS Analysis. Volume 1: Geographic patterns &
Relationships, ESRI Press, 186 pp.
• Kennedy, H. (ed) (2001) Dictionary of GIS terminology. ESRI Press, Redlands, 116 p.
• Longley, P.A., Goodchild, M.F., Maguire, D.J. and Rhind, D.W. (2001) Geographic
Information Systems and Science. John Wiley & Sons, 454 pp.
• Maguire, D. J., Goodchild, M. F., and Rhind, D. W. (eds) (1991) Geographical information
systems: principles and applications, Longman.
• Zeiler, M. (1999) Modeling Our World: the ESRI Guide to Geodatabase Design. ESRI Press,
Redlands, 198 p.
• ESRI Homepage ( http://esri.com/index.html ) : understanding GIS, industry applications,
user conference, virtual campus, ESRI Press books
Materi/Pokok Bahasan
I Pendahuluan (P.1)
II Overview of GIS (P.2)
III Map Projection and
Coordinate System (P.3-4)
IV GIS for Geoscience (P.5)
V GIS Database (P.6)
VI Theory of Spatial Analysis (P.7-9)
a. Metode AHP
b. Principle Steps
in GIS Spatial
c. GIS Processing
VII Introduction to ArcGIS or
MapInfo (P.10) (Option)
VIII Case Studies/Latihan (P.11-14)
Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan
7. 7
Process, Pattern and Analysis
• Processes operating in space
patterns
produce
• Spatial Analysis is aimed at:
describing the
understanding
–
–
Identifying
Identifying
and
and
pattern
the process
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Spatial Analysis: successive levels of sophistication
1. Spatial data manipulation: classic GIS capabilities
– Spatial queries & measurement, buffering, map layer
overlay
Spatial data analysis: descriptive and exploratory2.
– Visualization through data manipulation and mapping
• John Snow’s maps of cholera in 1850s London
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8. 8
Spatial Analysis: successive levels of sophistication
3. Spatial statistical analysis: hypothesis testing
– Are data “to be expected” or are they “unexpected”
relative to some statistical model, usually of a random
process
Spatial modeling: prediction4.
– Constructing models
outcomes (patterns)
(of processes) to predict spatial
– What if analyses
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The Pitfalls of Spatial Analysis
Spatial autocorrelation•
–
–
Data from location near to each other are more likely to be similar than data from location remote from
each other
Causes serious problems with traditional statistical models
• Spatial statistical models are essential
• Modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP)
– Results may depend on the areal unit used
•
•
Census tracts versus counties (scale issue)
Census tracts versus zip codes (not a scale issue)
• Ecological fallacy
–
–
–
Results obtained from aggregated data (e.g. census tracts) cannot be assumed to apply to individual
people
A special case of the MAUP problem
Encountered in spatial and non-spatial analysis
• Scale affects representation and results
–
–
Cities may be points or polygons
MAUP may be viewed as a scale issue
• Non-uniformity of Space and Edge Issues
–
–
Phenomena is not distributed evenly in space
Edges, beyond which there is no data, can significantly effect results
• Bank robberies cluster ‘because banks are clustered in space
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