1. Citizens for Accountable Governance www.indiancag.org/manthan
Manthan Topic : Towards Cleaner India
Providing Clean Drinking Water and Proper Sanitation Facility to All
Towards Cleaner India (Topic 12)
Team Details
1. Arnab Mandal 2. Dipanwita Basak 3. Kshitij Ghumaria 4. Lokesh Malviya 5. Utpal Das
arnab12@iimshillong.in dipanwita12@iimshillong.in kshitij12@iimshillong.in lokesh12@iimshillong.in utpal12@iimshillong.in
Institute – Rajiv Gandhi Indian Institute of Management, Shillong PGP 2012-2014

2. Citizens for Accountable Governance www.indiancag.org/manthan
The Situation as it is Now
India and the World (Developed, Developing/ Emerging & Underdeveloped)
1
56%
5%
4%
4%
4%
3%
2%1%1%1%
19%
Profile of 1.1 billion who
practice Open Defecation
Source-WHO 2010 report on Sanitation &
Drinking Water
India
indonesia
China
Ethiopia
Pakistan
1 2 3
35
50
25
1 2 3
65
1
70
1 2 3
100
0
100
1 2 3
29
14
20
1 2 3
21
45
9
1 2 3
81
4
92
1 2 3
100
0
84
1-Use of Improved Sanitation Facility, 2-Open Defecation, 3-Water Piped on Premises
India lacks in all 3 aspects
Ethiopia
Kenya
China
India
Brazil
USA
UK

3. Citizens for Accountable Governance www.indiancag.org/manthan
The Situation as it is Now
The Sorry State of Sanitation in India
• India with other 9 Countries contribute nearly 81% of Open Defecation Population
• 50% of slums lack drainage facilities and 81% (75 million) toilets
• 30% deaths of Indians under 5 are diarrhoea related,2nd largest no. of polio cases in world
• Regular illness resulting in chronic malnourishment, physical and cognitive disorders
• Girls are often forced to miss or drop out of school due to poor sanitation
• Productivity Loss of Rs 2.4 trillion ( USD 53.8 billion ) , per capita loss of Rs 2,810 (2006)
• Far more people in India have access to a mobile phone than to a toilet, United Nations
1
0% 4% 1% 12%
1%
66%
16%
Cost of India's Missing Toilets (Total $ 31
billion), 2006
Malaria
Measles
Trachoma
ALRI
Intestinal Worms
Diarrhoea
Others

4. Present Scenario
 Estimated annual water demand till 2030 is 468 Bn m3 :
 Agriculture:338 Bn m3
 Industry: 89 Bn m3
 Municipal and domestic: 40 Bn m3
 Low agricultural water productivity and efficiency, combined with aging supply
infrastructure, make severe supply-demand gaps
 Different regions face different issues: No generalization
Historical Steps for matching supply-demand
 Energy intensive measures such as desalination
 Expensive than
 Traditional surface water supply
infrastructure
 Efficiency measures such as irrigation
scheduling in agriculture
 Won’t be able to fill the whole gap
 To cover remaining gap higher cost will be incurred
India Supply Vs. Demand scenario
 The growing population coupled with improved lifestyle increases consumption
 Projected 2030 demand:
 Agriculture: 1,200 billion m3 or 80% of total water demand
 Projected municipal and domestic: 108 billion m3
 Industry: 196 billion m3 ( quadruple from present demand)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
2012 2020 2030
Rice
Wheat
Sugar
Oil Crops
Maize
Cotton
Other crops
2.4%
Agriculture water demand
Gap b/w existing supply & projected demand
Courtesy: 2030 water recourses group
 From the map, we can see majority of the locations will face severe 20%-80% water gap
 Only Brahmaputra and Godavari feed areas be performing well
Water scenario in India
 Ability of current
infrastructure to
buffer the gap is low
 Therefore difficulty
of accessible and
reliable supply
 Water not
distributed uniformly
across India causing
the stark gap in
supply
 We estimate severe
deficit in Indian
rivers if the current
situation prevails
Supply measures face steep margin cost curve
Citizens for Accountable Governance www.indiancag.org/manthan

5. Proposed Solutions
 Relevant for countries with limited infrastructure but abundant
resources
 Has been preferred solution
 But resources have started to get exhausted
o Increase the efficiency of the existing water-use process
o Technology intensive
o Hard to implement
 Country make conscious choice of moving away from water-
intensive activities
 The challenge is to compare different options
 We propose analysis of marginal cost curve to choose the
activity/activities
 The most cost effective solution for India is to
improve agriculture productivity agriculture
 Increase crop/drop
 No-till farming and improved drainage,
utilization of germplasm, optimizing fertilizer
use, and application of crop stress
management
Agriculture
Efficiency in industry and municipal
systems
 Industry and urban waste growing at rapid
pace
 Aggressive water-conscious programs
 New stronger reforms
Quality of water
 Important from practical and environment
point of view
 Better waste management in industry will
saves them millions
80
%
National Government
•Ministry of Drinking Water &
Sanitation
•Provides guidelines at
districts for TSC, monitoring
and awards NGP
•Policy formulation
State Government
•Rural Development/ Public
Health engineering
Department
•Provides strategy, hardware
funding, supports districts
for implementation, capacity
building, communication,
monitoring
District Government
•Headed by Collector, CEO.
Departments like Rural
Water supply, Health,
Education
•Coordinates programs,
facilitates financial, technical
and capacity support
Blocks (Sub-District)
Government
•Headed by BDO, Field
Officers of various
Departments
•Reports at District Level
Village level
•Gram Panchayat
•Responsible for
implementing villagers in
actual planning,
implementation and O&M
Citizens for Accountable Governance www.indiancag.org/manthan
Decentralized model
Partnership
between local
communities and
private players
Each plant requires
between Rs. 13, 60,
000 to Rs. 16, 32,
000 as an upfront
cost in fixed assets
followed by monthly
operational cost of
Rs. 16320 to Rs.
19040 and can
break even quickly
Financial Implications

6. Citizens for Accountable Governance www.indiancag.org/manthan
Framework for Sanitation in Urban Slums: USE- Urban Slum Sanitation System
6
Sustainable
Ecosystem
of USE
Local
Govt.
MFI
Slum
Communit
y
Organizati
ons/ NGO
Facilitator
Technolog
y Partner
• Local Government- Provide and maintain drainage and toilet facilities, Subsidize
toilet infrastructure and specialized awareness campaigns, legal environment ,
regulator, maintains trunk infrastructure and approves individual household levels
• Micro Financial Institutions- Link funds to projects and infrastructure
• Slum Household Support-Sense of ownership among households-chit fund
concept, improved maintenance, target must be willing for initial contribution
• Community Based Organizations-Acts as link between Government/ MFIs and
households, motivates the slums and attracts the Government, Guides families to
connections, Attracts entrepreneurs for opportunity at the bottom of the pyramid
and guides and trains facilitators in motivating individual households
• Facilitator-motivates households, people’s representative, involved in decision
making, convenes meetings
• Community Based Organizations- Start ups gaining credibility by being in
Government projects, cheap technology providers and advisors
Active
Government
Participation
Community
Based
Finances
Community
Mobilization
Technology &
Infrastructure
Support
Sustainable Ecosystem Needs

7. Citizens for Accountable Governance www.indiancag.org/manthan
Focus on Change at Different Levels
• Knowledge, Attitude, Skills-
KSA
Individ
ual
• WOM among family and
friends
Interpers
onal
• Social Networks and
Cultural Habits
Community
• Organizational
Strategies
Institutional
• National, State,
District Laws
Public Policies
• Infrastructu
re
Physical
Enable all households to have access to and use toilets
Ensure all government schools and anganwadis have
functional toilets, urinals and access to safe drinking
water
Ensuring Sustainability of Drinking Water Sources and
Systems
Enable rural communities to monitor and keep surveillance
on their drinking water sources
Objectives of the proposed
Framework for Sanitation
Solution to Sanitation Related Issues

8. Citizens for Accountable Governance www.indiancag.org/manthan
Solution to Sanitation Related Issues
6
Community Behavior Change Tools
•Dialog with communityRapport Building
•Visits to actual sites (choked drains) to understand current waste
management practices
•understanding of reasons behind the same
Environmental Walk
•Estimation of actual magnitude of solid and liquid wasteWaste Calculation
•Amount spend to calculate the hidden cost apart from O&M costs
for SLWM
Calculation of Medical
Expenses
•Can cover large areas- can overcome challenge of
literacy and language, radio for media dark region
Mass Media
•Includes public campaigns and mobile media
campaigns
Outdoor Media
•To attract innovators, for government medium of
communication
Social Media Campaigns
•Press releases and video packages to engage
journalists
Print and Audio Visual Communication
•One of the largest attraction for Indians- movie stars
such as Aamir Khan having previous TV serial
“Satyamev Jayate” and involved in socially relevant
causes
Celebrity Spokesperson
Tools To raise Community Awareness
Criteria for the selection of location for pilot runs
Population-
Number &
density
Past success in
selecting Point
of Contact of a
Gram Panchayat
Quantity of
waste
generated
Location-
pilgrimage,
tourist spot
Indicators like
disease history
and drop in
attendance
Willingness to
be involved

9. Citizens for Accountable Governance www.indiancag.org/manthan
Financial Analysis (for sanitation and wastewater treatment)
7
Where can financing be required
Solid and Liquid Waste
Management Financing
Operatio
ns &
Mainten
ance
Hardwar
e
(Constru
ction)
Software
/
Technolo
gy
Typical cost norms for solid waste management for a community of
300 households
Particulars Estimate
Hardware
Compost Pit Preparation ₹ 50,000.00
Tricycle(3) ₹ 30,000.00
Containers (600) for Segmentation of
waste (2 per Household) ₹ 30,000.00
Uniforms for Workers ₹ 20,000.00
Construction of segregation shed ₹ 400,000.00
Tools ₹ 10,000.00
Sub Total ₹ 540,000.00
Personnel
Supervisor salary ₹ 6,000.00
Workers' (10) salary per month ₹ 30,000.00
Sub Total ₹ 36,000.00
Grand Total ₹ 576,000.00
Particulars Estimate Capex
Soak pit (unlined) (1 per
household) ₹ 600.00 ₹ 600.00
Stabilization Pond ₹ 80,000.00 ₹ 267.00
Drainage Channel (10,000
per square meters) ₹ 100,000.00 ₹ 333.00
Sub Total ₹ 180,600.00 ₹ 1,200.00
Particulars Primary
treatment
system
Primary +
ultra filtration
system
Primary +
ultra filtration
system +
reverse
osmosis
Capital Cost
(Rs. Lakh) 30.0 90.64 145
Annualized
Capital Cost
(@ 15 % p.a.
interest &
depreciation)
5.79 18.06 29.69
Operation and
maintenance
cost
(lakhs/annum)
5.88 7.04 12.63
Annual
burden
(Annualized
cost + O&M
cost) Rs. Lakh
11.85 27.1 42.5
Treatment
Cost Rs./kl
(Without
interest and
depreciation)
34.08 52.40 73.22
Economies of different levels of treatment through
conventional measures
(Source: R Kaur, SP Wani, AK Singh and K Lal, Wastewater production,
treatment and use in India, Water Technology Centre, IARI New Delhi)

10. Citizens for Accountable Governance www.indiancag.org/manthan
Impact of sanitation in India
7
The annual sanitation market is estimated to grow from Rs. 300 billion (US$6.6
billion) in 2007, to Rs. 683 billion (US$15.1 billion) in 2020
Rs. 2.5 trillion (US$54 billion or 36 percent) in operations and maintenance
services
Rs. 4.4 trillion (US$97 billion or 64 percent) in infrastructure
The national cumulative sanitation market has the potential of Rs. 6.87 trillion
(US$152 billion) over the 2007-2020 period
This signifies a potential gain of Rs. 1,321 (US$29) per capita
Potential gain of about Rs. 1.48 trillion (US$32.6 billion, which was the equivalent
of 3.9 percent of GDP in 2006)

11. Citizens for Accountable Governance www.indiancag.org/manthan
Future Plans for Sanitation in India
8
Involving the community
Time-line of the history and
activities of beneficiary groups
Monitoring the contribution of
beneficiaries
Mapping the progress of
construction
Involving local people through
policy intervention

12. Citizens for Accountable Governance www.indiancag.org/manthan
Appendix
2
References
• Report of Sanitation and Hygiene Advocacy and Communication Strategy Framework 2012-2017
• The economic impacts of inadequate sanitation in India by The Water and Sanitation Program (WSP)
• Meeting the financing challenge for water and sanitation, water and sanitation program January 15 2003
• A strategy for fluoride mitigation in rural drinking water systems, A case study of Maharashtra
• R Kaur, SP Wani, AK Singh and K Lal, Wastewater production, treatment and use in India, Water Technology Centre, IARI,
New Delhi
• Drinking water quality in rural India: Issues and approaches, WaterAid
• Using Innovative, Low – cost Solutions to Provide Safe Drinking Water in India, 2012, India Knowledge@Wharton
• Dr. Sridhar Vedachalam, Water supply and sanitation in India: Meeting targets and beyond, Global Water Forum
• Water Treatment, University of Waterloo
• Cledan Mandri – Perrott, Social contract formulas in rural areas: the India Naandi Foundation water treatment plants