Public Speaking 1315, Midterm Speech Review, Chapters 9,10,11, 3,5, 12,13,15. Mrs. Whitney Pisani,

1. The Secrete to
success in Public
Speaking???
PRACTICE

2. Chapter 9: Organizing the Body of your speech
Organizing the Body of your
speech
Formulate
an
organizing
question
Organizing
Question???
??
Divide the
Speech into
Key ideas
Organization
Topical Division
Chronological Division
Spatial Division
Pro-Con Diviosn
Mnemonic Division
Problem-Solution Division
Need a plan division
Develop
Key ideas
4Ss
Signpost the idea
State the idea
Support the idea
Summarize the idea
Connect
Key Ideas
Transitions:
Complementary
Casual
Contrasting
Chronological
Key
Terms
Casual Division, Casual
Transition, Chronological
transition, Complementary
Transition, Mnemonic
Division, Need-plan
division, Organizing
Question, Problem solution
division, Pro-Con Division,
Signpost, Spatial division,
topical division, Transition

3. Organizing Question????question that, when answered, indicates the ideas and information necessary
to develop your topic
Transition- (verbal & nonverbal) a statement that connects parts of the speech and indicates the nature of their connection
 Casual Transition- establishes a cause effect relationship between two ideas (Examples: as a result, because, Consequently & Therefore)
 Chronological transition- shows how one idea precedes or follows another in time. (Examples: After, as soon as, at last, at the same time, before, later, & while)
 Complementary Transition - adds one ideas to another (Examples: also, and, in addition, just as important, likewise, Next & Not only)
 Contrasting Transitions-- show how ideas differ (Examples: although, but, in contrast, in spite of, nevertheless, on the contrary, and on the other hand)
Signpost- (part of the 4’s) is a word such as  initially, first, second & final
Purpose??? Help listeners follow your organizational pattern & increase likelihood they will remember key ideas.
Key Terms

4. Organizational Patterns!!!Topical Division
Spatial Division
Chronological Division
Problem-Solution Division
Mnemonic Division
Need a plan divisionPro-Con Division
Body
Main topic
1
Subtopic 1
Subtopic 2
Main topic
2
Subtopic 1
Negative positive
 Main topics divide into subtopics
 main points are organized according to
their physical proximity or geography
 organization of a speech according to
arguments for and against some policy,
position, or action.
 division-simple, rigid, organizational approach for a persuasive speech
 variation of Problem-solution
1. establish a need
2. present a proposal to meet need
3. demonstrates how proposal stratifies need
4. suggests a plan for implementing proposal
 organization of a speech according to a
special memory device, such as alliteration,
rhyme, or initial letters that spell a word.
Casual Division
 organization of a speech from cause to affect,
or from effect to cause
 Organization according to Time

5. Chapter 10: Introducing & Concluding
Introducing & Concluding
Organize Conclusion of the
speech
Audience Attention
1. Question your audience
2. Arouse Curiosity
3. Stimulate imagination
4.Promise something Beneficial
5. Amuse your audience Energize your
Audience
6. Acknowledge and compliment your
audience
Functions of a Speech
Introduction
1. Get the attention of the audience
2. State your Topic
3. Establish the importance of your
topic
4. Establish your credibility to speak
on your topic
5. Preview the key ideas of your
speech
Organize
Introduction
of the Speech
Functions of a Speech Conclusion
1. Summarize your key ideas
2. Activate audience Response
3. Provide Closure
Key
Terms
Circular Conclusion
Direct Question
Preview
Rhetorical Question
Summary

6. Direct Question- Seeks a Response. Audience may be asked vocally or physically. (Example: By a show of hands)
Rhetorical Question- a question designed to stimulate thought without demanding an overt response
Introduction Questions

7. Components of a good Introduction
Sets the tone of the entire speech.
Should be brief and to-the-point
Attention
getter
quote, stat,
anecdote, visual aid
Thesis
The main
message/idea of
your speech
Preview
describe main points
of body of speech
Transition
to body of speech
A. Inform the audience about main points
B. Mention every main body point
C. Identify each as a separate piece of the body.
D. The purpose is to prepare the audience
members for the flow of the speech
E. Word the preview clearly and concisely.
F. Avoid delving into the main points

8. Know examples of a good
Attention Getter
Purpose:
* Designed to intrigue the audience members
* Motivate them to listen attentively for the next several minutes.
* It is important for you to spend time strategizing, creating, and practicing the
attention-getter.
Qualities
A. An attention-getter should create curiosity in the minds of your listeners and
B. Convince them that the speech will be interesting and useful.
C. The wording of your attention-getter should be refined and practiced.
D. Delivery should be smooth and confident to let the audience know that you
are a skilled speaker who is prepared for this speech.
Tell a Story
•Narrate with feeling
Quote a Statistic
•Factual statistic researched
Ask a Question
•Rhetorical question (curiosity)
Use a Quotation
*Cite the author
Make an Unusual
Statement
Grabs attention
Use Humor
Tasteful Humor that relates to the
topic

9. Define a Thesis statement & Know qualities
of a good Thesis Statement
A. Clearly communicates your topic and purpose
to the audience.
B. Be sure to make it clear, concise, and
memorable.
Thesis statement should sum up the objective of your speech in one concise, strong, well thought out statement.

10. Summary- (Conclusion) parallels the Preview “Tell you what you told us”
A. Finish strongly.
B. Craft statements that reinforce the message & leave the audience with an
understanding about what was accomplished in speech.
C. Create an artistic and effective closing line.
D. Take time to work on writing the close well to be able to leave the audience thinking
of you as a well-prepared, confident speaker.
A good Conclusion
Summarize the
Key Ideas
The main points are
restated
Activate
Audience
Provide Closure
Circular Conclusion- Final
step echoes or refers to
the attention getting step
of the introduction

11. Chapter 11: Outling Your Speech
Outlining Your Speech
Functions of
Outlining
5 MAIN purposes:
1. Allows the speaker to check
the scope of the topic
2. It tests the logical relations
between main points and sub
points
3. It check the relevance of sub
points
4. It gauges the balance of the
speech
5. It can function as speaking
notes, jogging the speaker’s
memory with key words in
correct order
Complete sentence
Key word/ Phrases
outlines
Principles of
Outlining
1. Each symbol number or letter- should
represent only 1 idea
2. Coordination & subordination should be
represented by a consistent system of letters
and numbers properly indented.
3. Any point divided into sub points must have
at least two.
4. Complete sentences and key words should
be mixed only in the speaking outline
5. Coordination point throughout the outline
Should have simple, parallel, grammatical
construction
Stages of
Outlining
1. Working Outline
2. Formal Outline
3. Speaking
Outline
Key
Terms
Complete sentence
outline, Coordinate
ideas, formal outline,
key word or phrase
outline, Speaking
outline, Subordinate
ideas, Working Outline

12. Different Types of Outline Styles
Complete sentence outline- each item is a sentence
key word or phrase outline- each item is a key word or phrase
formal outline- is a complete sentence outline reflecting the full content and organization of your speech
Speaking outline- for yourself (brief) Example Notecard
Organization Technique 
Coordinate ideas- Are those of equal value or importance in the overall pattern of the speech
Subordinate ideas- subtopics that support the main topics

13. Chapter 3: Speaking Confidently
Speaking Confidently
Speaker
Nervousness
Normal
*Communication Apprehension
*(PRPSA)
*3/4 College students anxious
of public speaking
*Public Speaking > Death
Control
speaker
Nervousness
Channel energy
 Gestures
Learn How
to Build
Speaker
Confidence
1. Know how to react to stress
2. Know your strengths &
weaknesses
3. Know speech Principles
4. Know that it always looks worse
inside
5. Know your Speech!!
7. View speech positively (+)
8. Visualize Success
9. Project confidence
10. Test your message
11. PRACTICE your speech
12. Gain Perspective after your
speech
Prepare 1st
speech
1. Understand the assignment
2. Develop your speech content
3. Organize you’re your speech
4. Word your speech
5. Practice your speech
6 . Deliver your speech
7. Evaluate your speech
Key
Terms
Cognitive
Restructuring
Communication
Apprehension
Visualization

14. Key Terms
Communication Apprehension- perceived “fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated
communication with another person or persons” and one form, public speaking is especially widespread.
(Goal to channels  Nervousness incorporate into motivated movements)
2 Methods to HELP! :)
1. Cognitive Restructuring – method to reduce communication anxiety.
Recognizes nervousness caused by illogical beliefs.
1. Identify Negative self statements
2. Replace negative ones with positive ones
2.Visualization- method to combat anxiety by visualizing themselves delivering
effective presentations.

15. Communication Apprehension
CA quiz Results
How to Conquer?
 Prepare ahead.
 Realize it exists. What are your fears? Now look to see what is realistic, what is not?You can plan how to respond to realistic fears.
 Practice breathing and relaxing. Most fear can be reduced by deliberate slow breathing. Plan and practice your breathing.
 Try visualization exercises.
 Don’t clench your fists or lock your knees.
 Look at foreheads
 Stay away from caffeine
 Get support! Talk to your teacher, a friend, another student in the class, a counselor, etc.
 Have RealisticGoals! Some folks do not completely eliminate speech anxiety, but instead learn to reduce it or manage it. Set goals and make
specific plans

16. Commonness of nervousness
& Fear of speaking
“Natural”
Fear Ranking?? 
1.Public Speaking
2.Death
more than 40% of people say their top fear was speaking in front of other
people. According to one survey, fear of public speaking came before heights,
death, illness and other common phobias.

17. Chapter 5: Analyzing your Audience
Analyzing Audience
Recognize
Value of
your
Audience
1. Recongnize your own place
as part of your audience
2. RESPECT your listener
3. Recognize and act on
audience feedback!
Analyze
Audience
Before
Speech
Demographics
Psychographics
Audience Needs
Analyze
Audience
During
Speech
Attention
Comprehension
Evaluation
Analyze
audience
After Speech
Accomplished?
Strongest/weakest
Improve NEXT
speech
Key
Words
Attitude , Audience
Disposition, Audience Profile,
Audience segmentation ,
Audience Targeting, Behavior,
Belief , Captive Audience,
Demographics , Maslows
Heigharchy, Psychographics,
Value, Volumatry audience

18. Analyze Audience Needs
Maslows Heigharchy- physiological needs, Safety needs, Belongingness & Love needs, Esteem needs, Self Actualization Needs.
Analyze Audience Disposition
Audience Disposition- describes how listeners are inclined to react to speakers and their ideas
Types of Audience
Volumatry audience- has assembled of its own free will
Captive Audience- in contrast is required to be present
Gathering Information….. About the Audience
?
?
?
?
?
?

19. Analyze Audience Demographics
Demographics- Are characteristics of the audience such as Age, gender, ethnicity, education,
religion, economic status, & group membership
Audience segmentation- divisions, sections, subgroups that constitute your listener .
Audience Targeting- when speaker choose to only speak to one or more segments of larger audience.
Analyze Audience Psychographics
Psychographics- is a term for audience characteristics such as values, beliefs, attitudes & behaviors.
Attitude- expressions approval or disapproval.
Value- expresses a judgment of what is desirable or undesirable, right or wrong, good or evil.
Belief-something we accept as true and it can usually be state as a declarative sentence.
Behavior- is an overt action it is how we act.
Demographics + Psychographics +Speaking situation = Audience profile

20. Audience Centered 
Egocentric “why do I care”
Situational Analysis- Physical Setting, Size, INTEREST???

21. Chapter 12: Wording Your Speech
Wording of Speech
Functions of
Language
1. Communicates ideas between speaker & Listener
2. Sends messages either intentional or unintentional
3. It establishes & strengthens social bonds between
groups of people
4. It is an instrument of play because it is the arena
for joking & Battles
Principles of
Effective
Language
1. Use language Correctly
2. Use language clearly
3. Use language vividly
4. Use language inclusively
5. Oral style
Key
Terms
Alliteration, antithesis, cliché,
connotation, denotation, jargon,
metaphor, nonsexist language,
parallelism, personification, repetition,
sexist language, simile, tone

22. Ways to use Words
Check Language use
Connotation-Emotional response evoked which changes the meaning of a word
Denotation- Dictionary Definition of the word
Example “Hot” or “Tool”
figures of Speech
Metaphor- comparison of 2 dissimilar things using “like or as”
Simile- comparison of 2 dissimilar things using “like or as”
Personification- Human qualities to OBJECTS.
Examples: “Angry sea”, “Jealousy raising it’s ugly head” or “Blind Justice”
Use of structures of Speech
Alliteration- the repetition of beginning sounds in adjacent or nearby words.
Parallelism- when they express two or more ideas in similar language structure.
Repetition- restate words, phrases or sentences.
Antithesis- uses parallel construction to contrast ideas.
Oral STYLE
Tone- the relationship established by language
& grammar between a writer or speaker and
that person’s readers or listeners.
Cliché
Tired expressions that lost originality
Examples: Is everything Crystal Clear? or
Did I hit the nail on the Head?
Rules
 Regulative Rules – specify when how where
and with whom to talk about certain things.
 Phonological Rules-rules on how to
pronounce each word
 Syntactic Rules-rules on word placement

23. Things to Consider
Repetition Repetition-shouldn't be redundant or
boring, but instead add a sense of
importance to the repeated phrase,
word, or idea.
• The most effective speech is one the
audience remembers. Repetition aids
comprehension
• Dr. Martin Luther King's "I Have A
Dream," speech repeats the rhetorical
effect "I have a dream”
Conciseness
Get to the point!
Point should be clear.
Avoid:
"what I want to say is"
"what I'm getting at is."
If words aren't adding any meaning to
the speech, they should be cut.
“My first main point is.”
“ My conclusion is”
“My thesis statement is”
KnowYourAudience
word choice depends on the addressees.
• Presenting at a comedy club requires
different language than speaking at a
college public speaking course.
• Carefully examine your audience to
choose what level of formality is
essential, and if slang is suitable.
• Usually, public speaking requires a
higher rank of formal speech, and
slang is not used like it would be in
casual speech.
Abstract vs. Concrete????

24. Chapter 13: Delivering your Speech
Delivery of Speech
Principles of
Nonverbal
Communication
1. Part deliberate/part
unintentional
2. Few nonverbal “universal
meaning”
3. Conflicting  trust
nonverbal
4. Message intended
overridden by nonverbal
Methods of
Delivery
Speaking Impromptu
Speaking from Memory
Speaking from Manuscript
Speaking Extemporaneously
Qualities of
Effective
Delivery
1. Helps listener & speaker
2. BEST looks natural,
comfortable & spontaneous
3. Delivery is best when the
audience is not aware of it
Elements of
Vocal Delivery
Rate & Pause
Volume
Pitch & Inflection
Articulation & Pronunciation
Elements of
Physical
Delivery
Appearance
Posture
Facial Expression
Eye contact
Movement
Gestures
Key
Terms
Appearance, Articulation,
Delivery, Eye contact, Facial
Expression, Gestures,
Impromptu speaking,
Inflection, Movement, Pause,
Pitch, Posture, Pronunciation,
Rate, Speaking,
Extemporaneously
Speaking from manuscript
Speaking from Memory,
Volume

25. Elements Know the different Methods
of delivery (In class??)
Read from manuscript
•only done when absolute accuracy is required
Reciting from memory
•seldom done, if done rehearse until you’re very comfortable doing it
Impromptu
•speaking with little or no preparation
•avoid unless you are extremely comfortable with the subject
Extemporaneously
•carefully prepared and delivered from a brief set of notes
• Should sound spontaneous even if it has been rehearsed extensively
How & when to utilize the various methods of delivery?

26. How to do Well in
Public Speaking???
Steps to Success
PRACTICE
PRACTICE
PRACTICE
Think
positive
thoughts
! Don’t
engage
in self-
sabotage
Know
your
Topic
Know your
Audience
Know
Yourself
Know
your
Speech
Focus on
your
Message,
not
yourself
Recognize
your value
and
uniqueness
“Never
let them
see ya
sweat!”
Tips Be enthusiastic
 Present on topics that interest you
 Be professional
 Know it well enough to speak extemporaneously
 Don’t read off note cards

27. Physical
Communication
Eye Contact
Natural, sends nonverbal message
Don’t read off note card
3X5 ONLY!!!!
Movement
Pacing
Fidgeting
Leaning
Hiding
Gestures
Facial Expressions
Flailing
Position
Look Professional
Verbal Communication
Volume – loudness or softness
adjust to the situation
(electronically if necessary, don’t yell)
Pitch – highness or lowness of the voice
use inflections in your voice to avoid
“monotone”
Rate- speed at which you speak
125-190 wpm is normal, too slow leaves
people hanging on your words, too fast
and they get confused and miss information
What you think your doing…
Articulation, Delivery, Inflection, Pause, Pronunciation
Goals:
 Reaches your audience
 You only have one
chance, make it count
 Feels natural
 Move, gesture, be
natural yet appropriate
 Is not distracting
 PRACTICE to ensure
you are not distracting
your audience with
verbal fillers, slang,
etc.
 Record yourself

28. Chapter 15: Speaking to Inform
Speaking to Inform
Characteristics of a speech to
inform
Research a subject
Synthesize data
Communicate to listeners
1. How much does audience already
know?
2. What does the audience need to
know in order to understand
3. Cn I present this information in the
allotted times so the audience will
remember
Informative
speech Topics
Speeches about people
Speeches about objects
Speeches about places
Speeches about activities or
events
Speeches about processes
Speeches about concepts
Speeches about conditions
Speeches about issues
Guidelines for
speaking to
inform
1. Stress your informative
purpose
2. Be objective
3. Be specific
4. Be clear
5. Be accurate
6. Limit your ideas & supporting
materials
7. Be Relevant
8. Use appropriate organization
9. Use appropriate forms of
support
10. Uee effective delivery
Key
Terms
Speech to Inform
“Demonstration Speech/How to?”

29. Speech to Inform “Demonstration Speech/How to?”
Seek Knowledge to know, Understand & Use. The goals of an informative speech are to impart
knowledge, enhance understanding or permit application.
Example: I choose How to use SmartArt which
 Impart knowledge (awareness of this study tool)
 enhanced understanding (where to locate the tool to study)
 permitted how to apply this skill to their lives (useable)

30. Different Types of Speaking to Inform
A speech about
Benjamin
Franklin’s
accolades would
be a
Speeches
about
people.
A speech regarding
The Great Wall of
China and it’s
importance in China’s
culture would be a
Speech about
Places.
Speeches solely
about the planet,
Saturn would be a
speech about
objects
The origins of
krumping would
be an example of
speech
about
activities or
events.
An overview of
steps on how to
clean your room
would be
categorized as a
speech
about
processes.
English 1301
is a class
that
specifically
requires
students to
give
speech
about
concepts
A doctor giving a
speech referring
the state of
patients’ health
after consuming
uncooked meat
would be an
example of
speech
about
conditions.
Criminal Justice
courses often
require you to
give speech
about
issues when
you discuss
topics like the
death penalty.
Examples