1. Classification system using :
• level of cell organization
a] prokaryote
The variability among living organism from b} eukaryote
all source including terrestrial,marine and • Organism
other aquatic ecosystem and the a] unicellular
ecological complexes within b] multicellular
species,between species and of ecosystem • Feeding mode
a] saprophytic
b] photosynthesis
c] holozoic
BIODIVERSITY
Hierarchy of classification
Species
Genus
Family Type of Biodiversity:
Order • Genetic diversity
a] gene and chromosome mutation
Class b] sexual reproduction
• Species diversity
Phylum a] species richness
b] species abundance
Kingdom • Ecosystem diversity
• Taxonomy- science of naming and
and classifying
organism

2. Kingdom
Monera
EUBACTERIA
ARCHEBACTERIA

3. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ARCHAEBACTERIA
AND EUBACTERIA
EUBACTERIA ARCHAEBACTERIA
Cell wall consists of peptidoglican. Cell wall consists of polysaccharides and
protein.
Has no histone protein associated with The histone protein is associated with DNA.
DNA.
Small and simple RNA polymerase. RNA polymerase is more complex and
similar to eukaryotes.
Absent of membrane enclosed organelles. Present of membrane enclosed organelles.
Has no nuclear envelope. Has no nuclear envelope.
Very sensitive to rifamycin antibiotics. Not sensitive to rifamycin antibiotics.

4. Unique characteristic (Kingdom
Monera)
prokaryotic unicellular
Photosynthetic or absorb Asexually reproduction
Bacteria or blue green algae

5. BIODIVERSITY OF BACTERIA
POSITION OF
CELL SHAPE GRAM STAIN
FLAGELLA
SPHERICAL SHAPE ATRICHOUS-ABSENCE
OF FLAGELLA
(COCCUS) GRAM-POSITIVE
MONOTRICHOUS-A
SINGLE FLAGELLUM
ROD SHAPE PRESENT AT ONE END.
(BACILLUS)
GRAM-NEGATIVE AMPHITRICHOUS- A
FLAGELLUM OCCURS AT
EACH OF THE TWO ENDS.
SPIRAL SHAPE
(SPIRILLIUM) CEPHALOTRICHOUS- A
GROUP OF FLAGELLA
FOUND ONLY AT ONE END.
COMMA SHAPE LOPHOTRICHOUS-
(VIBRIO) A GROUP OF
FLAGELLA
OCCURS AT EACH
OF THE TWO

6. IMPORTANCE OF BACTERIA :
PHATOGENIC BACTERIA DECOMPOSERS
FOOD PRODUCTION
SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP
SEAWAGE TREATMENT

7. ALGAE
ALGAE PROTOZOA
PROTOZOA

8. UNICELLULAR & SIMPLE
EUKARYOTIC MULTICELLULAR
AQUATIC & DAMP HETEROTROPHIC,
HABITATS AUTOTROPHIC,
PARASITE

9. CHLOROPHYTA PHAEOPHYTA
EG. Chlamidomonas sp. EG. Fucus sp.
UNICELLULAR MULTICELLULAR
APPEARS GREEN. APPEARS BROWN.
FRESH WATER. MARINE HABITAT.
FOOD STORAGE IS STARCH. FOOD STORAGE IN LAMINARIN &
MANNITOL (CARBOHYDRATE).
LOCOMOTION BY FLAGELLA. NON-MOTILE.
PEYRENOIDS. THALLUS BODY.

10. PHYLUM RHIZOPODA CILIOPHORA EUGLENOPHYT APICOMPLEXA
A
EXAMPLE AMOEBA PARAMECIUM EUGLENA PLASMODIUM
LOCOMOTION CILIA FLAGELLA NON-MOTILE
PSEUDOPODIUM
PATTERN OF NEED HOST
MOVEMENT EXTEND SPIN, MOVE SWIM (HUMAN &
PSEUDOPODIA ZIG-ZAG PATH MOSQUITO)
NUTRITION HETEROTROPHI
TYPE HETEROTROPHI HETEROTROP C& PARASITIC
C HIC AUTOTROPHIC
REPRODUCTIO ASEXUAL ASEXUAL ASEXUAL COMPLERE
N
UNIQUE MIRONUCLEUS
FEATURES , PHOTORECEPT
CONTRACTILE MICRONUCLEU OR EYESPOT, TINY
VACUOLES, S, PEYRONOID,
CYTOPLASM CONTRACTILE CHLOROPLAST, INFECTIOUS
CELL
(ECTO & ENDO) VACUOLE, CONTRACTILE
CYTOSTOME & VACUOLE.

11. EUTROFICATION
FOOD SOURCES
ROLES IN BIOSPHERE
(CO2 FIXATION)
RED TIDE

12. ZYGOMYCOTA ASCOMYCOTA
BASIOMYCOTA

13. MULTICELLULAR EUKARYOTES
VEGETATIVE STRUCTURE :
SAPROPHYTIC HYPAE CONSIST OF :
ASEPTATE & SEPTATE

14. PHYLUM ZYGOMYCOTA ASCOMYCOTA BASIDIOMYCOTA
STRUCTURE *NO SEPTATE *SEPTA IN *SEPTA IN HYPHAE,
IN HYPHAE HYPHAE. LARGE AND HAVE 3
(COENOCYTIC), DIMENTIAL
HAVE LARGE STRUCTURE.
BRONCLED.
ASEXUAL MYCELIUM REPRODUCTIO UNUSUAL BUT
REPRODUCTIO FORMED, N BY CONIDIA. SPORES IS
N SPORANGIA FORMED.
PRODUCE
SPORE BY
CONIDIA.
SEXUAL CONJUGATION FORMING IN FORMATION OF
REPRODUCTIO GIVES RISE TO ASCUS. BASIDIOSPORES
N ZYGOSPORE. OUTSIDE BASIDIA.
EXAMPLE RHIZOPUS, PENICILLIUM, AGARICUS,
MUCOR. SPERGILUS. CAMPESTRIS.

15. ACTS AS FOR FOOD PRODUCTION
DECOMPOSER
PHATOGENS
PHARMACEUTICAL
SYMBIONTS

16. PLANTAE
BRYOPHYTES PTERIDOPHYTES
PHYLUM :
ANGIOSPERM GYMNOSPERM

17. Kingdom
Plantae
PTERIDOPHYTES
BRYOPHYTES • Seedless , simple , vascular
 General Home : Mosses plant
 Non-vascular &seedless • Has xylem n phloem (tracheid n
Produced spores sieve tube )
• Primitive Unique • Sporophytes dominant
• Rhizoid ~simple root like Characteristics: • True roots
Structure. *Photosynthethic • Produced spores ~
• Male gametangium :
antheridium Autotrophs  Lycopodium : homosporous
 Selaginella : heterosporous
• Female gemetangium : *Multicellular • Types Pteridophytes ~
Archegonium
• Type Bryophytes ~ *Cell wall :  Pteridophyta * Dryopteris
 Bryophyta Cellulose  Lycopodiophyta
 Hepatophyta *Food Storage : *Lycopodium
 Anthecerosphyta *Selaginella
Starch
*Eukaryotes
*Non-Motile
*sexual n Asexual
*most Vascular
tissues ANGIOSPERM
GYMNOSPERM • Vascular plant
• Vascular Plant • Flowering plant
• Naked Seed • Protected seed in fruits
• Cone : Reproduction Organ • True root & stem & leaves
• True roots & leaves & stem • Produces sexual n asexual
• Sporophyte Dominant • Variety of pollinator
• Not required water medium • Sporophytes dominant
• Type Gymnosperms ~ • Heterosporous
 Coniferophyta • Double Fertilizing
 Cycadopyhta • Type Anthophyta ~
 Ginkgophyta  Monoctyledonae
 Gnetophyta  Dicotyledonae

18. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BRYOPHYTA (MOSS)
AND HEPATOPHYTA :
CHARACTERISTICS BRYOPHYTA
EG. (MOSS)
HEPATOPHYTA
EG. (MARCHANTIA)
HABITAT In a region with high annual In damp places (the edge of
rainfall. (moist area) stream)
VEGETATIVE Dioecious, smaller than Monoecious & dioecious, have
(SPOROPHYTE) gametophyte, have foot, seta & food, seta & capsule
capsule. Depends on
gametophyte.
VEGETATIVE Green thallus, rhizoid (root), Simple conducting tissue
(GAMETOPHYTE) has no vascular tissue. (hydroid & leptoid) & leafy
structures.
ASEXUALLY Fragmentation. fragmentation.
REPRODUCTION Gemma cup
Gemmae
gametophyte

19. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SELAGINELLA,
LYCOPODIUM & DROPTERIS
PHYLUM PHYLUM PHYLUMPTERIDOPHY
LYCOPODIOPHYTA LYCOPODIOPHYTA TA
EXAMPLE SELAGINELLA LYCOPODIUM DRYOPTERIS
TYPE OF SPORES HETEROSPORES HOMOSPOROUS HOMOSPORES
ROOT, RHIZOMES, ROOT, RHIZOMES, ROOT, RHIZOMES,
VEGETATIVE PLANT STEMS, LEAVES STEMS, LEAVES STEMS, LEAVES
(MICROPHYLLS) (MICROPHYLLS) (MEGAPHYLLS)
VASCULAR SYSTEM TRACHEID SIMPLE TRACHEID COMPLEX TRACHEID
ASEXUAL FRAGMENTATION FRAGMENTATION VEGETATIVE
REPRODUCTION
2 TYPES OF 1 TYPE OF 1 TYPE OF
SEXUAL SPORANGIUM SPORANGIUM SPORANGIUM
REPRODUCTION PRODUCE 2 TYPES PRODUCES 1 TYPE OF PRODUCES 1 TYPE
OF SPORES SPORES OF SPORES

20. Differences between monocotyledon and
dicotyledon
DICOTYLEDON MONOCOTYLEDON
2 SEED LEAVES 1 SEED LEAVES
FLOWERS PART IN 4'S AND 5'S FLOWERS PAST IN 3'S
VASCULAR BUNDLE IN XYLEM IN A VASCULAR BUNDLE IN XYLEM
RING SCATTERED
SECONDARY GROWTH PRESENT SECONDARY GROWTH ABSENT
TAPROOT SYSTEM FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEM
NET LEAF VENATION PARALLEL LEAF
LEAF WITH PATIOLE LEAF WITH SHEATH

21. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CONIFEROPHYTA,
CICADOPHYTA, GINGKOPHYTA & GNETOPHYTA :
CONIFEROPHYTA CYCADOPHYTA GINGKOPHYTA GNETOPHYTA
LEAVES NEEDLE-LIKE COMPOUND FAN-SHAPE BROAD LIKE
ANGIOSPERM
SEED IN CONE IN CONE EXPOSED CONES
ARRANGED IN
CLUSTER
XYLEM TRACHEID TRACHEID TRACHEID TRACHEID &
VESSEL
ELEMENTS
PHLOEM SIEVE TUBE SIEVE TUBE SIEVE TUBE SIEVE TUBE &
COMPANION
CELL
TYPE OF MONOCIOUS DIOCIOUS DIOECIOUS MONOECIOUS
PLANTS OR
DIOECIOUS

22. MULTICELLULARITY
No True True Tissue CLASSIFICATION
OF ANIMALIA
Tissue
Radial Bilateral Symmetry
PORIFERA
Symmetry
CNIDARIA
No Body Have Body Cavity
Cavity
PLATYHELMINTHES
Pseudocoelomate Coelomate
NEMATODE
Protostome Deuterostome
Jointed appendage
ARTHROPOPODA
CHORDATA
MOLLUSCA
ANNELIDA
ECHINODERMA
segmented segmented

23. Movement : *No true tissue
Adult> sessile *No symmetry
Larvae> swim *lack nerves or muscles
CHARACTERTISTICS
OF PORIFERA
Reproduction:
*Sexual
*Asexual: budding@
regeneration

24. Movement:
*Diploblastic *polyps> sessile
*radial symmetry *medusa>motile
CHARACTERISTICS
OF CNIDARIA
*polyps typically reproduce
Asexually by budding
To form new polyps or
medusa

25. *Has grastular cavity and
*Tripoblastic has one mouth
* Bilateral
CHARACTERISTICS OF
PLATYHELMINTHES
*No circulatory system &
respiratory system

26. *Have mouth and anus
*Covered by tough cuticle
CHARACTERISTICS OF
NEMATODA
*Has no circulatory system

27. *Bilateral
*Tripoblastic *Body covered by cuticle
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
ANNELIDA
*Chaeta for movement

28. *Tripoblastic
*Has gill/lung for respiration
*Most are bilateral cavity
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
MOLLUSCA
*Open circulatory system
except class cephalopoda

29. *Complete digestive system *True tissue
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
ARTHROPODA
*Excretory system-
Malpighian tubules

30. *Tube feet (each tube
*External fertilisation
feed contain ampulla)
CHARACTERISTIC
S OF
ECHINODERMATA
*Tripoblastic
*Bilateral symmetry in
larva stage
*Unsegmented

31. *Mytome (striated muscle)
*Notochord
Arrange in segment
CHARACTERISTICS OF
CHORDATA
*Pharyngeal cleft