A slide on Transistor and it's working principle for the course Research Methodology under International Islamic University Chittagong.

1. Prepared By
Ekram Bin Mamun – ET121002
Joyjit Das – ET121003
Iftekhar Hossain – ET121007
Research Methodology

2. Contents
 Introduction
 History
 Transistor Types
 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
 BJT Construction
 BJT Types & Circuit Symbol
 Transistor Action (NPN & PNP)
 Importance Of Transistor Action
 Hydraulic analogy of a transistor
 Applications

3. Introduction
 A transistor is a 3 terminal electronic device made of semiconductor material. It is
consists of two p-n junctions formed by sandwiching either p-type or n-type
semiconductor between a pair of opposite types. The word “transistor” is a
combination of the terms “transfer” and “variable resistor”. Actually it means transfer
current across resistors.
Figure: Variety of shapes and sizes of Transistor

4. History
 Before transistors were invented, circuits used vacuum tubes which are Fragile, large in size,
heavy, generate large quantities of heat, require a large amount of power.
 The first transistors were created at Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1947.Bardeen and
Brattain built the point contact transistor. They made it from strips of gold foil on a plastic
triangle, pushed down into contact with slab of germanium.
 Shockley make the Junction transistor in 1949. This transistor was more practical and easier
to fabricate. The Junction Transistor became the central device of the electronic age and
overcome the problems of vacuum tubes.

5. Transistor Types
 Two basic types of transistors, which differ in construction and usage (but not
in main purpose)
 Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs)
 Field Effect Transistors (FETs)
 There are other types of transistors also available in markets such as:
 Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs)/IGFET
 Metal Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MESFETs)
 Darlington Transistors
 Photo Transistors
 Unijunction Transistor (UJTs)
 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs). Etc….
We will discuss here about Bipolar Junction Transistors

6. Bipolar junction transistor (BJT)
 A Bipolar Transistor essentially consists of a pair of PN Junction Diodes that are joined
back-to-back.
 It is called bipolar because conduction channel uses both majority and minority carriers
for main electric current. It is the First type of transistor to be commercially mass-
produced.

7. BJT Construction
 A BJT consists of three differently doped semiconductor regions, the emitter region, the base
region and the collector region. Each semiconductor region is connected to a terminal,
appropriately labelled:
emitter (E),base (B) and collector (C).
Two p-n junctions exist inside the BJT:
collector-base junction and base-emitter junction.
 The emitter is heavily doped so that it can inject(emit) a large number of charge carriers
(electrons or holes) into the base. The base is lightly doped and very thin ; it passes most of the
emitter injected charge carriers to the collector. The collector is moderately doped. It 'collects'
charge carriers again once they've passed through the Base.
Original Manufacture

8. BJT Types & Circuit Symbols
 It is two types: NPN and PNP
 In NPN:
High potential at collector.
Low potential at emitter.
Allows current flow when the base is given a
high potential.
 In PNP:
High potential at emitter.
Low potential at collector.
Allows current flow when base is connected
to a low potential.

9. Transistor Action
 The emitter-base junction of a transistor is forward biased whereas collector-base
junction is reverse biased. If for a moment, we ignore the presence of emitter-base
junction, then practically no current would flow in the collector circuit because of
the reverse bias. However, if the emitter-base junction is also present, then we will
see the following:
 Working Principle of NPN transistor:
Figure shows the NPN transistor with forward bias to emitter-base junction and
reverse bias to collector-base junction. The forward bias causes the electrons in the
n-type emitter to flow towards the base. This constitutes the emitter current IE. As
these electrons flow through the p-type base, they tend to combine with holes. As
the base is lightly doped and very thin, therefore, only a few electrons (less than 5%)
combine with holes to constitute base current IB. The remainder (more than 95%)
cross over into the collector region to constitute collector current IC. In this way,
almost the entire emitter current flows in the collector circuit. It is clear that emitter
current is the sum of collector and base currents i.e.
IE= IB+ IC

10. Figure: Basic Connections Of NPN Transistor And Characteristic Curves
Figure shows the basic connection of a PNP transistor. The forward bias causes the holes in the p-type
emitter to flow towards the base. This constitutes the emitter current IE. As these holes cross into n-type
base, they tend to combine with the electrons. As the base is lightly doped and very thin, therefore, only a
few holes (less than 5%) combine with the electrons.
The remainder (more than 95%) cross into the collector region to constitute collector current IC. In this way
almost the entire emitter current flows in the collector circuit. It may be noted that current conduction
within PNP transistor is by holes. However, in the external connecting wires, the currents is still by
electrons.

11. Figure: Basic Connections Of PNP Transistor And Characteristic Curves

12. Importance of transistor action
 The input circuit (i.e. emitter-base junction) has low resistance
because of forward bias whereas output circuit (i.e. collector-
base junction) has high resistance due to reverse bias. As we
have seen, the input emitter current almost entirely flows in
the collector circuit. Therefore, a transistor transfers the input
signal current from a low-resistance circuit to a high-
resistance circuit. This is the key factor responsible for
amplifying capability of the transistor.

13. Hydraulic analogy of a transistor
 Analogy of technical direction of current in an NPN transistor – to a water flow in a pipe system.

14. Application
Common transistor applications include
 Amplification (Usually current amplifier but sometimes amplify voltage also)
 Switching (Digital and Analog)
 Regulator (Voltage, Current or power)
 Buffer or Impedance matching between mis-matched circuits.
 Used in building blocks of Integrated Circuits.

15. The End
Thank You