HIRO ITO - Adverb

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Macam
Penjel
asan
Singk
at
Contoh
Adverb of Time (waktu)
kata
keter
angan
yang
digun
akan
untuk
meny
ataka
n
waktu
terjad
inya
suatu
kegiat
an/pe
ristiw
a.
now, today, yesterday
Adverb of Manner (cara)
kata
keter
angan
yang
digun
akan
untuk
meny
ataka
n cara
suatu
kegiat
an
dilaku
kan
atau
peristi
wa
terjad
i.
automatically, beautifully,
fast
Adverb of
Degree (derajat)
kata
keter
angan
yang
digun
akan
untuk
meny
ataka
n
sampa
i
seber
apa
jauh
(tingk
atan
atau
deraja
t)
suatu
kegiat
an/pe
ristiw
a.
absolutely, barely, really
ADVERBS
(Kata Keterangan)
Pengertian Adverb
Adverb adalah kata yang digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan verb
(kata kerja), adjective (kata sifat), maupun adverb lain.
 adverb menerangkan kata kerja
contoh: she speaks English fluently ( dia berbicara bahasa inggris dengan baik)
 adverb menerangkan kata sifat
contoh: it’s now too hot to play tennis ( sekarang udara terlalu panas untuk
bermain tenis)
 adverb menerangkan kata adverb lainnya
contoh: she sings very well (dia bernyanyi dengan baik sekali )
 adverb menerangkan kata depan
contoh: the cat was sitting almost outside the door(kucing itu sedang duduk
hampir di luar pintu)
di sini adverb almost menerangkan kata depan outside.
 adverb menerangkan kata sambung
contoh: I want know precisely how the accident happened (saya ingin mengetahui
secara pasti bagaimana kecelakaan itu terjadi )

Macam
Penjel
asan
Singk
at
Contoh
kata
keter
angan
yang
digun
akan
untuk
meny
ataka
n
waktu
terjad
inya
suatu
kegiat
an/pe
ristiw
a.
kata
keter
angan
yang
digun
akan
untuk
meny
ataka
n cara
suatu
kegiat
an
dilaku
kan
atau
peristi
wa
terjad
i.
fast
Adverb of
Degree (derajat)
kata
keter
angan
yang
digun
akan
untuk
meny
ataka
n
sampa
i
seber
apa
jauh
(tingk
atan
atau
deraja
t)
suatu
kegiat
an/pe
ristiw
a.
Adverb dapat menerangkan bukan saja kata-kata yang terpisah tetapi juga
sebuah kalimat asertif (yaitu kalimat yang hanya menegaskan atau menyangkal
sesuatu). dalam hal ini adverb harus di tempatkan di posisi awal kalimat.
contoh:
 evidently your success depends chiefly on yourself.
(jelaslah keberhasilan anda terutama tergantung pada anda sendiri)
 unfortunately, we don’t know much English.
(sayang sekali kami tidak dapat berbahasa inggris banyak)
Adverb Form
We make many adverbs by adding -ly to an adjective, for example:
quick (adjective) > quickly (adverb)
careful (adjective) > carefully (adverb)
beautiful (adjective) > beautifully (adverb)

d
Macam
Penjel
asan
Singk
at
Contoh
kata
keter
angan
yang
digun
akan
untuk
meny
ataka
n
waktu
terjad
inya
suatu
kegiat
an/pe
ristiw
a.
kata
keter
angan
yang
digun
akan
untuk
meny
ataka
n cara
suatu
kegiat
an
dilaku
kan
atau
peristi
wa
terjad
i.
fast
Adverb of
Degree (derajat)
kata
keter
angan
yang
digun
akan
untuk
meny
ataka
n
sampa
i
seber
apa
jauh
(tingk
atan
atau
deraja
t)
suatu
kegiat
an/pe
ristiw
a.
.There are some basic rules about spelling for -ly adverbs. See the table below:
But not all words that end in -ly are adverbs. The words friendly, lovely, lonely and
neighbourly, for example, are all adjectives.
And some adverbs have no particular form. Look at these examples:
well, fast, very, never, always, often, still.
Adjective ending do this adjective adverb
most adjectives add -ly
quick
nice
sole
careful
quickly
nicely
solely
carefully
-able or -ible change -e to -y
regrettable
horrible
regrettably
horribly
-y change -y to -ily happy happily
-ic change -ic to -ically economic economically

Macam-macam Adverbs
Berdasarkan penggunaannya di dalam kalimat, Adverbs dapat
dikelompokan menjadi 3 (tiga) golongan, yaitu :
1. Simple Adverb
2. Interrogative Adverb
3 .Relative Adverb
I can see clearly how she killed her
mother.

1. SIMPLEADVERBS
M
Macam Penjelasan Singkat Contoh
Adverb of Time
(waktu)
kata keterangan yang
digunakan untuk
menyatakan waktu
terjadinya suatu
kegiatan/peristiwa.
now, today,
yesterday,tomorrow,last
night,in january, in the
year 2008, at 7
o’clock,next week
Adverb of Manner
(cara)
digunakan untuk
menyatakan cara suatu
kegiatan dilakukan atau
peristiwa terjadi.
automatically,
beautifully, fast
Adverb of Degree
(derajat)
digunakan untuk
menyatakan sampai
seberapa jauh (tingkatan
atau derajat) suatu
kegiatan atau peristiwa.
Hardly, fully,very, much,
too,quite,almost,nearly,
rather

Adverb of Modality
(harapan)
digunakan untuk
menyatakan tingkat
keyakinan/harapan.
likely, maybe, probably
Adverb of Frequency
(frekuensi)
menyatakan seberapa
sering suatu kegiatan
atau peristiwa dilakukan
atau terjadi.
always, often, rarely
Adverb of Place &
Direction
(tempat & arah)
digunakan untuk
menyatakan tempat dan
arah terjadinya suatu
kegiatan/peristi wa.
here, in, somewhere

2. INTERROGATIVE
ADVERBS
I interrogative Adverb (kata keterangan penanya) pada umumnya
digunakan untuk mengajukan pertanyaan.
Dan yang termasuk dalam Interrogative Adverb, (kata keterangan
penanya) yaitu :
When kapan
Where kemana
Why mengapa
How bagaimana , berapa
Di bawah ini contoh penggunaan interrogative adverbs
(kata keterangan penanya) dalam kalimat :
 Where does she live ?
Dimana dia tinggal ?
 Why do you come here ?
Mengapa anda datang kesini ?
 When did he go ?
Kapan dia pergi ?

3. RELATIVE ADVERBS
Relative Adverbs (kata keterangan penghubung) pada umumnya digunakan
untuk menghubungkan dua kalimat menjadi satu kalimat.
Berikut ini yang termasuk Relative Adverbs (kata keterangan penghubung),
yaitu :
How bagaimana
When ketika
While sementara
Why mengapa
Where dimana
What apa
Whence darimana
Di bawah ini adalah contoh penggunaannya
dalam kalimat :
 I was studying when Jimmy came to my room.
Saya sedang belajar ketika Jimmy datang ke kamarku.
 Do you know whence my friend came ?
Apakah kamu tahu darimana temanku datang ?

Hubungan dengan Part of Speech yang Lain
Hubungan kata keterangan ini dengan part of speech lain yaitu:
Adverb & Noun (modifier)
Sebagai noun modifier digunakan untuk membentuk sebuah noun phrase.
Contoh: the house nearby, the people there.
Adjective dan Adverb
Sebagian adverb merupakan gabungan dari adjective dengan suffix (akhiran)
tertentu. Selain itu, dua kata ini dengan formulasi tertentu dapat digabungkan
menjadi suatu frasa.
Contoh: much more better, totally easy
Adverbial Clause & Participle
Participle digunakan pada reduksi adverbial clause.
Contoh: Doing the test, she has study hard enough.

HSpecial Adverbs
special adverbs merupakan bagian dari kata keterangan derajat yang
membutuhkan pembahasan khusus. Adapun kata keterangan khusus itu terdiri
dari:
 Too
 Very
 Enough
 So & Such

INTRODUCTION ADVERB CLAUSE
 Students have learned about two other kinds of dependent clauses:
adjective clauses and noun clauses . You might review the
characteristics of dependent clauses: they must contain a subject + a
verb; they cannot stand alone as a sentence.
 Incomplete sentences consisting of a solo adverb clause are a common
problem in student writing.
INCORRECT: He went to bed. Because he was sleepy. However, such
incomplete sentences are common in conversation in response to a why-
question:
A: Why did he go to bed?
B: Because he was sleepy.

USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW CAUSE
AND EFFECT
 There are differences among the ways to say “because.” Because
makes the most direct or explicit cause-and-effect statement. Since
means “because it is a fact that” or “seeing that it is true that.” For
example: Since you’ve done this before (a known fact), could you
please show me
how? Because, but not since, can ask about an unknown cause. For
example:
Did he stay home because he was tired? Now that is special to
present-
time, known reasons. It indicates that a situation has changed.
 Punctuation follows the same guidelines with these adverb clauses
as with others. (And they are only guidelines, not rules. There are
wide stylistic variations in comma usage with adverb clauses. This
text simply presents the most usual patterns.

 Other cause-and-effect subordinating conjunctions you may wish to
introduce in an advanced class are as, as/so long as, and inasmuch as.
They are similar to since: they express a cause that is a known fact.
As has many uses. Students might be interested in knowing that one
use is to express
cause and effect. In their own writing, however, they might prefer to
use because, since, or now that in order to ensure clarity.
Inasmuch as is generally found only in formal writing and is relatively
infrequent.

EXPRESSING CONTRAST (UNEXPECTED RESULT):
USING EVEN THOUGH
 The general category of “contrast” is defined as “unexpected
result” here to help the students compare because and even
though, and also to help them understand the meaning of contrast
(i.e., that something is in some way different from something else)
as the term is used in the text.
 Other forms of even though are although and though. The
differences are negligible

SHOWING DIRECT CONTRAST: WHILE AND WHEREAS
 Whereas and while can appear at the beginning of either clause with no
change of meaning.
Whereas is somewhat formal and of relatively low frequency. Whereas
is included in the text mostly as a way of defining this use of while,
distinguishing it from its use in time clauses and phrases.
While has two different meanings: (1) at the same time and (2)
whereas.
(1) While (he was) swimming, he got very tired.
(2) While fire is hot, ice is cold.
 In British English, whilst is another form of while. Whilst is fairly formal.

EXPRESSING CONDITIONS IN ADVERB CLAUSES:
IF-CLAUSES
 As with adverb clauses of time , it is incorrect to use the future tense
(i.e., will / be going to) in an if-clause. An exception, however, occurs
when the speaker is trying to arrange an exchange of promises: If you’ll
do it, I’ll do it.
 All of the examples and exercise items in this unit on “condition” are in
present or future time.

s
ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION:
USING WHETHER OR NOT AND EVEN IF
 Students sometimes wonder about the difference between even though
and even if. Even though deals with actual, present-time events or states;
even if deals with possible future conditions. Even though the weather is
cold (today) = the weather is cold.
Even if the weather is cold (tomorrow) = the weather may be cold. In
some contexts, the distinction blurs:
Even if you don’t like pickles, you should try one of these.

1
sADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION:
USING IN CASE AND IN THE EVENT THAT
 Often in case and in the event that are synonomous, as in the
examples in the chart and the exercises.
However, there are also differences you may or may not wish to
bring up in class. In case is used to say that something may possibly
happen and that is the reason why something else is done: I’ll take my
purse with me in case we decide to stop at the store. In other words, the
reason I’m doing one thing (taking my purse) is that something else might
happen (we might decide to stop at the store). In the event that could also
possibly be used in this example, but in case would be more likely.
In the event that is used to talk about a possible future event
when the speaker is planning what to do if it occurs. In the event that
more than 40 students sign up for the class,we’ll divide it into two
sections.
 British English has another use of in the event in formal English. It is
not followed by a that clause;

1
it is a transition followed by a comma. It expresses an unexpected
result or the idea that “this is what really happened instead.” For
example:
They had planned to go swimming. In the event, they went to a movie
because it rained.
An American English speaker would use instead or as it turned out
rather than in the event in this context.
 Some scientific and philosophical texts use in case to mean “in the
specific circumstance or
example.” This is often followed by a that-clause.

ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION: USING UNLESS
 Trying to distinguish between until and unless for the students can be
difficult. Unless expresses a condition that is required for a particular
result. Until expresses a time relationship—but also expresses a
condition required for a result. It is no wonder that students may be
confused when they compare the following: You can’t drive
unless/until you’re sixteen. Class can’t start unless/until the teacher
arrives. I don’t eat unless/until I’m hungry.
 The verb in the unless-clause is usually positive, but it could be
negative. For example:
A: Will I see you at the theater tonight?
B: Yes, unless I can’t go.

ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION: USING ONLY IF
 No commas are used when only if / only when / only after clauses begin a
sentence.
only if = there is ONLY ONE way or chance
You will lose weight only if you stop eating so much. (one way to lose weight)
You will receive an attendance award only if you have never been absent.
(one way)
STRANGE ORDER WHEN YOU BEGIN THIS SENTENCE WITH ONLY IF
( like a yes/no question word order)
NOTE:
• Only if you stop eating so much will you lose weight.
Only if you have never been absent will you receive an
attendance award.

Using Adverb Clauses to show time Relationships:
After : (a) After she graduates, she will get a job
(b) After she had graduated, she got a job
Before : (a) I had left before he cames
(b) I had left before he came
When : (a) When I arrived, he was talking on the phone
(b) When I got there, he had already left
While as : (a) While I was walking home, it began to rain
(b) As I was walking home, it began to rain
By the time : (a) By the time he arrived, we had already left
(b) By the time he comes, we will already have left
Since : (a) I haven`t seen him since he left this morning

Until, till : (a) We stayed there until we finished our work
(b) Once it stop s raining , we will leave
As long as : (a) I will never speak to him again as long as I live
So long as : (a) I will never speak to him again to long as I live
Whenevery : (a) Whenevery I see her, I say hello
Every time : (a) Every time I see her, I say hello
The first time : (a) The first time I went to Newyork, I went to an opera
The last time : (a) I saw two plays the last time , I went to Newyork
The new time : (a) The new time I go to Newyork, I’m going to see a ballet

HIRO ITO - Adverb

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