Solutions for a water secure world
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Presented by Jeremy Bird, IWMI Director General, at GIZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit), on March 16, 2016.
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Solutions for a water secure world
- 1. Cover slide option 1 TitleSolutions for a water secure world Jeremy Bird International Water Management Institute GIZ 17 March 2016 Photo: Hamish John Appleby/IWMI
- 2. IWMI: A multi-disciplinary approach 5 Remote sensing/ spatial analysts 22 Economists and agricultural economists 4 Ecologists 8 Soil scientists and pedologists 23 Social scientists and geographers 14 Irrigation and agricultural engineers 31 Specialists in ground/surface water Inter-disciplinary approach 5 Water quality and health specialists
- 4. Intensify agricultural productivity sustainably Manage risk and increase resilience Benefit from functioning ecosystems Enhance efficient resource use and re-use Promote gender and social equity Maximise shared benefits across sectors and borders
- 5. VISION A world in which agriculture thrives within vibrant ecosystems, where communities have higher incomes, improved food security and the ability to continuously improve their lives MISSION Informing the development of policies, institutions and investments toward sustaining ecosystems and their services as a prerequisite for sustainable and resilient agricultural intensification and improved livelihoods WATER LAND AND ECOSYSTEM RESEARCH PROGRAM
- 6. 1. Intensifying agricultural productivity sustainably Photo: Hamish John Appleby/IWMI
- 7. 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 Irrigatedareain1000ha Canal irrigated area Tank irrigated area Groundwater irrigated area Canal Tanks Pressure on the groundwater resource will continue Source: Mukherji et al. 2013.
- 8. Tanzania – from bucket to pump – facilitating entry into the irrigation market
- 9. Technological changes: laser grading for surface irrigation (Pakistan) Challenge: Inefficient flood irrigation, high pumping costs Approach: Pilot trials to modify laser levelling equipment for laser grading - locally available technology. Solutions: Precision surface irrigation for furrow and border strip. Combine with soil moisture sensors Outcome: An efficient surface irrigation alternative to drip and sprinkler. 11% increase in land productivity (kg/ha) and 12% increase in water productivity (kg/m3)
- 10. Potential to increase water productivity by identifying high performers Doukalla Irrigation Scheme, Morocco
- 11. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct No v Dec Dry season System productivity can be increased from 3-6 tons per hectare to 11-19 tons per hectare, depending on location. Planning Commission has directed key departments to adopt improved planning, maintenance and management of polders. Sub-watershed management recommendations taken up by Blue-Gold project and Delta plan sponsored by DGIS. Wet season Shrimp Rice + Fish Integrated solutions, Bangladesh
- 12. What type and level of protection is appropriate? 2. Managing risk and resilience Photos: dany13 (Flickr) - http://bit.ly/1USfx2X
- 13. 2001 2012 2014 Insurance industry - looking for objective indicators for drought and flood policies
- 14. Rethinking storage – buffering floods by aquifer recharge Underground ‘taming’ of floods for irrigation (UTFI) Source: Pavelic 2012
- 15. • India has 130,000 GW of installed pumping capacity in electric and diesel tube wells • Shifting to a solar power source could reduce India’s Greenhouse Gas emissions by up to 6% • Threat of over-use • Adopt a hybrid approach – solar irrigation + feed in tariff • Provides a ‘nexus’ solution Agricultural livelihoods - Energy - Water - Climate Solar irrigation - the opportunity and the risk Photo: IWMI
- 16. SOLAR FARMER Grid Connected Farmers: • Replace existing pumps with solar • Offer guaranteed buy back of surplus solar power at an attractive price Non grid connected farmers: • Form cooperative • Common feed in-point for “pooled power” • Guarantee buy-back • Reduce utility transaction costs The solution: redesigning the solar mission as a “cash crop” opportunity
- 17. Hyderabad 2003-2014 Pressures of an urbanizing world intensifying 3. Enhancing efficient resource re-use
- 18. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Diluted wastewater or polluted water Untreated wastewater Groundwater Treated wastewater River Other surface water bodies Rainfed Irrigation canal Open drainage Numberofcities In and around three of four cities in developing and emerging economies, farmers use polluted irrigation water for the production of high-value crops Wastewater irrigation is a reality
- 19. New guidelines promoting simple technologies
- 20. Waste to fertilizer – closing the nutrient loop Co-composting
- 21. Natural basin Crops Hydropower Industrial Regulation of water balance Erosion control Climate regulationSoil formation Nutrient cycling Recreation Crops Hydropower Industrial Regulation of water balance Erosion control Climate regulationSoil formation Nutrient cycling Recreation Intensively utilized basin Crops Hydropower Industrial Regulation of water balance Erosion control Climate regulationSoil formation Nutrient cycling Recreation Multifunctional “green” basin Provisioning services Regulatory services Cultural services Supporting services 4. Benefiting from functioning ecosystems
- 22. 0.2 2.2 4.2 6.2 8.2 10.2 12.2 14.2 16.2 18.2 Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Natural flows Environmental flow requirement Maintaining natural variability Crops Hydropower Industrial Regulation of water balance Erosion control Climate regulationSoil formation Nutrient cycling Recreation Multifunctional “green” basin
- 23. Acknowledgements: Meynell, P-J. Constructed wetlands in reservoirs Objective: Increased diversity of habitat Refuges for fish Increased productivity Improved livelihoods Wet season: reservoir full Dry season: reservoir drawn-down
- 24. FodderReclaimed land Roots Extract for pharmaceuticals Reclaiming saline soils – licorice innovation
- 25. Feminization and ageing of agricultural population 1 million Nepali migrants in 2004 - 97% were male. World Bank. 2009 26% of Nepalese households are headed by females. 2011 Census World’s farming population is ageing – average age approaching 60 Trends towards consolidation of land in China, Korea, Malaysia… 5. Promoting gender and social equity Photo: Jim Holmes / IWMI
- 26. Mapping diverse perspectives Photo: Liza Debevec / IWMI Incorporating gendered perspectives on landscapes into physically –based models via participatory 3-D mapping
- 27. 6. Maximizing shared benefits across sectors and borders
- 28. Ferghana Valley – adapting to the realities of transboundary basin created in post-Soviet times • Numerous documents governing water use • Long history of cooperation – agreements on property rights, water sharing, basin linkages, compensation mechanisms • Interrupted by establishment of new borders • Some cooperation continued at watercourse level • Knowledge base of agreements established as basis for future discussions
- 29. A range of mechanisms • Allocation: e.g. Percentage allocation rather than absolute volumes • Adaptation: e.g. increasing storage potential – physical ‘buffer’; linking management of surface and groundwater systems • Formalized communication: e.g. data exchange, notifications, political consultations – e.g. on drought and flooding • Broadening scope of cooperation – e.g. nexus considerations and tradeoffs (Central Asia – low flows – increase in coal/gas export Adapted from Drieschcova, Giodarno, Fischhendler, 2008 Managing variability in transboundary basins
- 30. MANAGING RESOURCE VARIABILITY AND COMPETING USES Sharing water benefits in the Andes Institutional innovation to improve how benefits of water are shared up-stream and downstream: Developed Benefit Sharing Mechanism for Caneta Basin, funded by IFAD and Peru Government. Inputs and advice into to developing new PES Law in Peru. Support to implementing BSM in more than 30 locations throughout the Andes.
- 31. Better water management - the business case for the planet
- 32. www.iwmi.org https://wle.cgiar.org/ https://ccafs.cgiar.org/ Photo: Prashanth Vishwanathan / IWMI
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Key issues: Groundwater Huge increases in use in India and China. California now having to regulate for the first time.
- Tanzania: motorized pumps could benefit 2-4 million people (8-12% of rural households) . Analysis supported the targeting of investments looking at a range of factors from bio-physical suitability to local demand. Ghana Irrigation Policy updated to include support to non-formal irrigation
- Precision surface irrigation starts with taking some field measurements which range from physical properties of the fields e.g. slope, size and also properties of the soil eg. infiltration. These properties are then used in a computer model. The model allows a user to explore any number of alternatives e.g. dividing the field into narrower fields, into shorter fields, increasing or decreasing flow rates, the duration of irrigation etc. Then laser grading the field. Once the field is graded then further land preparation takes place eg. furrows for row crops or border strips for broadcast crops. The user/farmer can use experience or any soil moisture sensor to determine whether or not to irrigate. Using this technology IWMI’s initial set of experiments conducted in Pakistan over the summer of 2014 indicated an increase in land productivity (kg/ha) of 11.11% and an increase in water productivity (kg/m3) of almost 12%.
- Critical Issues: Floods and Droughts Over the past century, floods and droughts have accounted for 94% of all fatalities due to extreme weather events. Between May and August 2010 severe flooding in China affected more than 230 million people. In July 2012, after a prolonged drought, the United States Department of Agriculture declared natural disaster areas in more than 1,000 counties and 26 states, making it the largest natural disaster in America ever. Click 1 Water is scarce, water is abundant, nowhere is there more evident than in the gangetic plain and coastal zones. There are vasts amount of water that flow through the area in the dry season and then small amounts during the dry season. In the rainy season farmers are constantly worried about floods and weather variability. Improving rice-fish production in the polder zone could help life millions of farmers out of poverty. A recent study CPWF survey showed that almost 80% of rural people in the polders of Bangladesh are living below the poverty line ($1.25/person/day), compared with the national average of about 40%. This example shows how WLEbrings together the multi-disclinpinary expertise of the CG centers and local research agencies to address a true development challenge (improving livelihoods in the Southern Polder zone). Here IRRI, World Fish and IWMI work together with local parnter such as the Bangladesh Fisheries Research Insitute, BRAC and Insittute of Water Mangement to better understand how to improve water amangement to increase productivity and livelihoods rather than solely focusing on specific rice systems, water managemnet issues or fish productivity. The integrated solution being explored in CPWF involves brackish water polyculture of shrimp plus fish (shrimp is highly risky, there are good options for polyculture to greatly increase profitability, even if the shrimp fail!) followed by rice plus fish. There are tradeoffs between water management for rice and aquaculture - the shrimp season needs to end early enough to allow drainage and leaching of salt prior to the optimum time for rice planting; the water depth needs to be shallow enough for the rice, especially early in the season, but the deeper the water the better for fish. The use of high yielding aman varieties (HYV) coupled with good management can double yield, provided that water is managed to avoid stagnant flooding because HYVs are less tolerant to such flooding than traditional varieties. HYVs mature earlier, allowing an earlier rice harvest and earlier sowing of a dry season crop. Our on-farm trials have also demonstrated that the earlier maturity of HYV enables double- and triple-cropping with rice or with a combination of rice and high yielding or high value rabi crops (dry season non-rice crops such as maize, sunflower and water melon) Major Impacts and potential System productivity can be increased from 3-6 tons per hectare to 11-19 tons per hectare, depending on location. The Planning Commission has directed the key departments to adopt the recommendations regarding improved maintenance and management of polders and better planning. Potential to reach millions of farmers with diversified solutions
- Builds on existing expertise in drought monitoring in Asia Will feature near-real time, weekly high-spatial resolution information on drought severity online Will integrate remote sensing and ground data for better drought characterisation (vegetation indices, rainfall, soil, etc), Aims to supports regionally coordinated drought mitigation efforts that can be further tailored to analysis at the national level Needs to deliver timely and targeted messages to main economics sectors and communities that trigger certain anti-drought action(s) by decision makers Needs to be continuously maintained and hence needs a business model.
- Flood management. Here we consider not floods in isolation but at the patterns of floods and droughts and how excess floodwater through aquifer recharge upstream can be used for irrigation in the dry period. The key message is not to look at one problem in isolation but consider integrated solutions. And again taking a basin scale approach, here looking at the urban as well as rural areas.
- Connecting to a grid (net-metering of solar pumps) provides farmers with the option of pumping water when needed and selling surplus electricity as a lucrative ‘cash crop’ Need long-term guaranteed buy-back option for surplus solar power at an attractive price Climate change predictions reduce the number of cloudy days - favours solar energy generation ‘Solar crop’ counters negative agricultural emissions ‘Solar crop’ can increase financial returns for India’s farmers – even more than the rice crop, without significant land footprint Tushaar Shah, IWMI Tata Program
- IWMI’s comprehensive assessment confirmed that around 3 of 4 cities across LAC, Asia and SSA, wastewater irrigation takes place. And usually with untreated wastewater. Thus, even where countries might report a 100% improvement in treatment capacity, the threat from direct and indirect reuse of untreated wastewater for the food chain continues on millions of ww irrigated hectares.
- Assessing the extent of reuse, risks and benefits. Developing and testing low-cost options for microbial risk reduction (multi-barrier approach from farm to fork). Supporting international guidelines and capacity building.
- Municipalities in developing countries spend 30-50% of their budget on solid waste management, although 30-60 % of the waste remains uncollected. About 128 million septic tanks and latrines in India contribute to 80% of the pollution of its surface waters due to the lack of septage treatment facilities. IWMI has currently identified over 150 RRR success stories and defined more than 20 promising business models for business schools and investors. Business models for resource recovery and reuse. WLE policy brief. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/34858
- This graph shows a typical annual flow hydrograph – with a peak wet season in February and a dry season in August (Southern Hemisphere). The environmental flow requirement is only about 50% during the wet season, but may be nearly 100 percent in the dry season when there is no flow to spare. The allocatable water is that amount, variable over the year, that can be allocated to different users and taken out the system without ill-effects. The box and whisker plots show the natural variability in each month. As can be seen the wet season is particularly variable.
- World Bank. 2009 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2013/05/28/000333037_20130528123844/Rendered/PDF/776220JRN020090ct0of0Male0Migration.pdf http://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2014/feb/04/global-food-security-old-age-timebomb
- A local revolving fund is financed by the State that invests in this revolving funds through their "environmental corporations » to finance activities delivering ecosystem services, has invested in conservation agriculture by upland farmers. Revolving fund is managed directly by farmer’s organizations and the technical assistance (to ensure practices are correctly implemented) is provided by the CAR-the environmental authority. Conservation tillage result in an increase in social benefits, but the expected gains will be modest. In the same sense a 17% of increase in net revenues in Fuquene farms could be not enough to overcome the possible aversion to risk of farmers (or other adoption barriers) and to encourage them to make an additional investment to cover initial extra costs of conservation agriculture (ie. cultivation of oat as cover crop). This fact may explain why this practice is not widely adopted in the Fuquene watershed (Currently there are about 1800 ha implementing these practices of 16933 ha under potato production in the watershed. JW mentions that even when interest rates are low most traditional farmers need at least 15- 20% or more advantage to make a change worthwhile (Byerlee et al.) Therefore the revolving fund provides credits to farmers willing to implement conservation tillage in their potato-based production systems, and since 2005 it has incorporated about 180 small farmers every year and now uses the capital of the fund at its maximum capacity. One important outcome we have found is that Benefit Sharing Mechanisms are an institutional innovation whereby different groups of people agree on how water should be used and