Five years after the Bonn Nexus conference: implications for irrigation and drainage
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Presented by IWMI's Jeremy Bird (Director General) at the 2nd World Irrigation Forum, Chiang Mai, November 6, 2016.
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Five years after the Bonn Nexus conference: implications for irrigation and drainage
- 1. Jeremy Bird Chiang Mai, 6 November 2016 Five years after the Bonn Nexus conference: implications for irrigation and drainage 2nd World Irrigation Forum Key issues of irrigation and drainage in balancing water, food, energy and ecology
- 2. 1. Nexus – ‘buzzword’ or ‘stimulus for change ’?
- 3. Acknowledgements to Stuart Carlson and the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel Biofuels – a classic ‘nexus’ case
- 4. Increase policy coherence Accelerate access Create more with less End waste and minimise losses Value natural infrastructure Mobilise consumer influence http://www.water-energy-food.org/ Nexus messages - multiple implications for irrigation
- 5. Multiple initiatives: Citations Bonn Conference: 622 Citations in Google Scholar; 278 Book Chapters in Google Books Background paper: 323 citations in research publications Global and regional meetings – e.g. nexus theme at Mekong Summit 2014 IWA – IUCN Dialogue on Nexus infrastructure Industry and development bank flagship reports e.g. World Bank - Thirsty Energy; BP – Water in the energy industry ..and more Post-Bonn2011
- 6. World Energy Council 2016: water-energy nexus
- 7. 2. An unprecedented opportunity for change
- 8. SDGs ..both sectoral and cross-sectoral (nexus) COP 21 Climate change agreement ..both mitigation and adaptation dimensions Global agreements and political commitment
- 9. ‘Irrigation’ or ‘agricultural water management’?
- 10. 3. The starting point: climate resilient and sustainable agriculture
- 11. Sustainably increasing agricultural productivity and incomes Adapting and building resilience to climate change Reducing and/or removing greenhouse gas emission, where possible. FAO, 2013 Taking a broad perspective – climate smart villages Understanding the context within which decisions are made and providing the incentives to change
- 12. Source: T. Shah, IWMI ‘Solarizing pumping’ could reduce CO2 emissions in Gujarat State alone by 1.8 million tonnes of CO2 Feeding excess electricity generated into the grid provides an incentive for improved water management Diversifying income streams – solar power as a remunerative crop What started as a mitigation measure has adaptation benefits
- 13. www.iwmi.org Water for a food-secure world >60% of inner Ganges Basin potentially suitable for managed aquifer recharge Storing flood water underground – a new reality?
- 14. IBFI Concept Partners: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Indian Institute of Water Management (IIWM-ICAR); Agriculture Insurance Corporation of India; Institute of Water Modeling (IWM); Bajaj Allianz; Pragati Insurer; Swiss Re Insurance payout 2016 Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana Crop Insurance Scheme in Bihar: > 285,000 farmers benefit by stabilizing farm income c. 2.5 m.ha insured covering crop loss or damage due to natural calamities Index-based crop insurance – a safety net?
- 15. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Dry season System productivity can be increased from 3-6 tons per hectare to 11-19 tons per hectare, depending on location. Wet season Shrimp Rice + Fish Integrated sub-polder management, Bangladesh Institutional solutions - identifying win-wins?
- 16. Uniting agriculture and nature for poverty reduction Tana-Nairobi Water Fund Regenerating degraded lands – a viable model?
- 17. Fodder from biomass Reclaimed land Licorice roots Extract for pharmaceuticals Reclaiming saline soils – and making a profit?
- 18. Uniting agriculture and nature for poverty reduction Increased focus of attention, for example, the 4 per 1000 Initiative to mitigate climate change through soil carbon sequestration Adaptation of African Agriculture (AAA) – initiative of African Ministers being tabled at COP22 Managing the soil differently – a carbon sink?
- 19. Safe use of waste water – multiple benefits
- 20. Conserving natural resilience and related livelihoods by understanding: • how land-use and catchment management affect the reservoir • how upstream tributaries and wetlands interact with reservoirs through movement of water, fish, plants etc. • how dam operation affects both the reservoir and downstream ecosystems • how the reservoir will evolve over time • the role of the reservoir in livelihood adaptation for local communities coping with dam-driven change Balancing built and natural capital – generating the evidence
- 21. 4. Some ‘nexus’ challenges for irrigation
- 22. Hyderabad, India Rural – urban linkages are intensifying: Need to be proactive in managing change Resource dependency Resource degradation Dietary change – crop choice Labour migration Influence of remittances Consolidated land holdings Commercial investments …
- 23. Need to adapt systems for increasing variability Design under conditions of uncertainty Meet expectations for more flexible operation Deliver on SDG targets Co-manage surface and groundwater resources Photo: Arif Anwar
- 24. Need for equitable access to raise incomes Feminization of agriculture in many parts of the world Responses needed at multiple levels – regulatory, cultural, finance, perceptions, etc. Photo: Liza Debevec
- 25. Need to develop groundwater in Africa – lessons from Asia?
- 26. GRIPP – objectives • Enhance the role of groundwater management in reaching the SDGs • Showcase and out-scale success stories • Support governments in adopting evidence-based policies and approaches • Implement research that enhances and sustains groundwater benefits Groundwater Solutions Initiative for Policy and Practice (GRIPP)
- 27. Need to re-assess irrigation management WUAs - some successes but many failures – do the underlying objectives remain valid today? PPPs - exchange experiences on what has worked and why
- 28. Targeting areas for improving water productivity at field scale…. ..and at basin / country scale Need to exploit big data – from field to basin
- 29. Water for agriculture is a prominent part of the climate adaptation and food security agendas….at the same time… competition from urbanization and industry is rapidly increasing variability of rainfall and extreme events makes water management more uncertain groundwater is often over exploited and under threat of pollution The SDGs and Paris climate agreement provide an opportunity bringing… greater political support to find and scale out solutions new financing mechanisms from governments, private sector municipalities and the climate funds We all have a role to play in providing the evidence base for solutions Some reflections
- 30. Sustainable solutions for people and societies CGIAR Water, Land and Ecosystems Research Program www.iwmi.org https://wle.cgiar.org/
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Adaptation is about good water and land management – Importance of incentive frameworks to bring about change. Policy alone not enough.
- There are 622 citations in Google Scholar and 278 mentioned in Books in Google Books which mention Bonn2011 Conference The Water, Energy and Food Security Nexus. There are 323 citations for the publication Hoff, H. (2011). Understanding the Nexus. Background Paper for the Bonn2011 Conference: The Water, Energy and Food Security Nexus. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm.
- the World Energy Council, The Road to Resilience: Financing Resilient Energy Infrastructure
- IWMI and CCAFS are also promoting an interesting concept of solar irrigation systems. A community of farmers set us several solar pumps in the village. They use this for irrigation, earn income by selling extra water and are also in the process of selling extra energy to the regional power gird earning even more and stable income. Gujarat consumed 15.9 billion units of electricity in 2013 (PFC 2015). Every unit of electricity consumed in India results in .93 kg of CO2 emission (CEA 2013). So 1.47 million tonne of CO2 was emitted in 2013 in Gujarat due to electricty consumption in agriculture. Also, there are 3.9 lakh diesel pumps in the state which are additional to electric pumps, consuming 300 litres of diesel annually, emitting 0.31 million tonn of CO2. Therefore, if we solarize pumping, in Gujarat state, we will be able to reduce CO2 emissions to the tune of 1.8 million.
- ONE OF WLE’s FOCAL AREAS IS IN THE GANGES BASIN. BUT THE BASIN IS VAST – COVERS 3 COUNTRIES AND HOUSES >200m PEOPLE. WHERE IS THE EFFORT MOST NEEDED? WE DEVELOPED A METHOS FOR ANALYSING SUITABILITY TAKING INTO ACCOUT OF FLOOD, RECHARGE, STORAGE, REUSE
- Click 1 Water is scarce, water is abundant, nowhere is there more evident than in the gangetic plain and coastal zones. There are vasts amount of water that flow through the area in the dry season and then small amounts during the dry season. In the rainy season farmers are constantly worried about floods and weather variability. Improving rice-fish production in the polder zone could help life millions of farmers out of poverty. A recent study CPWF survey showed that almost 80% of rural people in the polders of Bangladesh are living below the poverty line ($1.25/person/day), compared with the national average of about 40%. This example shows how WLEbrings together the multi-disclinpinary expertise of the CG centers and local research agencies to address a true development challenge (improving livelihoods in the Southern Polder zone). Here IRRI, World Fish and IWMI work together with local parnter such as the Bangladesh Fisheries Research Insitute, BRAC and Insittute of Water Mangement to better understand how to improve water amangement to increase productivity and livelihoods rather than solely focusing on specific rice systems, water managemnet issues or fish productivity. The integrated solution being explored in CPWF involves brackish water polyculture of shrimp plus fish (shrimp is highly risky, there are good options for polyculture to greatly increase profitability, even if the shrimp fail!) followed by rice plus fish. There are tradeoffs between water management for rice and aquaculture - the shrimp season needs to end early enough to allow drainage and leaching of salt prior to the optimum time for rice planting; the water depth needs to be shallow enough for the rice, especially early in the season, but the deeper the water the better for fish. The use of high yielding aman varieties (HYV) coupled with good management can double yield, provided that water is managed to avoid stagnant flooding because HYVs are less tolerant to such flooding than traditional varieties. HYVs mature earlier, allowing an earlier rice harvest and earlier sowing of a dry season crop. Our on-farm trials have also demonstrated that the earlier maturity of HYV enables double- and triple-cropping with rice or with a combination of rice and high yielding or high value rabi crops (dry season non-rice crops such as maize, sunflower and water melon) Major Impacts and potential System productivity can be increased from 3-6 tons per hectare to 11-19 tons per hectare, depending on location. The Planning Commission has directed the key departments to adopt the recommendations regarding improved maintenance and management of polders and better planning. Potential to reach millions of farmers with diversified solutions
- Soil erosion is a reality for almost one million farmers in Kenya’s Lake Tana region; it’s a threat to not only livelihoods but also water and energy supplies. In March 2015 WLE partner, the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) helped launch the Tana-Nairobi Water Fund - the first of it's kind on the continent. As part of the fund downstream users, such as Coca-Cola, East African Breweries, and utility companies, will pay upstream “guardians” to implement strategic measures to protect the upper watershed. The Tana-Nairobi Water Fund is a public-private scheme that aims to unite big business, utilities, conservation groups, government, researchers and farmers. If successful, this initiative could generate US $ 21.5 million in long-term benefits to Kenyan citizens, including farmers and businesses by not only increasing farm productivity upstream but also improving water supply and cutting hydropower costs for those downstream. This could also essentially pave the way for ‘payment for ecosystems services’ projects across the continent.
- Logos: CCAFS, ISRIC
- Assessing the extent of reuse, risks and benefits. Developing and testing low-cost options for microbial risk reduction (multi-barrier approach from farm to fork). Supporting international guidelines and capacity building.
- Benefits to people that support livelihoods and wellbeing and contribute to the resilience of communities – particularly those that have been resettled. Thus for reservoirs, management actions should attempt to maintain genetic and species diversity of aquatic organisms within the reservoir and encourage the physical and biogeochemical characteristics that favor desirable species and processes that bring benefits to local people
- Based on IWMI research (Cai et. Al, 2010): The Quick Bird images (left) show intra field and scheme differences in water productivity, information which is useful for farmers and irrigation managers. It does not explain the reason for the differences, but often they will know what the issues are). The basin scale map shows differences at basin level in WP. Through this areas with potential for increasing WP can be identified. Water Accounting + can provide additional information, such as ET maps, yield maps and other information sources. This would be a good moment to mention the WP project. The WP project is for the African continent and WP mapping will be at continent and basin level (selected basins) and more detailed mapping in selected areas. An important next step will be to use the WP information, together with WA+ to identify where and how WP could be improved and to monitor change. Summed WP showed different variations in comparison with individual rice or wheat WP maps. For example, the part in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh shows higher WP even than Indian Punjab. The ratio of rice WP to summed WP reveals the significance of rice or wheat. As rice generates higher income in some areas, wheat does this in some other areas. WP is more linked to yield rather than ET. While most areas follow the S1 slope, S2 suggest the greatest scope for improvement exists in low yield areas. When yield is being improved, ET will also go high, at a non-linear pace. The well performing areas of Punjab and Haryana have much higher yield, which is accompanied by high ET. But not as extreme as yield. There is an obvious gap of the yields between Punjab&Haryana and other areas, but many other low yield areas also have similarly high ET. The basin ET of rice is much lower than potential ET. The histogram distribution indicates the existing gap and future demand for more beneficial depletion.