Presented by Eduardo A. Vasconcellos of National Public Transport Association (ANTP), Brazil. At www.its.leeds.ac.uk/workshop-transport-equity

1. University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
University of Leeds, ITS
Institute for Transport Studies,
ITS Research Seminar
Urban Mobility Challenges in Developing Countries:
The Case of Latin America
Perspectives
Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Leeds, June 28, 2016

2. University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
Structural factors hampering improvements
Defective, low‐quality education
Fragile democracies and weak citizenship
Unbalanced power to influence policies
State attachment to the automotive model
Conjuncture factors favouring improvements
Collapse of automotive model in large cities
Environmental movements x awareness Youth
Educated MC
Costs of congestion, energy and pollution

3. What can be done in the short/middle turns ?
University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

4. Legal, institutional, political
Change or create Traffic Codes or Mobility laws
Apply training programs for experts in the public sector
Include mobility issues in the school system
Work with community organizations
Produce knowledge on equity issues to confront myths
University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

5. Non‐motorized modes
Pedestrians
Building and maintaining the sidewalk network
Appropriate signing and signals (with lightening)
Permanent education on road safety
Cyclists
Clear laws and regulations for sharing space
Defined safe network, with varied priorities
University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

6. Public transport
University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

7. Assumptions
Public transport is a public issue and needs regulation
System quality and efficiency are vital
Organization and operation may need subsidies
University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

8. Individuals
operate
vehicles
Profitability
attracts new
suppliers
Average
revenue
declines
Dilemma on
costs and
revenues
Illegal
practices begin
Service is limited
Conflict
and chaos
Public
take over
1
“Wild” cycle
Supply of
Public transport
University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

9. Private sector
operates Control
is deffective
Operators neglect
user needs
Users look
for alternative
Public sector
defines
rules
Operators benefit
from freedom
Illegal supply
appears
1
“ Irresponsible”
cycle
Mobility and democracy: challenges Eduardo A
for developing countries VasconcellosUniversity of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

10. Public
company
is formed
Collusion
increases
wages =
deficits
Increased
deficitSituation is
unsustainable
Public
company
dismantled
Pressure for
subsidies
Political pressure +
irrational supply
efficiency
Privatization
or
deregulation
1
Corporate cycle
Mobility and democracy: challenges Eduardo A
for developing countries VasconcellosUniversity of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

11. Public agency
controls overall
performance
Society controls
quality and use of
subsidies
Private sector starts
operation
State and society
define desired standards
and funding
Virtuous cycle
Mobility and democracy: challenges Eduardo A
for developing countries Vasconcellos
1
University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

12. Key decisions concerning “Informal transport”
Regulation levels:
Light (only driver and vehicles)
Intermediate (vehicle and routes)
High (vehicles, routes, frequency, fares)
Formal organization:
Individual operators: risk of forming “mafia‐type” small groups
much more difficult to deal with
Cooperatives: easier for the government to deal/manage
University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

13. Key decisions concerning “Informal transport” (cont.)
Entrance in the formal system:
Contracted by the state OR
Contracted by formal operators already existing
Integration to existing system
Mixed with current services
Providing specific services, e.g. feeder routes in periphery
Financing (subsidy):
To purchase/replace vehicles or to operate (e.g., fuel)
University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

14. The cost issue
Fare levels x system quality
Cycle USD/trip Characteristics
Wild (informal) 0.30 Full market rules
Contracted 0.60 Better vehicles/safety
Contracted/integrated 1.00 + electronic control
BRT (full) 1.50 + infrastructure/pre‐paid
University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
Question: How to organize a good system that is affordable for all?

15. University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
3550 bus fares/minimum wage (%)
Bus fares x minimum wages, Latin American large cities
50 bus fares as % of income 50 vale‐transporte (Brazil) as % of income
Mostly large buses, regulated systems;
higher fares (USD 1,0)
Mostly small vehicles, semi ou unregulated services;
lower fares (USD 0,30)
Brazilian VT (transport voucher): formal employees pay no more than 6% of their
salaries (employers pay for the difference). Informal workers cannot have it.

16. Fare policies
1. Single (“flat”) x distance‐based: internal subsidization is fair?
2. Costs for users
No discounts
Discounts for special groups: students/elderly/handicapped
3. Who pays?
Users
Employers
Beneficiaries
Society
A mix of all possibilities
University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

17. Infrastructure and operation
Adequate roads to travel
High quality information to users
Good quality stops
Priority road schemes
Single exclusive curb lanes: increase speed by 10%
Single exclusive median lanes: increase speed by 25%
BRT, where justified: increase speed by up to 50%
(warning: avoid “elitization”)
University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

18. Private transport
University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

19. University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
Motorcycles
Restrict engine power and right to use
Create safe travelling spaces, away from large vehicles
Apply stiff enforcement on speed and safety devices
Permanent road safety training

20. Automobile
Structural
Change the criteria for road expansion and use
No subsidies for purchasing and licensing vehicles
No subsidies on gasoline price
Operational
Parking restrictions: less spaces + more expensive
Congestion charging (large cities)
License plate shift (e.g., 2 plates a day)
Programs of shared vehicles
University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

21. University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
References
ANTP, Sistema de Informação da Mobilidade Urbana, www.antp.org.br
(reports in Portuguese)
CAF ‐Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina, Observatorio de Movilidad
Urbana – OMU www.caf.com (reports in Spanish)
Vasconcellos, Eduardo A .(2001) Urban transport, environment and equity –
the case for developing countries, Earthscan, UK.
____________________(2015) Transporte urbano y movilidad – reflexiones y
propuestas para países en desarrollo,UNSAM, Argentina.
____________________ (2010) Análisis de la movilidad urbana. Espacio,
medio ambiente y equidad, CAF.