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1. RGS-IBG Annual Conference 2014 Session on ‘mobilities and livelihoods in developing urban contexts’ Convened by Karen Lucas and Gina Porter London, 29 August 2014
Spatial mismatch and livelihoods in a fast-growing middle-income city: Praia, Cape Verde
Paulo Rui Anciaes
University College London
Judite Nascimento
Universidade de Cabo Verde
Iriene Pinto
Câmara Municipal da Praia
Paulo Rui Anciaes is a researcher at the Centre for Transport Studies at University College London. His main research interest is the development of healthy, inclusive and sustainable transport systems and policies.
Authors
Judite Nascimento is the Rector of the University of Cape Verde. Until February 2014 she was the director of the Research Centre in Local Development and Spatial Planning of this university.
Iriene Pinto works at the Geographic Information Systems department at the Praia City Hall.

2. The mismatch between the location of jobs and residences may have a negative impact on the livelihoods of disadvantaged groups. This paper assesses whether inequalities in access to public transport contribute to this mismatch, in the context of a city in a middle-income country. The question is analysed in the context of Praia, the capital of Cape Verde. The spatial mismatch hypothesis is relevant in this city due to the dispersion of employment and the limited geographic coverage and connectivity of the public transport network. Accessibility is evaluated in terms of the number of bus trips required to access work places and the walking times to bus stops. The results show that deprived areas are at a disadvantage in the access to formal employment opportunities when comparing with more affluent areas. Some areas also have limited accessibility to spaces for informal employment, when considering public transport options and competition for these spaces.
Abstract
1
Built-up areas
Employment
Bus
Context
100 jobs
1000 jobs
Formal areas
Old slums
Slums
Isolated or non-residential
Neighbourhoods

3. Questions
2
Variables
 Equity: Job accessibility of neighbourhoods with different socio- economic status and of slum areas vs. formal areas inside each neighbourhood
 Job competition: Accessibility of population in different slums to locations for informal employment: street vendors
 Number of bus trips to access workplace: 0 (walk); 1 (direct); 2 (interchange)
 Walking time to access bus stop: <5mins, <10 mins.
 Policy: Expansion of bus system vs. number of matches people-jobs
Survey: Modal split
Income (€/month)
0-90
90-180
180-450
>450
Car
0
0
0
24
Taxi
7
11
3
15
Bus
62
57
64
52
Shared van
20
17
26
3
Walk
11
15
8
6
Total
100
100
100
100
3

4. Jobs reached (%)
4
WALK
0-1 BUS
0-2 BUSES
WALK <5 mins
WALK <10 mins
5
Income
-0.09
-0.17
Confort
0.11
0.05
Car
-0.18
-0.21
Illiterate
0.08
0.07
Income
0.32**
0.39**
Confort
0.42***
0.45***
Car
0.16
0.25*
Illiterate
-0.16
-0.23
Income
0.71***
0.53***
Confort
0.77***
0.59***
Car
0.63***
0.42***
Illiterate
-0.55***
-0.32***
WALK
0-1 BUS
0-2 BUSES
WALK <5 mins
WALK <10 mins
Correlations between proportion of jobs reached and socio-economic variables at neighbourhood level
%of old slums
0.70
0.95
%of formal
0.90
0.97
%of old slums
0.64
0.79
%of formal
0.71
0.70
%of old slums
0.35
0.70
%of formal
0.23
0.56
WALK
0-1 BUS
0-2 BUSES
WALK <5 mins
WALK <10 mins
Jobs reached in slums (relative to other areas)
Equity

5. Street vendors
6
WALK
0-1 BUS
0-2 BUSES
WALK <5 mins
WALK <10 mins
Area of street market locations reached
dwellers (m2)
Adult female slum dwellers reaching those locations
Matches people-jobs
7
0- 1 BUS
0-2 BUSES
[WALK 5-10 mins]
WALK <10 mins
WALK <5 mins
2 BUSES
Matches/m2

6. Conclusions
8
 Equity: Economically-deprived populations at disadvantage in bus accessibility, especially when considering direct bus connections to jobs
 Competition: Slum areas in the geographic centre of city at an advantage
 Policy: Greatest potential increases in matches residences-jobs in densely populated formal areas and geographically central slum areas
Thank you for your attention!