SKOS hands-on workshop (tutorial) by Regine Stein

1. Deutsches Dokumentationszentrum für Kunstgeschichte -
g
Bildarchiv Foto Marburg
Publishing Cultural Collections
with SKOS and LIDO:
SKOS and
An Introductory Workshop
Regine Stein
Tel Aviv, Eretz Israel Museum, 11.01.2010
Zina Dizengoff Circle, Genia Averbouch, 1934‐1949,
Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv
Foto Marburg, Foto: Bassewitz, Gert von;
Aufnahme‐Nr. LAC 44.894; (color); Aufn.‐Datum: 1993

2. http://www.fotomarburg.de
http://www.bildindex.de
http://www bildindex de
• Deutsches Dokumentationszentrum für Kunstgeschichte ‐ Bildarchiv
Foto Marburg is a national and international research and service
institute, supported by the Philipps University in Marburg.
• Its mission is to collect, index and make available photographs related to
European art and architecture, as well as to conduct research on the
European art and architecture, as well as to conduct research on the
history, practice and theory of how visual cultural assets are passed on.
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 2

3. The working group
gg p
German Museum Association / SIG Documentation
•DigiCult Schleswig‐Holstein
•d:kult Düsseldorf
•Bildarchiv Foto Marburg Marburg
Bildarchiv Foto Marburg, Marburg
•Institute for Museum Research, Berlin
•Libraries Service Center, Konstanz
•Landesmuseum für Technik u. Arbeit Mannheim
•Schloss Gottorf
•University of Applied Science Leipzig
University of Applied Science, Leipzig
•Zuse‐Institute Berlin
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
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4. Workshop Agenda
p g
1. Introduction: The broad view standards
2. LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects:
A harvesting format for providing core data from
museum holdings
museum holdings
3. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System:
A model for expressing the basic structure and
A model for expressing the basic structure and
content of concept schemes
4. Short presentations by Israel institutions of their
Short presentations by Israel institutions of their
vocabularies
5. Concrete mapping examples to SKOS and LIDO and
pp g p
how to relate them
6. Closing discussion
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 4

5. Workshop Agenda
p g
1. Introduction: The broad view standards
2. LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects:
A harvesting format for providing core data from
museum holdings
3. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System:
A model for expressing the basic structure and
A model for expressing the basic structure and
content of concept schemes
4. Short presentations by Israel institutions of their
Short presentations by Israel institutions of their
vocabularies
5. Concrete mapping examples to SKOS and LIDO and
pp g p
how to relate them
6. Closing discussion
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 5

6. The broad view standards
Motivation: Why care about standards?
y
• Increasing relevance of internet presence for museums and
g p
other collections
• Increasing necessity to integrate your data into union
Increasing necessity to integrate your data into union
catalogues and portals: facilitate resource discovery in a cross‐
collection and even cross‐sectoral (archives, libraries,
museums) manner
museums) manner
• Increasing requests to make your information available for the
g q y
Semantic Web / Linked Data initiatives
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 6

7. The broad view standards
Motivation: Why care about standards?
y
• It’s all about making your information understandable outside
of your collection database / your home context!
f ll d b / h !
• Need for convenient instruments to provide cultural collection
Need for convenient instruments to provide cultural collection
information
– from different collections / object classes
– from different data structures
– from different software systems
• There are different layers to be considered
– Publication / Exchange Protocols
Publication / Exchange Protocols
– Data Structure Standards
– Data Content Standards
Data Content Standards
– Data Value Standards
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 7

8. The broad view standards
The broad view standards
http
OAI‐PMH Publication / Exchange Protocols
…
CDWA, Spectrum
Data Structure Standards CIDOC‐CRM
provides
CDWA Lite, museumdat, Data Format as XML Schema reference
Spectrum XML LIDO
XML, LIDO
(or possibly as RDF Schema) model
Data Content
Data Content
CCO
Standards
AAT, Iconclass,
AAT I l SKOS provides
SKOS id
Data Value
LCSH, data model for
ULAN, … Standards publication
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 8

9. The broad view standards
CIDOC‐CRM / ISO 21127 in less than a nutshell…
CIDOC CRM / ISO 21127 in less than a nutshell
• Developed within CIDOC th D
D l d ithi CIDOC, the Documentation C
t ti Committee of
itt f
the International Council of Museums (ICOM)
• Is a formal domain ontology for cultural heritage
information:
− Describes the things that the cultural heritage sector
Describes the things that the cultural heritage sector
deals with and how these things relate to each other
− Expressed as an “object‐oriented” schema
p j
• Establishs a conceptual basis for integration and access to
cultural heritage information: „semantic glue
cultural heritage information: „semantic glue“
• See http://www.cidoc‐crm.org/
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 9

10. The broad view standards
CIDOC‐CRM / ISO 21127 in less than a nutshell…
CIDOC CRM / ISO 21127 in less than a nutshell
p
Core Concepts
When Where
What
Who
Events
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 10
Source: http://www.cidoc‐crm.org/

11. The broad view standards
CCO – Cataloguing Cultural Objects
CCO C t l i C lt l Obj t
• Developed within a project of th (N th
D l d ithi j t f the (North‐american) Visual
i ) Vi l
Resources Association, CCO:
− is a manual for describing, documenting, and
cataloguing cultural works and their visual surrogates.
− intends to inform the decisionmaking processes of
cataloguers and builders of cultural heritage systems.
− employs generic concepts that can be used with any
metadata element sets. E.g. used in the MARC/AACR
world of The Morgan Library and Museum New York
ld f h ib d k
• See http://www.vrafoundation.org/ccoweb/
and particularly Ten Key Principles of CCO
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 11

12. The broad view standards
CDWA and CDWA Lite
Categories for the Description of Works of Art
• CDWA describes the content of art databases by articulating a
conceptual framework for describing and accessing information
about works of art, architecture, other material culture, groups
and collections of works, and related images. It includes 532
categories and subcategories.
t i d b t i
• CDWA Lite is an XML schema to describe core records for works
of art and material culture based on CDWA and CCO. CDWA Lite
f
records are intended for contribution to union catalogs and
other repositories using the Open Archives Initiative (OAI)
other repositories using the Open Archives Initiative (OAI)
harvesting protocol.
• See http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/standards/cdwa/
See htt // tt d / h/ d ti h/ t d d / d /
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
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13. The broad view standards

14. The broad view standards
Spectrum and Spectrum XML Schema
S t dS t XML S h
• SPECTRUM is the UK and international standard for
SPECTRUM is the UK and international standard for
Collections Management. It consists of two main sections:
− Procedures
Procedures
− Information requirements
• SPECTRUM XML Schema provides a standard format for
exchanging object records between different collections
g g j
management systems.
Its objective is the whole world of museum documentation
I bj i i h h l ld f d i
and collection management.
• See http://www.collectionstrust.org.uk/spectrum
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
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15. The broad view standards
museumdat
It is:
• A harvesting format for providing core data from museum
holdings
g
• Technically specified in an XML Schema – current version of
XSD: 1.0 of
XSD: 1.0 of Oct 2007
Published at http://www.museumdat.org
It is NOT:
• A fully
A fully developed data exchange format
• A format designed for proper cataloging
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
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16. The broad view standards
From CDWA Lite to museumdat
Challenges I:
Challenges I:
• CDWA Lite is very much focused on fine arts: it s starting
CDWA Lite is very much focused on fine arts: it‘s starting
point was eventually delivering metadata from an art
collection (the Getty museum) to a digital library on art
( y ) g y
(ARTstor)
• Need of a format that covers object data of manifold
provenance such as cultural history, natural history, history of
technology …
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
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17. The broad view standards
From CDWA Lite to museumdat
Challenges II:
Challenges II:
• CDWA Lite is very much focused on north american data
CDWA Lite is very much focused on north american data
standards:
– CDWA as data structure standard
CDWA as data structure standard
– AAT, TGN, ULAN as data value standards
– CCO as data content standard
CCO as data content standard
• Need of generalizing the scope for further standards and
Need of generalizing the scope for further standards and
other languages
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 17

18. The broad view standards
From CDWA Lite to museumdat
WG Data exchange, German Museum Association:
WG Data exchange German Museum Association:
• Event‐oriented approach of CIDOC‐CRM allows for
Event oriented approach of CIDOC CRM allows for
generalizing the format for use with various object data
• CIDOC‐CRM as ISO standard (ISO 21127) is the reference
model a standard metadata format should be CRM
model – a standard metadata format should be CRM
compliant
museumdat is a reconfiguration of CDWA Lite based on
CIDOC‐CRM analysis
y
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 18

19. The broad view standards
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 19

20. The broad view standards
And now:
LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects
LIDO Lightweight Information Describing Objects
Joint effort of the CDWA Lite, museumdat, and
Joint effort of the CDWA Lite museumdat and
Spectrum communities, based on a substantial
review process:
review process:
• Experiences and feedback after a two‐year period of
practical implementation and use of CDWA Lite and
museumdat
• Recommendations / results of the CDWA
Lite/museumdat Working Group
Lite/museumdat Working Group
• Further CIDOC‐CRM analysis
• R
Requirements of SPECTRUM
i t f SPECTRUM
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
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21. The broad view standards
Why not just use Dublin Core?
y j
• Dublin Core, currently the preferred schema for lots of
repositories and especially for OAI harvesting, was designed
for Web resource discovery.
• It is not appropriate for describing cultural materials because:
– its elements are broad and generic, usable for describing a wide range
of resources
f
– but are not able to capture in a meaningful manner the semantics of
cultural heritage information
g
– instead DC encourages mix‐up of semantically different information in
same elements
Unsatisfying retrieval results!
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 21

22. Workshop Agenda
p g
1. Introduction: The broad view standards
2. LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects:
A harvesting format for providing core data from
museum holdings
3. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System:
A model for expressing the basic structure and
A model for expressing the basic structure and
content of concept schemes
4. Short presentations by Israel institutions of their
Short presentations by Israel institutions of their
vocabularies
5. Concrete mapping examples to SKOS and LIDO and
pp g p
how to relate them
6. Closing discussion
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 22

23. LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects
LIDO Construction principles
LIDO Construction principles
• Allow for contributing data and images relating to
an object
b
• Deliver the information in a self‐contained“ way
Deliver the information in a „self contained way
• Few mandatory elements, but semantically rich
format
• Include links back to home“ context
Include links back to „home context
• Distinction of display and indexing elements
• Provide references to controlled vocabulary and
authorities
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 23

24. LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects
LIDO v0.7
LIDO v0 7
Descriptive and administrative elements of a LIDO record
‐ Object Classifications – ‐Events –
Object / Work Type (mandatory) Event Set
Classification ‐Relations –
‐Object Identifications – Subject Set
Title / Name (mandatory)
il / Related Works
Inscriptions
‐Administrative Metadata –
Repository / Location
R it / L ti
Rights
State / Edition
Record (mandatory)
Object Description
Obj t D i ti
Resource
Measurements
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German
24
Documentation Center for Art History

25. LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects
No artist? No creation date? No finding place?
No artist? No creation date? No finding place?
Museum objects may relate to any actor, date, or place in two
ways:
• The object was present at an event (such as creation, find,
The object was present at an event (such as creation, find,
use, …)
‐ having participants / carried out by some actors
‐ at some time
‐ in some place
or
• The object refers to such entity by
The object refers to such entity by
‐ depicting it
‐ „being about“
„ g
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
25
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History

26. Example: http://www.bildindex.de/obj20144988.html
Events in LIDO
Event
−Event Identifier
Event Identifier
−Event Type
−Role in Event
−Event Name
objectWorkType: Orangerie
−Event Actor title: Oranienburg, Orangerie
−Culture
event
−Event Date eventType Modification
eventActor
−Event Place
E t Pl displayActorInRole Johann Conrad Schlaun
actorInRole
−Event Method actor
nameActor Schlaun, Johann Conrad
−Materials / Technique
Materials / Technique roleActor Architekt
−Thing Present eventDate
earliestDate 1725
−Event Related latestDate 1733
eventPlace
−Event Description place
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 namePlace Nordkirchen (Kreis Lüdinghausen)
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 26

27. Example: http://www.bildindex.de/obj20322973.html
objectWorkType: Giebelskulptur
Events in LIDO title: Brauträubergruppe (H, I), Fragment
repositorySet
repositoryName Archäologisches Museum
repositoryLocation
namePlace Olympia
event
eventType Entstehung
eventDate
earliestDate -470
latestDate -460
eventPlace
displayPlace Olympia Zeustempel, Westgiebel
Olympia, Zeustempel
place
namePlace Zeustempel, Westgiebel
partOfPlace
namePlace Zeustempel
partOfPlace
namePlace Olympia
eventMaterialsTech
materialsTech
termMaterialsTech Marmor
event
eventType Fund
eventPlace
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 place
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History namePlace Olympia 27

28. LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects
Subjects in LIDO
Example: http://www.bildindex.de/obj07010042.html
Subject
−Extent Subject objectWorkType: Druck
−Subject Concept subject
−Subject Actor subjectActor
displayActor
−Subject Date Johannes Aventinus
ac o
actor
−Subject Place actorID
type URL
−Subject Event source GND
−Subject Object
Subject Object http://d-nb.info/gnd/11850522X
p
nameActor
g
pref preferred
Aventinus, Johannes
nameActor
pref alternate
Thurmair, Johannes
nameActor
p
pref alternate
…
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
vitalDatesActor 1477-1534
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 28

29. LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects
Subjects in LIDO
Allows for full content description of event photographs:
Example: http://www.bildindex.de/obj20051303.html
objectWorkType: Reisephotographie
title Richard Hamann auf der Insel Mallorca
subject
subjectEvent
event
eventType Aktivität
eventName
Richard Hamann auf der Insel Mallorca
eventActor
nameActor Hamann, Richard
eventDate
earliestDate 1932
latestDate 1932
eventPlace
namePlace Mallorca
29
Introduct

30. LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects
LIDO – who cares about?
“ICOMs International Committee for Documentation, provides the museum
y g p p
community with advice on good practice and developments in museum
documentation.”
September 2009: Implementation of the new
S b 2009 I l i f h
CIDOC Working Group „Data harvesting and interchange“
Chairs:
Chairs:
Erin Coburn (CDWA Lite Advisory Committee/ Getty Museum)
Regine Stein (AG Datenaustausch/ Bildarchiv Foto Marburg)
To become the home for the internationalized, CIDOC‐CRM
compliant harvesting format LIDO
compliant harvesting format LIDO
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 30

31. Workshop Agenda
p g
1. Introduction: The broad view standards
2. LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects:
A harvesting format for providing core data from
museum holdings
3. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System:
A model for expressing the basic structure and
A model for expressing the basic structure and
content of concept schemes
4. Short presentations by Israel institutions of their
Short presentations by Israel institutions of their
vocabularies
5. Concrete mapping examples to SKOS and LIDO and
pp g p
how to relate them
6. Closing discussion
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 31

32. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
Background:
Introduction to RDF
RDF – Resource Description Framework
RDF Resource Description Framework
• is in essence a simple data model
• is about writing down relations between
things
• is the data format for linked data
See http://www.w3.org/RDF/
The RDF introduction slides (no. 32‐47) are taken from
„The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath
http://www.slideshare.net/iandavis/30 minute guide to rdf and linked data
http://www slideshare net/iandavis/30‐minute‐guide‐to‐rdf‐and‐linked‐data
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
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33. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
Introduction to RDF
Introduction to RDF
What is RDF for?
What is RDF for?
• The web is a global, universal information
space for documents
• Can we do the same for data? Make the web
Can we do the same for data? Make the web
into a database?
RDF is the data format for that database
RDF is the data format for that database
Source: „The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
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34. Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 34
Source: „The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath

35. Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 35
Source: „The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath

36. Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 36
Source: „The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath

37. Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 37
Source: „The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath

38. Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 38
Source: „The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath

39. Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 39
Source: „The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath

40. Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 40
Source: „The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath

41. Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 41
Source: „The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath

42. Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 42
Source: „The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath

43. Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 43
Source: „The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath

44. Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 44
Source: „The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath

45. Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 45
Source: „The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath

46. Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 46
Source: „The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath

47. Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 47

48. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System
• Is an RDF application
• Developed within W3C – current status:
p
W3C Recommendation of 18 August 2009
• “Provides a model for expressing the basic structure and
Provides a model for expressing the basic structure and
content of concept schemes such as thesauri, classification
schemes, subject heading lists, taxonomies, folksonomies, and
other similar types of controlled vocabulary.”
• See homepage at http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/
See homepage at http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
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49. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System
• Its main objective is to enable easy publication of (existing!)
controlled structured vocabularies for the Semantic Web.
• Its specific focus is on linking and retrieving data / concepts,
not on display / navigation in the whole concept scheme.
• Does not itself specify rules on how to create concept schemes.
Note the difference in scope compared with other KOS standards
such as ISO 2788/5964 for monolingual/multilingual thesauri
such as ISO 2788/5964 for monolingual/multilingual thesauri
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
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50. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
Using SKOS, concepts can be
Using SKOS concepts can be
1. identified using URIs
2. labeled with lexical strings in one or more natural languages
3. assigned notations (lexical codes)
4. documented with various types of note
5. linked to other concepts and organized into informal
hierarchies and association networks
6. aggregated into concept schemes
d h
7. grouped into labeled and/or ordered collections
8. mapped to concepts in other schemes.
Source: SKOS Reference,
see http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC‐skos‐reference‐20090818/
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
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51. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
AAT record, used as example:
, p
Source: AAT online,
see http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/aat/
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
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52. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
1. Identifying the basic entity
skos:Concept
• Concepts are the units of thought ‐ ideas, meanings, or
categories of objects and events.
• T
Two steps for identification:
t f id tifi ti
– creating (or reusing) a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) to uniquely
identify the concept.
y p
– asserting in RDF, using the property rdf:type, that the resource
identified by this URI is of type skos:Concept.
<http://www.getty.edu/AAT/300191324> rdf:type skos:Concept
or, with namespace prefix aat: <http://www.getty.edu/AAT/>
aat:300191324 rdf:type skos:Concept
t 300191324 df t k C t
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 52

53. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
2. Lexical labelling:
skos:prefLabel, skos:altLabel, skos:hiddenLabel
• labels = Expressions that are used to refer to a concept in
natural language
• prefLabel = preferred lexical label
fL b l f dl i ll b l
Note: Even though formally not enforced, no two concepts in
the same concept scheme should be given the same preferred
h h h ld b i h f d
label for any given language tag
aat:300191324 rdf:type skos:Concept
skos:prefLabel „paper money“@en
p „p p y http://www.getty.edu/AAT/300191324
htt // tt d /AAT/300191324
skos:prefLabel „Papiergeld“@de rdf:about
paper money@en
skos:prefLabel
skos:prefLabel
k fL b l
Papiergeld@en
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 53

54. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
2. Lexical labelling:
skos:prefLabel, skos:altLabel, skos:hiddenLabel
• altLabel = alternative lexical label
‐> synonyms, near‐synonyms, abbreviations, acronyms
aat:300191324 rdf:type skos:Concept
skos:prefLabel „paper money @en
skos:prefLabel paper money“@en
skos:altLabel „bank notes“@en
skos:altLabel „banknotes“@en
skos:altLabel „bill (paper money)“@en
k ltL b l bill ( )“@
…
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 54

55. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
2. Lexical labelling:
skos:prefLabel, skos:altLabel, skos:hiddenLabel
• hiddenLabel = lexical label that is liked to be searchable, but
not visible, e.g. misspelled variants
(invented example)
aat:300191324 rdf:type skos:Concept
aat:300191324 rdf:type skos:Concept
skos:prefLabel „paper money“@en
skos:hiddenLabel „ papermoney“@en
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 55

56. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
3. Assigning notations:
skos:notation
• Some KOS, e.g. classification schemes, use notations as the
primary means of access.
• N t ti
Notations are typically composed of digits, punctuation signs
t i ll d f di it t ti i
and other character, thus independent of natural‐language
contexts.
contexts
E.g. Iconclass system
E g Iconclass system
iconclass:46A132 rdf:type skos:Concept
skos:notation „46 A 13 2“^^IconclassNotation <‐ specific datatype
skos:prefLabel „46 A 13 2“ <‐ no language tag
skos:prefLabel „villagers, villein“@en
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 56

57. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
4. Documentary notes:
skos:note specified in
skos:scopeNote, skos:definition,
skos:scopeNote, skos:definition,
skos:example, skos:historyNote
• Human readable documentation of the concept
Human‐readable documentation of the concept
aat:300191324 rdf:type skos:Concept
aat:300191324 rdf:type skos:Concept
skos:prefLabel „paper money“@en
skos:scopeNote „Officially circulating media of exchange…“@en
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 57

58. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
5. Semantic relationships:
skos:broader, skos:narrower, skos:related
• broader = has broader concept
narrower = has narrower concept
• Th
These properties are each other’s inverse.
ti h th ’ i
• But NOT defined as generally transitive.
money@en
skos:prefLabel
paper money@en
skos:prefLabel
http://www.getty.edu/AAT/300191324
rdf:about
money „Officially circulating
skos:broader skos:scopeNote
…...paper money media of exchange
di f h
manufactured from
paper;“@en
skos:prefLabel
skos:narrower Papiergeld@en
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 58

59. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
5. Semantic relationships:
skos:broader, skos:narrower, skos:related
• related: asserts an associative relationship between two
concepts
• NOT d fi d t
NOT defined as transitive property.
iti t
• skos:related is disjoint from skos:broader/skos:narrower
ex:birds rdf:type skos:Concept
skos:prefLabel birds @en
skos:prefLabel “birds”@en
skos:related ex:ornithology
ex:ornithology rdf:type skos:Concept
skos:prefLabel “ornithology”@en
k fL b l “ ith l ”@
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 59

60. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
6. Aggregation in Concept Schemes:
gg g p
skos:ConceptScheme
skos:inScheme, skos:hasTopConcept
skos:inScheme skos:hasTopConcept
• Usually concepts are not used as stand‐alone entities, but come
in compiled vocabularies ‐> skos:ConceptScheme.
i il d b l i k h
• SKOS offers no specific support for creating, but focuses on
publication of existing concept schemes.
p blication of e isting concept schemes
aat:AAT rdf:type skos:ConceptScheme
dct:title “Art & Architecture Thesaurus”@en
d t titl “A t & A hit t Th ”@
skos:hasTopConcept aat:300037316 <‐ entry point to vocabulary
…
aat:300037316 rdf:type skos:Concept
skos:prefLabel “money”@en
skos:inScheme aat:AAT
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 60

61. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
7. Grouping into collections
p g
AAT‐data
AAT data is structured
in four types
AAT:Facet skos:Collection
AAT:Hierarchy Name
AAT Hi h N skos:Collection
k C ll i
AAT:Guide Term skos:Collection
AAT:Concept skos:Concept
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 61

62. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
7. Grouping into collections:
p g
skos:Collection, skos:OrderedCollection
skos:member, skos:memberList
skos:member skos:memberList
• Since such structures like node labels do not represent a label for
a concept in its own right, specific entities are to be introduced
i i i h ifi ii b i d d
money@en AAT-Concept Scheme
skos:prefLabel
k fL b l skos:Concept
money by material@en skos:Collection
skos:prefLabel
rdfs:label
paper money@en
skos:member skos:prefLabel
k fL b l
http://www.getty.edu/AAT/300191324
rdf:about
money
„Officially circulating
…<money by material> skos:broader skos:scopeNote media of exchange
…...paper money manufactured from
paper; @en
paper;“@en
skos:prefLabel
skos:narrower Papiergeld@en
Source: Axel Vitzthum / digiCULT
Source: Axel Vitzthum / digiCULT ‐
http://www.digicult‐sh.de/
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 62

63. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
8. Mapping Concept Schemes:
pp g p
skos:exactMatch, skos:closeMatch,
skos:broadMatch, skos:narrowMatch
skos:broadMatch skos:narrowMatch
• Allows for statements that two concepts from different
concept schemes have comparable meanings.
h h bl i
• Conceptual mappings are expected to be a key advantage of
making KOSs available on the Semantic Web using SKOS.
• Useful for retrieving data repositories / union catalogues that
Useful for retrieving data repositories / union catalogues that
integrate data from different sources – which use multiple,
but conceptually overlapping KOSs.
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 63

64. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
8. Mapping Concept Schemes:
8 Mapping Concept Schemes:
Source: Axel Vitzthum / digiCULT
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 64

65. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
SKOS‐XL: SKOS eXtension for Labels
SKOS XL: SKOS eXtension for Labels
• This extension provides additional support for identifying,
describing and linking lexical entities.
• See SKOS reference, Appendix B:
http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC‐skos‐reference‐
20090818/#xl
20090818/# l
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 65

66. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System
SKOS –
SKOS – limits
Attention with using SKOS for authority files!
Attention with using SKOS for authority files! – Why?
• Authority files deal only with labeling properties, usually not
with semantic relationships between the described entities.
ith ti l ti hi b t th d ib d titi
• Authority files often deal with particulars / individuals – e.g.
real persons, and not with concepts.
• SKOS vocabulary does not apply as a whole for particulars:
y pp y p
E.g. there are no broader/narrower relationships between
persons.
Analyze carefully which is the appropriate vocabulary!
For real persons applies the FOAF Friends of a Friend vocabulary.
For real persons applies the FOAF – Friends of a Friend vocabulary.
See http://www.foaf‐project.org/docs
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 66

67. SKOS applications
SKOS applications
SKOS applications
• For general information see SKOS homepage at
http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/
• Also the SKOS resources at
http://www.minervaisrael.org.il/s558.html
http://www minervaisrael org il/s558 html
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History

68. SKOS applications
museumsvokabular.de
An initiative within the German Museum Association
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 68

69. SKOS applications
museumsvokabular.de –
museumvok Webservices
museumvok ‐ format for describing controlled vocabularies
Based on SKOS, with further refinements.
New version currently nder development.
Ne ersion c rrentl under de elopment
in Discussion:
• Metadata for concept scheme (dc:identifier, dc:contributor,
dc:creator, dcterms:created, dcterms:modified, dc:description,
dc:format, dc:language, dc:rights, dc:subject, dc:title, ?)
• new: museumvok:Collection
• change museumvok:memberOfCollection to
museumvok:member
k b
• merge museumvok:prefTerm, museumvok:altTerm to
museumvok:Term
• identifier for Terms
• notes for Terms
• multiple sources for Terms
• multiple sources for notes
• mappingRelation, subproperties: closeMatch, exactMatch,
broadMatch, narrowMatch
broadMatch narrowMatch and relatedMatch
• rename museumvok:equivRelationship to
museumvok:mappingRelationship
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
• museumvok:definition as sub‐property of museumvok:note
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 69

70. SKOS applications
Includes
museumvok XML
and SKOS RDF/XML

71. SKOS applications
museumsvokabular.de –
museumvok Webservices
Basic definitions:
• Web Service
„The W3C defines a Web service (…) as a software system designed to support
interoperable Machine to Machine interaction over a network. (…) “
• SOAP
„(…) is a protocol for exchanging XML‐based messages over computer
( ) is a protocol
networks, normally using HTTP/HTTPS. (…)“
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_services
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOAP
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 71

72. SKOS applications
museumsvokabular.de –
museumvok Webservices
3 central f
3 l functions d fi d i SOAP W b
i defined in a SOAP Webservice
i
• searchConceptsById:
searchConceptsById:
retrieves for every ID from a given list the pertaining
concepts
• searchConceptsByTerm:
retrieves for every term from a given list the pertaining
y g p g
concepts
• fetchHierarchy:
fetchHierarchy:
provides for a given ID the requested „tree“ of the
hierarchy. Depth of search and direction of search are
parameterised.
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 72

73. SKOS applications
Implemented in several museum
documentation systems.
Currently some extensions are
being implemented.
implemented
For technical information see
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History www.museumsvokabular.de 73

74. SKOS applications
Connecting the „Bildindex“ with AAT
through museumvok‐ws
through museumvok ws
alternatively:
SKOS (RDF/XML)
S OS ( / )
<classification>
<conceptID museumdat:type="URL">
http://aat.museumsvokabular.de/300041365
htt // t k b l d /300041365
</conceptID>
<conceptID museumdat:type="local"
museumdat:source="http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/aat/">
Etchings (prints)
</conceptID>
<term museumdat:pref="preferred" xml:lang="en">
Etchings (prints)
</term>
<term museumdat:pref="preferred" xml:lang="de">
term museumdat:pref preferred xml:lang de
Druckgraphik
</term>
</classification>

75. SKOS applications
Or through any other webservice to any
other controlled vocabulary, e.g. Iconclass
th t ll d b l I l
Source: Bert Degenhart Drenth, Using Webservices for Terminology Control (
CIDOC Annual Meeting 2008 Athens)
<subject>
<conceptID museumdat:type="URL">http://iconclass.org/sw/44G1231</conceptID>
< tID d tt "URL">htt //i l / /44G1231</ tID>
<term museumdat:pref="preferred”>44 G 12 3</term>
<term museumdat:pref="preferred” xml:lang=“en”>market cross</term>
</subject>

76. SKOS applications
museumvok Webservices: Demo application
See http://museum.zib.de/museumsvokabular/index.php?main=demo‐sgml
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 76

77. Workshop Agenda
p g
1. Introduction: The broad view standards
2. LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects:
A harvesting format for providing core data from
museum holdings
3. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System:
A model for expressing the basic structure and
A model for expressing the basic structure and
content of concept schemes
4. Short presentations by Israel institutions of their
Short presentations by Israel institutions of their
vocabularies
5. Concrete mapping examples to SKOS and LIDO and
pp g p
how to relate them
6. Closing discussion
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 77

78. Workshop Agenda
p g
1. Introduction: The broad view standards
2. LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects:
A harvesting format for providing core data from
museum holdings
3. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System:
A model for expressing the basic structure and
A model for expressing the basic structure and
content of concept schemes
4. Short presentations by Israel institutions of their
Short presentations by Israel institutions of their
vocabularies
5. Concrete mapping examples to SKOS and LIDO and
pp g p
how to relate them
6. Closing discussion
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 78

79. Mapping examples
Mapping example to SKOS
pp g p
Kitchenware /
culinary skos:Concept
equipment & skos:prefLabel Lexicon skos:ConceptScheme
accessoires@ skos:inScheme dct:title
en Icebox@en
skos:prefLabel
skos:inScheme http://www.example.org.il/Lexicon/T16924
rdf:about
skos:broader
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 skos:prefLabel
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History
skos:narrower 79
‫@ארגז קרח‬he

80. Mapping examples
Mapping example to LIDO
See http://www.imj.org.il/imagine/item.asp?itemNum=194552
http://www.imj.org.il/imagine
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 80

81. Mapping examples
Mapping example to LIDO
See http://jnul.huji.ac.il/dl/ketubbot/html/k0460.htm
S htt //j l h ji il/dl/k t bb t/ht l/k0460 ht
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 81

82. Mapping examples
Mapping example to LIDO
See http://www.museen‐sh.de/ml/digi_einzBild.php?pi=1300_temp47861
// / /
Object Work Type
Kragenflasche
dating of Production
-4000 - -2800
Period Name
Neolithic
Find spot
Cemetery Ohlsdorf
(Hamburg)
Finder
Cemetery staff
Culture
Funnelbeaker culture
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 82
Source: Axel Vitzthum / digiCULT

83. Mapping examples
Mapping example to LIDO
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 83
Source: Axel Vitzthum / digiCULT

84. Linking mechanism to vocabularies and
authorities: Identifier in LIDO
th iti Id tifi i LIDO
•Each element referencing another
entity i l d an identifier element
i includes id ifi l
•Main Entities:
− Thing
− Event
− Actor
− Place
− Concept
•Identifiers are repeatable
Example:
<subject>
<conceptID museumdat:type="URL">http://iconclass.org/sw/44G1231</conceptID>
<term museumdat:pref="preferred”>villagers, villein</term>
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
</subject>
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 84

85. LIDO elements linking to concepts
( skos:concept)
(= skos:concept)
• Object Type • Event Type* • Subject
• Classification • Culture
• Role Actor * To be based on
CIDOC‐CRM Subclasses of E5
• Materials / Technique Event
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 85

86. Connecting Data Repositories with
Terminology S i
T i l Services
http, (X)HTML Terminology Web Service
Local User Repository e.g. museumvok-ws
g
http, [SOAP,REST], RDF/XML
[[http], OAI-PMH, XMPP,
[[htt ] OAI PMH XMPP
SRU/SRW], XML
Museum I
Museum II
.
.
Museum V
. Used Format: Used Format:
. museumdat/LIDO e.g. museumvok/SKOS

87. Workshop Agenda
p g
1. Introduction: The broad view standards
2. LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects:
A harvesting format for providing core data from
museum holdings
3. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System:
A model for expressing the basic structure and
A model for expressing the basic structure and
content of concept schemes
4. Short presentations by Israel institutions of their
Short presentations by Israel institutions of their
vocabularies
5. Concrete mapping examples to SKOS and LIDO and
pp g p
how to relate them
6. Closing discussion
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 87

88. Summarizing…
g
• LIDO and SKOS/museumvok provide a practical mechanism for
publishing collection information and connecting data
publishing collection information and connecting data
repositories with terminology services
• Designed for use with “Non‐Semantic Web‐Experts”
based on SKOS and CIDOC‐CRM
• Thus bridging a gap and linking back to museum
documentation practice:
Use controlled vocabularies!
Publish them with SKOS if appropriate!
ub s e S OS app op a e
Refer your documentation to CIDOC‐CRM!
Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010
Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 88

89. Deutsches Dokumentationszentrum für Kunstgeschichte -
g
Bildarchiv Foto Marburg
Thank you for your attention!
Regine Stein
German Documentation Center for
Art History
Art History ‐
Bildarchiv Foto Marburg
German Museum Association,
Haus Braun‐Rabinski, Josef Berlin, 1932‐1933,
Tel Aviv, Rothschild Boulevard 82 Documentation Committee
Foto Marburg, Foto: Bassewitz, Gert von;
Aufnahme‐Nr. LAC 44.958; (color); Aufn.‐Datum: 1993;
Fotoinhalt: Fenster des Treppenhauses Email: r.stein@fotomarburg.de