Case Study:Field Proven Innovations for Impact Protection and Life Extension

Health, Safety and Environmental aspects
of Gas offshore Terminals
Singapore
28-29 September 2010
F. LEGERSTEE
Project Manager
Offshore Rules Development
franck.legerstee@bureauveritas.com

AGENDA

► Introduction

► Identification of main hazards
Comparison with classic FPSO
► Tools and methodology
Risk analysis
Regulations
► A few word on Regulation, statutory requirements and norms

► Conclusions

Health, Safety and environmental aspects of Gas offshore Terminals – FPSO Congress - Singapore 28-29 September 2010 2

BV active involvement in the LNG Industry

BV services are provided throughout the LNG Chain

Onshore Gas
treatment Regasification
Raw Storage
gas Liquefaction Sea transport Sales
entry LNG LNG gas

LPG/Ethane
Condensate


Main Idea


Identification of main Hazards

FLNG main Hazards

► Health
Hazardous products from the production or the process
Cryogenic

► Safety:
Fire
Explosion
Cryogenic

► Environment
Release of gas (methane, propane, etc…)
Release of liquid (condensate)


Hazard Events
Rupture of tanks,
Leak during
Impact pressure vessel,
offloading
piping, valves, etc…

Loss of containment


Hazard Identification

Loss of containment

Cryogenic Release Gas Release



Loss of containment


Steel rupture RPT explosion Evaporating
to gas

Potential Escalation



Loss of containment


Dispersion Fire Explosion
(depending of gas
density) (with ignition (with ignition
source) source)

Potential Escalation


Feedback from LNG industry

► 40 years of LNG transportation by sea

With regular trading routes
Worldwide involvement
• Europe – Africa
• Asia Pacific

► No major accident

► A few LNG incident, mainly in the the 1st years (1970’s)

Most of incidents happened at harbour, during loading / offloading
At sea most of the incident lead to gas dispersion, without fire or explosion.
But sometimes with high damage on steel structure due to cryogenic
temperature


Rapid Phase Transfer

► In case of

LNG leakage to sea
LNG leakage in water in a
process system (vaporizer)

► Quick vaporisation of LNG to
gas, leading to physical
explosion
► Air and underwater blast

RPT spillage of 9m3 of LNG at Sea (1984)
(Courtesy of GdfSuez)

► Phenomena studied in the past by gas companies but still difficult to
model
► Concern for offloading system

LNG dispersion

► LNG is a liquid: driven by gravity

► LNG will vaporise immediately and “slowly” (except for RPT)

► Vaporised gas will ignite only if quantity of methane and oxygen are
matching
Too rich in methane: no ignition
Too poor in methane: no explosion

► Vaporised gas is lighter than air, and will go downwind

► Dispersion analysis to be done to define

Safety area at sea level
Safety area at helicopter level


Installations phase

► Selection of the location

Close to shore: Far from shore
• in someone backyard • Expensive subsea systems
• Shallow water is where most of • LNG transfer offshore
marine life are
• Evacuation in offshore condition
• High impact in case of accident

► Installation activities

Disturbance of sea bed, water turbidity
• Long term consequences on marine organism
Emission from installation boats (to air and to sea)
• Short term local consequences on marine life
Traffic disruptions (Commercial of leisure boat)
• Short term local consequences on human activites


Operations phase

► Sea pollution

Oil leakage (from process and machinery)
Heavy metal from coating
Sewage water
Hull disposal to sea
• Temperature of cooling water (or warming water in case of vaporizer)
• Produced water
• Ballast water from export LNG carriers

Long term consequence to the environment:
Disease/disappearance of some species
Development of new species


Operations phase

► Air pollution

Combustion engines
• Oil fired for boilers, diesel engines, etc.. But CH4 emits less CO2
and heavy particles than
• Gas fired for boilers, gas turbines other hydrocarbon fuel
Venting
• Methane is stronger greenhouse gas than CO2

Long term consequence to the
environment


Operations Phase

► Management of other field products

For LNG FPSO, critical production by-products may have to be managed:
• Heavier hydrocarbons
• Mercury
• H2S
• Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials
• Etc…

► Management of process products

Methanol, glycol, etc…
In case of leakage, consequences may
impair locally environment and health


Operations phase

► Traffic disruption

Asset Safety Area
Continuous movement of boat (tug, supply, workboat, etc…)
Shuttle LNG carriers operations (huge vessels)
Subsea systems: Fishing and anchoring limitations

► Impairment of visual environment

During operation impacts on public
resentment
During operation on commercial traffic


Decommissioning

► Similar effect to installations:

Disturbance of sea bed, water turbidity
• Long term consequences on marine organism
Emission from installation boats (to air and to sea)
• Short term local consequences on marine life
Traffic disruptions (Commercial of leisure boat)
• Short term local consequences on human activites

► Dismantling of the hull and process

Toxic materials


Regulation, statutory requirements and norms

Applicable Rules

Rules that are applicable :

- Coastal State Regulations
- Flag State Regulations
- Class Rules
- IMO (International Maritime Organisation) Conventions


Applicable Rules

Coastal State Regulations

FPSO-LNG must comply with coastal
state regulations in the territorial seas it
is operating (from the boundary of a
State’s internal waters to twelve miles
from its baselines)
The Coastal State also possess some
rights in the EEZ (Exclusive Economic
Zone) which consists of a 200 mile-
broad strip between the Coast and the
High Seas
Coastal States may require FPSO-LNG
to be flagged and classed.


Applicable Rules
Flag State Regulations
Ships and Mobile Offshore Units trading internationally are to comply
with safety regulations of the Maritime Authority in the country whose
Flag the unit is flying (the Flag State)
Flag States adopt and implement the safety regulations given in
conventions issued by IMO
An owner has normally the choice to select the flag
Production/storage units do not need to carry a flag (except when
required by Coastal State) but are free to move in international waters
when carrying a flag


Applicable Rules

Relations between Coastal State, Flag and Class

Flag State requires classification
Delegation of authority from Flag State to Class is a common practice
For operation in territorial waters there are additional local regulations
Delegation of authority from Coastal State to Class is rare


IMO
International Maritime Organisation (IMO)
United Nations body for maritime affairs
From its earliest days, the IMO’s most important objectives have been
the improvement of maritime safety and the prevention of marine
pollution
It is responsible for developing new regulations and procedures for the
shipping industry, or revising existing ones.
Most of these will subsequently be incorporated in national legislation.
At present the IMO consists of 162 Member States, often referred to as
Flag States


IMO

The main IMO documents that could be applicable to LNG-FPSOs are:
- SOLAS 1974
- IGC Code
- MARPOL 73/78
- MODU Code
- Load Line Convention 66
- COLREG 1972
- Tonnage 1969
The degree to which an IMO regulation is enforced depends on the Flag
State : it is important to check Flag Authority’s position early in a project


IMO

SOLAS (International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea)
The main objective of the SOLAS Convention is to specify minimum standards for
the construction, equipment and operation of ships, compatible with their safety.
Flag States ratifying the Convention are responsible for ensuring that ships under
their flag comply with its requirements, and a number of certificates are prescribed
in the Convention as proof that this has been done.
SOLAS scope includes the construction, the safety equipment, the life saving
appliances and the radio communications


IMO

COLREG (Convention on the International regulations for preventing
of collision at sea)
The Convention defines the arrangement regarding steering and sailing rules, lights
and shapes, sounds and light signals to be provided onboard the unit in order to
prevent collision.
Technical requirements concerning lights and shapes and their positioning, sound
signalling appliances and international distress signals are included in the
Convention.


IMO

MARPOL (International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
from Ships)
The MARPOL Convention covers most if not all the technical aspects of pollution
from ships, and applies to ships of all types.
The Convention has six annexes which contain regulations for the prevention of
various forms of pollution.


IMO

LOAD LINES 66
Early naval architects and shipbuilders recognized long ago that, by limiting the
draft to which a ship may be loaded, they could make a significant contribution to
the safety of that ship. Such a limit or “freeboard” relates to the stability and the
structural strength of the hull, the reserve buoyancy, and amount of water
reaching the weather deck; hence to the degree of water tightness required to
stop it entering the hull. These are the main objectives of the LOAD LINES
Convention.
All assigned load lines must be marked amidships on each side of the ship,
together with the deck line as follows:


IMO

IGC CODE (International Code for the construction and equipment of
ships carrying liquefied gas in bulks)
The Code covers the following areas: ship survival capability & location of cargo
tanks, ship arrangements, cargo containment, piping systems, materials of
construction, cargo pressure / temperature control, cargo tank vent systems,
environmental control, electrical installations, fire protection & fire extinction,
mech. ventilation in cargo area, instrumentation (gauging, gas detection),
personnel protection, filling limits for cargo tank, use of cargo as fuel, operating
requirements.


IMO

MODU (Code for the Construction and Equipment of Mobile Offshore
Drilling Units)
IMO MODU Code specifies safety technical requirements applicable to offshore
drilling units in addition to SOLAS general requirements.
This Code has been developed to provide an international standard for mobile
offshore drilling units of new construction which will facilitate the international
movement and operation of these units and ensure a level of safety for such units,
and for personnel on board, equivalent to that required by SOLAS 1974 and the
ICLL 1966, for conventional ships engaged on international voyages.


Class Societies Origin

► Societies set up by marine
insurers
► To meet the need of marine
insurers : rating of the ships to
covered by hull insurance
► First class societies
Lloyd’s Register (1760)
Bureau Veritas (1828)
American Bureau of Shipping
(1862)
Det Norske Veritas (1864)


Actors of the marine safety

FLAG STATE

PORT STATE CLASS SOCIETY

SHIPOWNER

CHARTERER HULL INSURER


Definition of class

► Classification is the appraisal on the
level of compliance of a vessels to
the rules set up by the class society

► This appraisal is represented by
class notations entered on the
certificate and periodically
transcribed in the society’s register


The classification Rules

► The Rules published by the society
give the requirements for the
assignment and maintenance of
classification for seagoing ships
► Aim = to protect a ship as a piece of
property
► Various types of rules
Steel ships
Offshore units
Inland navigation vessels
Submarine craft
Yachts
High speed craft
Navy ships


Field of the classification Rules

COVERED BY CLASS NOT COVERED BY CLASS
► Materials ► Mode of propulsion

► Structural strength ► Power of propulsion unit

► Main & auxiliary machinery ► Manning

► Electrical installations ► Comfort on board

► Cargo installations ► Requirements for ‘user friendliness’

► Fire protection ► Requirements for maintenance friendliness

► Stability


THE CLASSIFICATION PROCESS

► Approval of drawings

► Inspection of materials

► Survey of the hull and the control
equipment
► Issuance of class certificates

► Once in service, periodical,
occasional and class renewal
surveys


THE DESIGN CHECKING PROCESS

► At the preliminary stage,
subdivisions and preliminary stability
booklet may be checked
► Second, scantlings are checked for
local elements and the primary
structure
► The final phase consists of an
analysis of structural details,
machinery diagrams and outfit falling
within the scope of classification


NEW CONSTRUCTION
Shipyard
LPO center

Manufacturer

Class Certification Office
Equipment
manufacturer
CLASS RULES

Shipyard Ship-owner

Class
Class Plan Approval Office
Surveillance at yard Office


CLASSIFICATION INTERVENTION :
SHIPS IN SERVICE

► During their live, ships are submitted
to regular surveys for the maintenance
of class in accordance with IACS
Unified Requirements
► Within a cycle of 5 years there are :

Annual survey
Intermediate survey
Renewal survey

► In addition occasional surveys

► Enhanced Survey Programme for bulk
carriers and tankers


DEFINITION OF CLASS Selective surveys
1 WHAT IS CLASS
Selective

“Risk Based Inspection” with Focus on ”Critical Areas”
► XOXOXOXOXOXOXOXOXOXOX
Qualification of surveyors
XOXOXOXOXOXOXOXOXOXOX
• XOXOXOXOXOXOXOXOXOX
• XOXOXOXOXOXOXOXOX
• XOXOXOXOXOXOXOXOX
• XOXOXOXOXOXOXOXO


IACS
On the 11th September 1968: the International Association of Classification
was created
The IACS is composed of 10 members:
- American Bureau of Shipping (ABS)
- Bureau Veritas (BV)
- China Classification Society (CCS)
- Det Norske Veritas (DNV)
- Germanisher Lloyd (GL)
- Korean Register of Shipping (KRS)
- Lloyd’s Register (LR)
- Nippon Kaiji Kyokai (NK)
- Registro Italiano Navale (RINA)
- Russian Maritime Register of Shipping (MRS)

Delegation to class

► 130 Flag States have delegated their
statutory activities to recognised
organisations including class
► Main delegations : IMO conventions

Technical inspections of vessels
Issuance of certificates

► Delegation for ISM Code regulations

Assessment of the Safety Management
System (SMS) of the shipping company by
audits and reports
Periodical verifications


Examples of development followed by Bureau Veritas

EN 1474 for offshore LNG

► Development of European norm regarding LNG transfer

3 parts to qualify the LNG transfer systems
• 1) Rigid arms at quay
• 2) Flexible hoses at quay
• 3) Additional requirements for offshore use

► Norm used by some of the major LNG transfer system

FMC for rigid arms
Technip for aerial flexible hose
SBM for floating flexible hose

► BV Rules for offshore gas terminal (NR 542) is making reference to this
norm


CONVENAV - CONception et cycle de Vie
Environnemental des NAVires
► 01/2008 – 09/2010 ANR funded (Pôle Mer
Bretagne label)
Rejets &
Partners: DCNS (leader), BUREAU VERITAS, Émissions Déchets
ENSAM, IFREMER, SITA

Goals: Cycle de Vie

• Develop a method for assessing the
environmental impacts of a ship

• Develop an eco-design tool for ships Énergies
Matières
• Develop a ship environmental performance
Improvement of
monitoring tool
New Ship Materials End of
Life scenario
Design
Status: Improvement of
Dismantling
• Data collection and structuring achieved Techniques Definition of best
disposal or
recycling routes
• Preliminary LCA of a frigate completed
How to improve How to avoid these How to avoid these
• Definition of specific eco-indicators in these Techniques? problems? problems?
progress
• Eco-design tool specification in progress
Analysis of Environment Environment
Coming next: problems in Economy
Safety
Economy Material End of
Life Analysis
Dismantling Safety

• Complete eco-design and monitoring tools
specifications.
Dismantling Waste
Techniques Dismantling Materials
• Development and tests of these tools


GALERNE - Evaporating GAs/Liquids and Risk for life
and Environment
► 2006-2009 ANR founded (PRECODD)

Partners : CEDRE, INERIS, BV, Meteo
France, IRSN, Gaz de France, BEA mer,
Marine Nationale, TOTAL

Goals
• Define accident scenarios for early
decision making of French coast guards in
their first approach

• Provide experimental data

• Provide quick simulation tools
CEDRE
pictures
Status
• BV achieved scenario definition

• Small scale experiments in laboratory
(Ineris)

• Large scale experiments in Brest harbour

Coming next

• Simulation of toxic/flammable cloud
dispersion

• Quick intervention sheet


Some details of BV Rule Note 542 for Offshore Gas Units

Tospides and Transfer systems

NI 542 - Principles

Semi-probabilistic approach; generally, PSF based criteria

Net scantlings approach

Environmental loads with a return period of 100 years

Mandatory sloshing study : direct calculation or model tests

Prescriptive criteria for hull girder strength and local scantlings

FEM 3D models are mandatory for hull and independent tanks
assessment


NI 542 - Principles

►Approach similar to FPSO Rules; unit’s areas are defined as :
“offshore area”
“ship area”

► Structural members of offshore areas
are categorized as :

Special category
First category
Secondary category


NI542 - Principles

Sloshing assessment Hydrodynamic analysis

Temperature in the
Design loads Cargo containment
design condition
Load parameters -Independent tanks (A, B, C)
-Membrane tanks
-Integral tanks
Steel grade -Supports and keys
selection

Hull girder Hull Other
3D FEM Fatigue
strength scantlings structures
model assessment
-Plating -Offshore areas
- Primary -Spectral
-Ordinary -Local structural
supporting fatigue
stiffeners improvements
members -Deterministic


NI542 - Cargo containment system

► Scantlings of inner hull are to comply with the hull requirements
Membrane tanks
► Specific allowable stresses or hull deflections indicated by the
Designer are to be taken into account

► Internal pressures to be calculated as for the hull structure, using
the hydrodynamic analysis and direct calculation for sloshing

► Specific requirements for scantlings of plates and ordinary stiffeners
covering:
IMO Type A Minimal gross thickness
Independent tanks
Subject to lateral pressure
Testing condition

► 3D finite element model assessment is mandatory for the primary
supporting members



► Internal pressures to be calculated as for the hull structure, using the hydrodynamic
analysis and direct calculation for sloshing

► Scantlings of plating and ordinary stiffeners subjected to lateral pressure

► Buckling assessment (plating and stiffeners)

► 3D FEM model assessment is mandatory for primary supporting members (PSM)
IMO Type B
Independent tanks
► Yielding criteria for PSM:
► Tanks primarily constructed of bodies of revolution (ex MOSS)
► Tanks primarily constructed of plane surfaces (ex SPB)

► Buckling criteria for PSM

► Fatigue analysis is to be performed for areas specified by Designer and agreed by
BV; the analysis is to comply with the requirements for hull structure

► Crack propagation analysis : reference to Steel Ships Rules for gas carriers, using
the loads in offshore environment defined in NI 542



► Internal pressures to be calculated as for the hull structure, using the
hydrodynamic analysis and direct calculation for sloshing

► Scantlings of pressure vessels class 1

► Assessment of stiffening rings in way of tank supports; the loads used
for this check are those defined in NI 542
IMO Type C
Independent tanks

Stiffening rings in way of
tank supports



► Supports of independent tanks are to be assessed through FEM calculations

► The following types of supports are covered:
Antirolling supports
Tank supports Antipiching supports
Anticollision supports
Antiflotation supports

► Checking criteria are in accordance with IGC Code (BV interpretation)

► Extent of secondary barrier

► Insulation
Other items
covered by NI
► Insulation materials
542
► Material of construction for tanks – reference to IGC Code

► Construction and testing


NR542 – Topside systems

► Requirements for the design approval of :

• Process systems – class notation “PROC”

• Liquefaction plant – class notation “gas liquefaction”

• Revaporization plant – class notation “RV”

• Transfer systems – class notation “liquefied gas
offloading”

► Qualification of unproven technology

► Principles and typical recommendations relating to topside layout



► New technology or existing technology in new
environment

Unproven technology ► The qualification is requested before design approval in
order to identify criticality levels

► Risk based methodology proposed in the guidance
note NI 525

F
Annual
Frequency
Definition 5 SC
-4
1 < 10 Extremely improbable: not expected in the system life
2
-4
10 - 10
-3
Improbable: not anticipated in the system life
4 HC
-3 -2

F- Factor
3 10 - 10 Extremely remote: should not happen in the system life
4
-2
10 - 10
-1
Remote: expected few times in the system life 3 MC
-1
5 > 10 Reasonably probable: expected several times in the system life

2 LC
SA Severity Definition

1 Negligible No damage to personnel, safety functions fully available
1 NC
2 Minor Light injuries to personnel and/or local damage to safety
functions
3 Severe Serious injuries to personnel and/or large local damages to
1 2 3 4 5
safety functions
4 Critical Fatalities amongst personnel locally, impairment of safety S Factor
functions
5 Catastrophic A large number of fatalities amongst personnel also outside the
event area, total impairment of safety functions



► Common body of requirements in BV Offshore Rules (Part C) :

• Pressure vessels
• Heat exchangers
• Piping systems
• Gas turbines
• Electrical installations

Design requirements ► Additional requirements from IGC Code for equipments and
Construction survey components in direct contact with liquefied gas or vapours
Testing
► Additional requirements for process systems (PROC) in BV
NR459

► Other recognized codes and standards for items not covered
above:

• EN 1473
• NFPA 59A
• NFPA 59



Topside layout

Risk analysis

► Safety assessment based on FSA
techniques

► Structural fire integrity

► Fire fighting equipments

► Emergency control stations

► Life saving appliances

► Methodology based on:

• API RP 14J
• EN ISO 17776
Formal safety assessment process (FSA)



► Requirements coherent with API RP 14J, EN ISO 13702,
NORSOK S-001, IGC Code

► Safety principles, grouping of equipments, partition into fire
zones
Topside layout
► System arrangement, explosion mitigation

► Requirements for accommodations, temporary refuge and
means of escape


NR542 – Transfer systems

► New additional notation : liquefied gas offloading

Covers the classification of transfer systems for
liquefied gas

► The notation covers transfer arms in :

Side-by side configuration

Tandem configuration


NR 542 – Transfer systems

► Principles :

Overall requirements coherent with EN 1474 (1 to 3)

Structural requirements coherent with BV Offshore Rules and NR526 (Lifting Appliances)

► Items covered :

Materials (with respect to IGC Code)

Clearance study, envelope

Dimensions of product lines

Design loads and structural safety

Safety systems and features

Type approvals

Manufacturing and testing



► Risk assessment
Design principles ► Clearance study, balancing
► Materials
► Product line dimensions

► Relative motions and accelerations assessed by model test
or direct calculations
► Dead load
► Cargo load
Design Loads ► Design pressure
► Ice accumulation
► Wind loads
► Thermal loads
► Standard stowed and operating conditions: combination of
loads
► Criteria for yielding, buckling, fatigue
► Assessment of supporting structure and pedestal
Structural safety
► Assessment of product line
► Assessment of swivels
► QCDC body


► Risk assessment study to be submitted for information

► The study has the following objectives:

Failure modes identification

Evaluation of the design, based on operational procedures

Definition of limiting conditions for offloading operations

Identification of safety critical elements – selection based on
consequence of failure

Record of accidental loading conditions related to safety critical
elements



► Limiting conditions for offloading operations to be specified by the
Owner, in agreement with the risk assessment report

► Minimum parameters :

Maximum allowable wave height

Limiting metocean conditions (wind, current, ice and snow)

Limiting air temperatures

Configurations of gas carrier (ex: manifold position)

Limiting draughts of the unit

Envelopes of the transfer system



► Clearance study is to include :

Fabrication and erection tolerances

Maximal deflections of the transfer system during operations

► Checkpoints are chosen case-by-case, based on general
arrangement



► Design temperatures based on direct calculation, taking into
account :

Specified cargo temperature

Local environmental conditions – air temperature ranges

► Steel grades of supporting structure in compliance with BV
Offshore Rules, as for special category elements

► Materials for piping and elements in contact with cargoes in
compliance with IGC Code, Ch 6



► Assessment of combined motion of unit and gas
carrier

► Parameters of interest:

Relative motions between checkpoints

Absolute accelerations at checkpoints

► Checkpoints :

On riser or pedestal of transfer arm

At gas carrier manifold



► Design wind velocity to be taken at 10 m above sea level, as a 3
seconds gust speed :

For stowed conditions – 100 years wind velocity and not less than
51.5 m/s

For operating conditions – wind velocity at the probability level of
limiting conditions

► Wind force :



► Structural criteria are defined for the following loading conditions

Stowed position

Operating conditions

Maintenance conditions

Hydrostatic test

Emergency release conditions

Accidental conditions


Bureau Veritas Services for Offshore Gas Terminals

Introduction

Bureau Veritas Services for FLNG

► Classification, Certification, 3rd party verifications
Concept or basic approval
Review of the project at each progress phases with regards to the local
law, international codes and standards
► New technologies evaluation and qualification
Evaluate the new technologies with regards to their functional requirements
Quantify their associated risk
Define qualification needs and qualification program
► Technical assistance
Marine
Pipes and offshore structure
Process


SELECTED OFFSHORE LNG TERMINALS

BV involved in several on-going OFFSHORE LNG projects as follows:
► Australia: Prelude for SHELL
Generic LNG FPSO for GDFSUEZ
► Africa: FLSO project for SHELL
► Europe: OLT (Livorno) for SAIPEM and E-ON
Triton for GDF
► South America: Brazil: Tupi for PETROBRAS
Small scale terminals for various with contractors for utility companies
► China: Projects of offshore LNG terminals in cooperation with MARIC
(Small and large scale LNG FPSO, large scale FSRU)
► South-East Asia 1 LNG FPSO project with Saipem



Classification, certification and 3rd part verification

Concept Appraisal

► Concept appraisal principles, a close follow-up of designer work:

Basic concept approval
Design approval
Final approval

► Concept approval provides at each project stage a confirmation of the
feasibility considering both the current state of the art and applicable
Rules


Concept Appraisal

► Basic concept approval

Mainly refers to qualitative studies
Confirmation that project outlines are in line with current state of the art and applicable
rules
States the applicable laws, rules and code

► Design approval

Refers to the first quantitative studies
States that the design is in accordance with the rules and criteria considered
List the calculations and tests that will be required for the final concept approval

► Final concept approval

All calculations and tests required have been done, reviewed and approved
Fabrication process and limitations are mentioned
States the concept limitations



New technologies review and risk analysis

Risk analysis

Constraint
Flux In Functions
Functional
Functional
Analysis
Analysis Main
Functions
Flux
Out
HAZID/ Components
FMECA

FM AW
EC orksheet Report n°XXX

Operational M :
ode D :
ate
Recommendations
N° Itemdescription FailureDescription FailureEffect R R
isk educing Rating Actions/
Function C p
om Mode Cause Local End Measures F S D C R arks
em

Inspection
Maintenance
Design

Qualification

Example of application

► Marine systems NGL Fractionation

Hull Liquefaction

Containment system End Flash Gas system

Mooring system Utilities

Anchoring system

► Interface

► Process Offloading facilities

Inlet Facilities Turret system

Acid Gas Removal Risers

CO2 Disposal
Gas Dehydration
Mercury Removal
NGL Recovery


Example of methodology: Technology
Qualification

► Technology assessment:
Evaluate the novelty of each technology used in the project
• New ; Extrapolated from proven ; few references ; proven
• Used in similar conditions or different conditions
► FMECA (Failure Mode, Effects, and Criticality Analysis) workshop:
Gather technology experts
Quantify the risks of each new technology
Determine the main need for qualifications
► Qualification plan requirements
From novelty ranking and FMECA, list the critical qualification actions
Based on this document the Engineer can build the qualification plan
► Fitness for purpose evaluation
As a conclusion of the above work, the fitness for purpose of each technology is
evaluated.
► Reference document:
BV NI 525 Risk Based Qualification of Unproven Technology


Example of methodology: Project
Preparation
► Benchmarking of technologies:

Pros and Cons of each technology
Building a benchmarking method

► Help to prepare a FEED dossier

Applicable Rules and regulations
Required certificates
Main studies and qualifications that will necessitate a special attention



Technical Assistance

Additional services: risk and safety
studies (at FEED stage)

► Marine ► Risk and safety studies
Hydrodynamic analysis Computational Fire Simulation
Mooring and anchoring Computational Simulation of Gas Leakage
and Dispersion
Structural analysis
Design of Deluge Systems
► Process
Noise and Vibration Analyses
Review of design of equipments
Design of Public Address and General Alarm
Certification Systems
Risk analysis Static and Dynamic Structural Analyses

► Riser, flexible hoses and structure Preliminary Hazard Analysis

Review of design Hazard and Operability Analysis - HAZOP

Certification Collision Assessment

Risk analysis Dropped Object Analysis
Quantitative Risk Analysis
Other studies



Marine

Hydrodynamic analysis

►Hydrodynamic analysis is mandatory for gas terminals
►Hull girder loads, unit motions and accelerations are to be determined for 100
years return period
► Provisions of Offshore Rules
Environment data
► Scatter diagram

► Specific loading conditions for offshore permanent units
Loading conditions
► Sensitivity analysis and heading study may be requested
300° 270°
240°
210°
330°

0° = 360°
Y
X Scatter Diagram
Unit response 180°

30°

Occurrence
150°
60° 90° 120°

1.0

0.9

0.8

RAO
0.7

(s)
Pitc h RAO [d g /m]

0.6

Design values for
0.5

Tm
Design values for 0.4

structural analysis
structural analysis
0.3

d
rio
0.2

Signi
0.1
ficant

Pe
0.0
W ave H
eight
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
Wave freq. [rad/s]

(m)


Hydrodynamic analysis

► Heading analysis

Waves, wind and current effects
Action from anchoring, mooring of other vessel, riser…

► Sea keeping motion analysis:

3D diffraction radiation theory
Model tests
Effect of partially filled tanks

LNG Carrier


Sloshing, Membrane tanks

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

SEA KEEPING RAO

Pitch RAO [dg /m]
0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2

MOTIONS Wave freq. [rad/s]

Scatter Diagram
MODEL TESTS CFD SIMULATIONS

PM EK,VI,PQS

)
PI, ∆t Calibration PI, PQS, ∆t
DROP TESTS
Membrane
PI
Qualification
PI

BV Rule Verification
Dynamic Structural Analysis
V
Hull Scantlings t
∆t


Relative motions

► Tandem Offloading
Fish tailing effect
Minimum distance between unti and shuttle
► Side-by-side Multi-body interaction
Linear Energy Dissipation
Expression of velocity potential
Integration equation extended to a part of the free
surface


Alongside Mooring

► The mooring between the vessels
must be considered:
Wires
Tails
Quick release hooks
Fenders


Mooring - Anchoring

► Time domain simulations of mooring and anchoring

Extreme
Fatigue

► Heading analysis


Structural Analysis

► Complete ship analysis


Structural Analysis

► 3 holds analysis

Y

X Z


Structural Analysis

► Details analysis

Hull details
Topsides / hull interface
Turret
Interface with containment system


On site fatigue analysis

Structural
Mesh

Hydrodynamic
Calculation

Coarse Mesh
Calculation

Fine Mesh
Calculation

Spectral
Calculation


Fatigue Analysis



Process & Structure

Offshore Structures Certification

► Structure certification

Structural Design Review

• Jacket

• Topsides structure

Construction survey locally


Classification/certification of structural
equipment
Structural and lifting facilities :

► Topsides Flares
► Burner boom
► Cranes (NR526)
► Spreader bars
► Topside modules
► Subsea Modules (PLEM, PLET)

Reference Codes : API, Eurocode, FEM, Client
specifications, Classification Societies Rules


Classification/Certification of process
equipment

Offshore Pressure and mechanical equipment :

► Pressure Vessels
► Boilers
► Heat Exchangers
► Pumps and Compressors
► Piping and fitting
► Subsea systems
► Pressure Safety valves
► Atmospheric tanks

Reference Codes : Class Rules, ASME VIII, PD 5500,
Onshore CODAP, TEMA, API Standards, EN 13445 & 13480,
ASME B31.3, CODETI, Client specifications….


Classification/Certification of safety
equipment

► ESD System, Instrumentation
► Fire and gas detection system
► Fire fighting equipment (deluge, fixed fire-
extinguishing system…)
► Life saving appliances
► Passive fire protection of shelters/topside
modules
► Ventilation system (H.V.A.C.)

Reference Codes : Class Rules, API Standards,
NFPA, SOLAS, MODU Code, Client
specifications, National Regulations….


Shop inspections & expediting, pre-shipment
inspection…

Inspection and Expediting of Equipment :

► Pressure vessels, heat exchangers, piping
and fittings atmospheric tanks, pumps and
compressors.
► Fire-fighting equipments, life-saving appliances.

► Structural items, cranes and lifting equipment.

► Quality control of materials, welding & heat
treatment and Non-destructive testing services.
► Assistance in assessment, approval & surveillance
of performance of contractor’s staff.
► Worldwide shop inspection and expediting at vendors and
expediting of the purchase orders..


Risk-Based Inspection

Inspection plan
to be validated

5
Approved 4
Inspection plan 3
2
1
A B C D E


Riser, Flexible hoses

Pipelines, Risers & Umbilicals : Our services
► Assessment and verification of design on SURF projects (IRC) :
rigid pipelines systems : single pipe or pipe-in-pipe, onshore and offshore
flexible risers and flowlines : bonded and non-bonded type
umbilicals, fiber optic cables
ancillary items : bend stiffeners, buoyancy modules, bend restrictors
independent calculations capabilities

► Type approval certification of flexible pipe / umbilical / ancillary items
manufacturers (TAC)
assessment of material dossiers, material compatibility
evaluation of design rules and design tools

► Coordination of second and third party inspections (COC) during
qualification testing (small & full scale tests and dissections) in laboratories / institutes
fabrication at manufacturer’s plant
offshore and onshore installations and pre-commissioning activities

► Evaluation of new solutions (Concept Approval)
cryogenic rigid and flexible pipes
reinforced thermoplastic pipes (plastic + aramid tapes)

► Appraisal of :
material selection report, cathodic protection & corrosion studies
fitness-for-service studies, flow assurance studies

► Risk Analyses, FMECA, HAZID, for pipeline systems



Inspection Tools for Asset Integrity Management

VeriSTAR AIMS on-service follow-up
UNIT
DELIVERY
Unexpected

Inspection
SURVEYS RESULTS
&
Maintenance Program

Modifications
CORRECTIVE
MAINTENANCE

Improvements

BORN AS DESIGNED LIVING AS IS

VeriSTAR AIMS application


Hull Life Cycle

Make Thickness measurements

Hull monitoring
Offshore operating unit

Update dwg

HLC model

Build HLC model
drawings

Thank You for
Your Attention
Move Forward with Confidence

Case Study:Field Proven Innovations for Impact Protection and Life Extension

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