This presentation was delivered by Dr. A at the 2011 Annual Conference of the Alabama Fruit and Vegetable Association, Auburn, AL (USA).

1. Mode of Action of Insecticides (Vegetable Crops) Dr. Ayanava Majumdar Extension Entomologist (Peanuts, Vegetables) State SARE Coordinator (Auburn U) Alabama Cooperative Extension System Cell phone: 251-331-8416 bugdoctor@auburn.edu

2. Quick survey by a raise of hands… How many participants… Were here last year? Conventional vegetable/fruit producers? Organic vegetable/fruit producers? Backyard fruit/vegetable gardeners?

3. Alabama Vegetable Entomology Website www.aces.edu/go/87 ONE-STOP-SHOP for vegetable IPM: ACES Publications, Research Projects, Slideshare, Facebook, YouTube

4. Join us on Facebook! Advantages: Live updates from field, access to videos and website, discussion of timely topics, interactive

5. The IPM Communicator(A FREE electronic newsletter) Six financial gains reports: $3,550 in pesticide saving Sign up today at the Exhibit for 2011 series starting soon!

6. Major Insect Pests – Sentinel Plots (2010 - A drought year) Yellowstriped armyworm, Spodoptera ornithogalli Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsadecemlineata Grasshopper Brown stink bug, Euschistus servus Tomato hornworm, Manduca quinquemaculata Aphid outbreak on bell pepper

7. Major Insect Pests – Sentinel Plots (2010 - A drought year) Beet armyworm, Spodopteraexigua Spider mites (Tetranychus sp.) Fall armyworm, Spodopterafrugiperda Tomato fruitworm, Helicoverpazea

8. Major Insect Pests – Sentinel Plots (2010 - A drought year) Squash vine borer, Mellitiacucurbitae Sugarcane borer, Euetheolarugiceps Tomato hornworm, Manducaquinquemaculata

9. Emerging Pest on Vegetables: Leaffooted Bugs Leptoglossusgonagra Leptoglossusphyllopus Heavy fruit drop in eggplants and tomatoes (LFBs) Leptoglossuszonatus

10. Emerging Crop Pests: Invasive Insects Brown marmorated stink bug, Hyalomorphahalys Bean plataspid, Megacopta cribraria Detected in AL in 2010 Seeks shelter in homes Infests kudzu, soybean…what’s next? UGA Photos

12. Integrated pest management (IPM): a threshold-based decision management system that uses multiple pest control tactics.

13. Impact of vegetable IPM adoption: $19 return per $ spent*

14. Profits with IPM: $247 per acre (ACES survey)Insecticide usage in AL (all crops): ~770,000 lb/year *L. Gianessi, 2009. Crop Protection Research Institute.

16. Lack of early detection of insects = last minute decision = over dependence on insecticides

17. Insecticide resistance

18. Pest resurgence

19. Environmental impact….IPM is unsustainable if it is ‘pesticide intensive’ Knowledge of insecticide MoA essential to successful IPM adoption!

20. Insecticide Mode of Action (MoA) Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC): 28 MoA classification Sensory neuron Inhibit enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitter Flow of info Carbamates, OP (act in the synaptic gap) Cyclodienes, Pyrethroids (act on receiving neuron) Neonicotinoids, Spinosyn (mimic neurotransmitter) Receiving neuron

21. Trends in synthetic insecticidal chemistries Early insecticides were short chain>>quick activation New insecticides: need “activation” by insect enzyme systems (target-specific) Malathion Carbaryl Spinetoram Chlorantraniliprole Zeta-cypermethrin Imidacloprid

22. Review of Insecticides/MoA(Open page 182 of Veg. Prod. Handbook) Mode of Action St = Stomach poison Co = Contact poison Sys = Systemic action In = Insecticide Mi = Miticide Insecticide arrangementon slides: Least toxic to most toxic AI Make sure to read PESTICIDE LABEL before using!

23. IRAC Chemical class: 1A (Carbamates) MoA: inhibitor of enzyme (AChE), hyperexcitesinsects, nonselective

24. IRAC Chemical class: 1B (Organophosphates) MoA: inhibitor of enzyme (AChE), hyperexcites insects

25. IRAC Chemical class: 2A (Cyclodienes) MoA: Block the action of neurotransmitter, hyperactivity CANCELLED IN JULY 2010

26. IRAC Chemical class: 3A (Pyrethroids) MoA: Act on sodium channels (receiving neuron) Contact/stomach: use for quick knock-down, nonselective

27. IRAC Chemical class: 4A (Neonicotinoids) MoA: Mimic neurotransmitter at neuromuscular joints, hyperactivity Systemic action: many weeks of protection against pests, apply early

29. Application rate = 6-8 oz

30. Preharvest interval (PHI) = 1-3 days

31. Registered for many leafy veg., fruit crops, root crops…Entrust: excellent for ORGANIC producers

33. Good residual, rainfast

34. Application rates low: 2-2.8 oz/acre

36. Selective + contact/stomach action

37. No aphid or mite flaring

38. Appl. rate = 3-5 oz (Coragen), 2-3 oz (Synapse)

40. Buprofezin inhibits chitin biosynthesis (homopteran), 9-13 oz, 7 day PHI

42. Integrate using newer insecticides (IPM):

43. Diamides with drip irrigation

44. Rotate pyrethroids with spinosyns, IGRs

45. Apply systemic insecticides timely

46. Use the SE Vegetable Prod. Handbook & call for help!