Promoting Sustainable Active Transport - Elaine Mullan
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Promoting Sustainable Active Transport - Elaine Mullan IPH, Open, Conference, Belfast, Northern, Ireland, Dublin, Titanic, October, 2014, Health Public
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Promoting Sustainable Active Transport - Elaine Mullan
- 1. Promoting sustainable active transport Multi-level interventions Elaine Mullan, MA, PhD Co-course leader BA Health Promotion Department of Health, Sport & Exercise Sciences, Centre for Health Behaviour Research Waterford Institute of Technology
- 2. € € € € € € €
- 3. “Implementation of modal shift to date has been unsuccessful as trends show an ever-increasing dependency on car-based travel” (35% increase predicted: DoTTS Review of National Land Transport System, Aug. 2014) Why? • Lazy people? • Too dangerous to cycle • Distance • Busy lives: no time! • Driving is the most convenient V’s
- 4. Year Deaths Injuries 1970 540 9,269 1971 576 9,629 1972 640 8,955 1973 592 8,762 1974 594 8,288 1975 586 7,198 1976 525 7,798 1977 583 8,515 1978 628 9,313 1979 614 8,250 1980 564 8,509 1981 572 8,283 1982 533 8,006 1983 535 7,946 1984 465 8,210 1985 410 7,818 1986 387 8,329 1987 462 8,409 1988 463 8,437 1989 460 8,803 1990 478 9,429 1991 445 9,874 1992 415 10,188 1993 431 9,831 1994 404 10,229 1995 437 12,673 1996 453 13,319 1997 472 13,115 1998 458 12,773 1999 413 12,340 2000 415 12,043 2001 411 10,222 2002 376 9,206 2003 335 8,262 2004 374 7,867 2005 396 9,318 2006 365 8,575 2007 338 7,806 2008 279 610 2009 238 453 2010 212 388 2011 186 333 2012 162 300 2013 190 318 Road Traffic Deaths
- 5. Safer roads, safer cars, increased enforcement, improved driver behaviour Multi-level intervention 1. Policy level (rules, laws) 2. Environmental level (physical infrastructure) 3. Social/group level (norms; support) 4. Individual level (knowledge; attitudes)
- 6. Safer roads, safer cars, increased enforcement, improved driver behaviour - Road Safety Authority (since 2006) - Multi-agency involvement - Road Safety Strategies (since 1998) - Enforcement Speed, drink-driving, phone use, etc. Random breath testing Penalty points - insurance costs & licence - Improved road design & quality - Improved car safety – ABS, airbags etc. - Media campaigns - Social norms - Improved driving test
- 7. Promoting Active Transport - Sustainable Transport Division (DoTTaS) Sustainable Transport - Smarter Travel Policy (2009-20) - National Cycling Policy Framework (2009-20) - Design Manual Urban Rds & Streets (2013-) - Infrastructural improvements E.g., HGV restrictions, cycle parking, Dublin bikes, cycle lanes (!) - Green Schools Travel Theme - Bike Week - Bike to work scheme - Colouring competitions, posters etc.
- 8. Promoting Active Transport • Multi-level interventions Need all levels at the same time, (institutional, local, or national) Each level supports the others • Not standardised • Despite limited resources • Not strategic Too much carrot & not enough stick!
- 9. All interventions should be multi-level and involve a strategic, organised approach to creating conducive environments, changing social norms and improving individual knowledge Policy Environment Group/social Individual What do we need to do? Remove barriers to wanted behaviour Put up barriers to unwanted behaviour Biggest barrier =
- 10. Policy level 1. Active Travel Division Active Transport Officers in all LA’s AT is everyone’s but no one’s responsibility 2. Mandate all schools, colleges & workplaces to have travel plans with SMART targets Multi-level intervention tools Enforcement & penalties
- 11. Environment level 3. Cycle lanes are not a panacea! Can make things worse!!
- 12. Doughiska Road, Galway 1.4km of shared use pavement 18 junctions 41 private drives & 12 bus stops No right of way for the cyclist
- 13. 3. Cycle lanes are not a panacea! Can make things worse!! Hierarchy of Solutions 1. Traffic speed reduction and enforcement 2. Traffic reduction, particularly HGVs 3. Junction treatment and traffic management 4. Increasing footpath &/or road space for cyclists & pedestrians 5. Cycle lanes and cycle paths 4. Improve neighbourhood proximity & connectivity Neighbourhood retro-fitting NCPF, 2009 Environment level
- 14. Design Manual for Roads and Streets, DoTTaS, 2013, p. 18
- 15. Design Manual for Roads and Streets, DoTTaS, 2013, p. 18
- 16. Group / social environment level 5. Change the message! Driving is now safer but cycling is more dangerised! Cycling in casual clothing or without a helmet is viewed as a highly irresponsible and dangerous pursuit
- 17. “Her elbows are not covered. Her arms are all...and she’s no helmet and she’s on the phone. Oh my God, there’s so many things wrong with this picture!” “She’s doing it right. She has a helmet on and she has a high vis jacket; she has cycling gloves; she’s not wearing heels, yeah” “I think you have to look safe. Bring a helmet and reflective jacket”
- 18. Individual level 6. Cycle skills training “Cycling Skills in Traffic” Subsidised; all ages; all settings Off & on-road; national standards
- 19. In conclusion… Need interventions that do ALL levels, simultaneously Need much more focus on policy & environ-mental interventions to curb private car use Less carrot, more stick! Need less focus on individual factors Too much focus on ‘fun cycles’ & ‘safety’ Need an Active Transport (only!) agency to ensure implementation of existing policies
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Smarter Travel Areas: €21m: Go Dungarvan - €7.2 million; Westport - €5 million; Limerick - €9 million Smarter Travel jobs initiative = €10m Smarter Travel Projects = €5m National cycle Network = €65m (tho not just ‘travel’) We should be concerned about whether or not we’re getting value for money!
- M7 Newland’s Cross Flyover The convenience of driving is the biggest barrier to active transport. Only where going by foot, bike or public transport is faster, more reliable, cheaper and practical, is AT more common Important: promoting modal shift cannot be just about promoting AT; it has to be about making private car travel less convenient. Lets look to the success of the Road Safety Campaigns and strategies to see what we can learn
- The number of deaths on the State’s roads in 2012 was the lowest since records began in 1959, 54 years ago 2007-13 = 44% reduction in fatalities Far less cars around in 1970’s Road traffic deaths and injuries by year: www.garda.ie/Controller.aspx?Page=10717&Lang=1
- Road safety interventions are multi-level, that targeted individuals, social norms and the environment simultaneously; guided by a strategy and key agency
- Policy = Steered by a single-focus agency, multi-agency involvement (e.g., gardai, NRA); well funded. Standardised enforcement & penalties at a national level (the same in all counties) – also ‘L’ licencing Environment level = roads & signs; car design, e.g., air bags & child seats. Standardised across the country. Group/social environ level = group support not so relevant for driving; social norms change Individual level = improved knowledge & attitudes Key = all levels happened simultaneously and nationally, in a standardised way – the same from Donegal to Wexford Individual & group level interventions would be ineffective on their own and have only short-term impacts, though they are the easier and cheaper options. If only policy & environment, there would be less pubic understanding and acceptance.
- Let’s look at what we’ve been doing to promote AT. Looks like we’ve done quite a lot, but none of it happens simultaneously, nationally or in any standardised way Policy: Sustainable transport = busses, trains, car pooling, park & ride, as well as walking, cycling, Small agency with a BIG remit; must co-ordinate larger, far better funded agencies (e.g., NRA & LA’s). No policy/agency dedicated to AT part of sustainable travel. No National or local AT Officers. Environment level = mostly in the larger cities & in urban areas V little in suburbs and almost nothing in rural areas. Not standardised across the country, despite the manual for streets Most cycle lanes are at best useless and at worst dangerous! Group/social level = mostly schools; some work places are signed up to Smarter Travel Workplaces Travel theme = 5th. Takes about 2 yrs for each. Bike week = mainly about promoting the enjoyment of cycling, for leisure + transport (=fun cycles & goodie bags) Individual = adult employees only. No requirement to actually use the bike for AT & no data collected on bike purchases & usage.
- Need to intervene at all levels at the same time: each level supports the other Not standardised re quality or scope: why keep reinventing the wheel (use knowledge from other countries) Not strategic: small pockets of activity at a local level but no strategic approach Plastic bag tax, smoking ban etc.: All of these things happened b/c it became the law not to do it or to pay for it (which cut use) Asking people nicely not to do/use doesn’t work!! Need a plastic bag tax / smoking ban equivalent to curb car use!
- All interventions = institutional (e.g., school), neighbourhood, town, city, county, or national All intervention should use all levels Biggest barrier = the convenience of the car Only where going by foot, bike or public transport is faster, more reliable, cheaper and practical, is AT more common I’ve chose 1 or 2 things at each level that I feel are essential
- 1. Active Travel Division of Sustainable Transport Division Sustainable Transport Unit has a v broad remit. properly resourced and funded = AT officers in all LA’s Remit over stake-holders, e.g., LA’s, NRA, Education 2. Active travel plans – tool kit (have the knowledge from Green Schools & other countries)
- 3. Stop installing on-road cycle lanes & stop measuring success in promoting CFT by Km of cycle lane installed
- 3. Need to implement Hierarchy of Solutions (NCPF, 2009) TO CURB CAR USE! Need traffic restrictions: speed, volume, access, parking 4. It’s about more than just roads: retrofit neighbourhoods to improve proximity & connectivity between people and the places they want to go – esp teenagers (independent transport). Link enough housing estates together and you then have a Safe Route to School or the local shops, that avoids the main roads.
- Need to implement the ‘Hierarchy’ here Child who lives at ‘3’ can’t independently go and visit friend in housing est. across the rd. Reduce traffic speeds & ban HGV’s on 1 and 2. Breakdown the fence at 3, and at all other, similar cul-de-sacs, widen footpaths & put in cycle lanes on 1 and 2
- Need to get rid of junctions like this that actively discourage walking
- 5. Stop putting onus on vulnerable road users to prevent accidents! In communications, advertisements, media releases and educational literature
- Mullan, E & Groot, M. (2014). An exploration into adolescent girl’s attitudes to cycling for transport. Unpublished undergraduate dissertation. Waterford Institute of Technology.
- 6. Not just for children Off-road element is essential
- We presume people choose, consciously & deliberately, not to do walk/cycle for transport - May be an unconscious, passive reaction to an unsupportive environment ….so make the environment more supportive & curb car use!