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Its relevance depends on pursued activities:
   Outdoors
      • Sun & beach
      • Walking - Trekking
      • Summer & Winter sports

  Indoors
     • Cultural
     • Shopping
     • Business
     • VFR
1. Inbound tourism demand
    (Good) Climate as a pull factor
    “Given the same tourism resources, I choose
           destinations with good weather”

2. Outbound tourism demand
    (Bad) Climate as a push factor
    “I travel abroad when I want to enjoy good weather”
Cycling
   Sea
                                               Fishing
 River
                  Tourism      Kind of         Walking
Forest
                  resource     activity
Beach                                          Climbing

 Lake                                          Relaxing
                        Climate
Snowed mountain
                        in origin         Good climate
                                          Bad climate


HETEROGENEITY IN
  DESTINATIONS                      HETEROGENEITY IN
                                        TOURISTS
Let´s have a look at the literature
Traditionally:
   • Not very prolific on this topic:
      − Dataset limitations
      − Limited policymaking

Nowadays:
  • Awaken interest due to climate change
Step 1: Hurdles
                  1 if 15 ≤ ATrm ≤ 35          
          DTrm =                               
                  0         otherwise          
         1 if DRrm ≤ 10                       
                                                
DDRrm =                                        Wrm = DTrm ⋅ DRrm
         0 if DRrm > 10                       
                          DRrm = DDRrm ⋅ DTRrm 
         1 if TRrm ≤ 60 
DTRrm =                                        
                         
         0 if TRrm > 60                       
                                                

               Step 2: Final Index
                            12
                     Wr = ∑ Wrm
                            m =1
4 possible choices:
  Not travelling: (0,0)
  Domestic tourism only: (1,0)
  International tourism only: (0,1)
  Both domestic and international: (1,1)

Econometric model
  Non-independent decisions
  Seemingly unrelated bivariate probit
  Test of independence: ρ≠0
    If ρ=0, two independent probits is the correct
     approach
    If ρ≠0, bivariate probit is the correct approach
ernel distribution of the climate index
      .15
      .1
Density
      .05
      0




             0        3          6               9   12
                           Climate Index

                           Kernel density estimate
                           Normal density
robability of travelling and income
        Contour analysis)
   NONE                          BOTH




 DOMESTIC                       ABROAD
robability of travelling and income

Probability
                      Non-parametric analysis)
                                                     None
         .8                                          Domestic only
                    NONE                             Abroad only
                                                     Both



         .6
                                                     ABROAD

         .4                                             BOTH


         .2
                                                     DOMESTIC


          0
              0            2000     4000      6000             8000
                                                            Income
Probability                                                            Probability
                                                      None                                                             None


                            UK                                                                  Germany
                                                      Domestic only                                                    Domestic only
                                                      Abroad only                                                      Abroad only
                                                      Both                                                             Both
         .8                                                                     .8



         .6                                    ABROAD                           .6                                 ABROAD

         .4                                                                     .4



         .2                                                                     .2



          0
                                                 DOMESTIC                        0                               DOMESTIC
              0   1000           2000          3000             4000                 0   1000             2000           3000
                                                             Income                                                        Income


Probability                                                            Probability
                                                      None                                                             None

                           France                     Domestic only
                                                      Abroad only                                 Italy                Domestic only
                                                                                                                       Abroad only
                                                      Both                                                             Both
         .8                                                                     .8



         .6                                                                     .6


                                                                                                                   DOMESTIC
         .4                                                                     .4
                                                      DOMESTIC
         .2
                                                             ABROAD             .2

                                                                                                                    ABROAD
          0                                                                      0
              0          1000           2000                    3000                 0    1000              2000                 3000
                                                             Income                                                           Income
limate in the origin and
                     estination choice
Probability

         .5                                  DOMESTIC

         .4



         .3
                                               Domestic
                                               Abroad


         .2


                                              ABROAD
         .1



          0
              0      3         6         9              12
                                             Climate Index
ontour of the probability of travelling
             and climate




                Loyalty
             Similar probability
articipation domestically-only
                     Bivariate probit model)




Domestic only
    0
    1 - 12
    13 - 15
    16 - 18
    19 - 21
    22 - 25
    26 - 28
    29 - 32
    33 - 36
    37 - 40
    41 - 54
    55 - 77
articipation abroad-only
                 Bivariate probit model)




Abroad only
     0-2
     3-7
     8 - 11
     12 - 15
     16 - 19
     20 - 24
     25 - 28
     29 - 31
     32 - 35
     36 - 39
     40 - 45
     46 - 52
Seminarios tides   el papel del clima
Seminarios tides   el papel del clima
Seminarios tides   el papel del clima

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Seminarios tides el papel del clima

  • 1.
  • 2. Its relevance depends on pursued activities: Outdoors • Sun & beach • Walking - Trekking • Summer & Winter sports Indoors • Cultural • Shopping • Business • VFR
  • 3. 1. Inbound tourism demand (Good) Climate as a pull factor “Given the same tourism resources, I choose destinations with good weather” 2. Outbound tourism demand (Bad) Climate as a push factor “I travel abroad when I want to enjoy good weather”
  • 4. Cycling Sea Fishing River Tourism Kind of Walking Forest resource activity Beach Climbing Lake Relaxing Climate Snowed mountain in origin Good climate Bad climate HETEROGENEITY IN DESTINATIONS HETEROGENEITY IN TOURISTS
  • 5. Let´s have a look at the literature
  • 6. Traditionally: • Not very prolific on this topic: − Dataset limitations − Limited policymaking Nowadays: • Awaken interest due to climate change
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13. Step 1: Hurdles 1 if 15 ≤ ATrm ≤ 35  DTrm =   0 otherwise   1 if DRrm ≤ 10    DDRrm =    Wrm = DTrm ⋅ DRrm  0 if DRrm > 10    DRrm = DDRrm ⋅ DTRrm   1 if TRrm ≤ 60  DTRrm =     0 if TRrm > 60    Step 2: Final Index 12 Wr = ∑ Wrm m =1
  • 14. 4 possible choices:  Not travelling: (0,0)  Domestic tourism only: (1,0)  International tourism only: (0,1)  Both domestic and international: (1,1) Econometric model  Non-independent decisions  Seemingly unrelated bivariate probit  Test of independence: ρ≠0  If ρ=0, two independent probits is the correct approach  If ρ≠0, bivariate probit is the correct approach
  • 15.
  • 16. ernel distribution of the climate index .15 .1 Density .05 0 0 3 6 9 12 Climate Index Kernel density estimate Normal density
  • 17. robability of travelling and income Contour analysis) NONE BOTH DOMESTIC ABROAD
  • 18. robability of travelling and income Probability Non-parametric analysis) None .8 Domestic only NONE Abroad only Both .6 ABROAD .4 BOTH .2 DOMESTIC 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 Income
  • 19. Probability Probability None None UK Germany Domestic only Domestic only Abroad only Abroad only Both Both .8 .8 .6 ABROAD .6 ABROAD .4 .4 .2 .2 0 DOMESTIC 0 DOMESTIC 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 0 1000 2000 3000 Income Income Probability Probability None None France Domestic only Abroad only Italy Domestic only Abroad only Both Both .8 .8 .6 .6 DOMESTIC .4 .4 DOMESTIC .2 ABROAD .2 ABROAD 0 0 0 1000 2000 3000 0 1000 2000 3000 Income Income
  • 20. limate in the origin and estination choice Probability .5 DOMESTIC .4 .3 Domestic Abroad .2 ABROAD .1 0 0 3 6 9 12 Climate Index
  • 21. ontour of the probability of travelling and climate Loyalty Similar probability
  • 22. articipation domestically-only Bivariate probit model) Domestic only 0 1 - 12 13 - 15 16 - 18 19 - 21 22 - 25 26 - 28 29 - 32 33 - 36 37 - 40 41 - 54 55 - 77
  • 23. articipation abroad-only Bivariate probit model) Abroad only 0-2 3-7 8 - 11 12 - 15 16 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 28 29 - 31 32 - 35 36 - 39 40 - 45 46 - 52