1. Slide 1
Manuel Romero
Instituto IMDEA Energía
Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3
28935 Móstoles
Energía Solar Térmica de Alta Temperatura

2. Slide 2
• ensure the development, together with the SET Plan stakeholders, of an Integrated Roadmap around
the priorities identified in the EU Energy technology and innovation strategy by the end of 2013.
• define, together with the Member States, an Action Plan of joint and individual investments in
support of the Integrated Roadmap by mid 2014.
• invite, together with the Member States in the context of the Steering Group, the European Industrial
Initiatives and associated European Technology Platforms to adjust their mandate, structure and
participation to update their Technology Roadmaps and to contribute to the Integrated Roadmap.
• establish a coordination structure, under the Steering Group of the SET Plan, to promote investments
in research and innovation on energy efficiency

3. Slide 3
The EU is committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions to 80-
95% below 1990 levels by 2050 in the context of necessary
Reductions by developed countries as a group. The Commission
analysed the implications of this in its "Roadmap for moving to a
competitive low-carbon economy in 2050“.

4. Slide 4

5. Slide 5
The public
consultation was
open between 20
December 2012
and 15 March
2013.

6. Slide 6

7. Slide 7
Objetivo sostenible en el crecimiento de la demanda
energética primaria mundial
AñoFuente: German Advisory Council on Global
Change, 2003, www.wbgu.de
Geotérmica
Otras renovables
Solar térmica (calor y frio)
Electricidad solar (fotovoltaica
y solar termoeléctrica)
Eólica
Biomasa (avanzada)
Biomasa (tradicional)
Hidroeléctrica
Nuclear
Gas
Carbón
Petróleo

8. Slide 8
RADIACIÓN SOLAR
CENTRALES ELÉCTRICAS TERMOSOLARES
ESPEJOS
RECEPTOR
ALMA-
CENAMIENTO
FOCO FRIO
FOCO
CALIENTE
TURBINA

9. Slide 9
Maricopa Solar SES, USA
Archimede Priolo Italia, ENEA
LFC en Liddell Power plant de Areva, Australia
PS10 torre solar de Abengoa, España
Centrales Eléctricas Termosolares:
Foco puntual (3D) Foco lineal (2D)

10. Slide 10
Majadas, España, 50 MW, Acciona Energía
Gemasolar, España, 19 MW, Torresol Energy
Primeras plantas desplegadas en
el mundo >2GW
La electricidad termosolar en el mundo

11. Slide 11

12. Slide 12

13. Slide 13

14. Slide 14

15. Slide 15

16. Slide 16

17. Slide 17

18. Slide 18

19. Slide 19
Cilindro-parabólicos y centrales de torre operando a
temperaturas modestas, por debajo de 400 ºC .
Consecuencias de estos diseños conservadores:
Uso de sistemas con eficiencias menores del 20%
nominal en conversión de solar a electricidad.
Fuertes limitaciones en el uso eficiente de sistemas
almacenamiento de energía.
Alto consumo de agua y de terreno por la ineficiencia
de la integración con el bloque de potencia.
Ausencia de esquemas racionales de integración con
sistemas de generación distribuida.
No se alcanzan temperaturas necesarias para la
producción de combustibles solares e hidrógeno.
Limitaciones de la primera
generación de CET
Implantación mercado de
plantas avanzadas
Electricidad Termosolar
Reflectores solares de muy bajo
coste
Automatismo y operación remota
Gestionabilidad (almacenamiento
térmico/híbrido)/Combustibles
solares
Eficiencia (alta temperatura y altas
irradiancias/nuevos fluidos
térmicos y receptores solares)
Modularidad
Impacto ambiental (agua, terreno)
Integración en ciclos avanzados y
procesos de conversión directa

20. Slide 20

21. Slide 21

22. Slide 22
• Steam heating
• Brayton cycle
• Air heating
• Air heating
• Dish Stirling
• Air heating
• Rankine cycle
• Steam heating
Oil
receivers
Water/Steam
receivers
Solarized Stirling
engines
Ceramic receivers
Low P, T
Temperature (thermal fluid)
PresentconceptsAdvancedconcepts
• Solar fuels and chemistry
• Brayton cycle
• Air heating
Ceramic receivers
High P, T
Sodium
Receivers
Molten salts
receivers
• Brayton cycle
• Air Pre-heating
500 ºC 1000 ºC 1500 ºC
• Rankine cycle
• Steam heating
Current
Source:IMDEAEnergía
Solid particles
receivers
Volumetric air
receivers (metallic)
… to Market Implementation
of Advanced Technologies
Solar Thermal Electricity
Efficiency (high-temperature /high-
flux/new HTF/solar receivers)
Integration in advanced cycles and
direct conversion systems

23. Slide 23
Receivers: More compact, durable and efficient
(Efficiency > 85%)
molten salt
receiver
(SENER)
0 1000 2000 3000
Current
Next
generation
Peak flux on aperture (kW/m2)
Volumetric
Molten salt
Water-steam
Direct Indirect
Particles Tubular Volumetric
Fluid - Water Liquid metals Molten Salts Air
Average flux (MW/m2)
Peak flux (MW/m2)
(0.9)
(2.5)
0.1-0.3
0.4-0.6
0.4-0.5
1.4-2.5
0.4-0.5
0.7-0.8
0.5-0.6
0.8-1.0
Fluid outlet temperature (ºC) (2,000) 490-525 540 540-565 (700-1,000)

24. Slide 24
Superheating steam with dual receivers
eSolar Double Cavity
B&W receiver

25. Slide 25
Volumetric air-cooled receiver
Heat transfer area: 255 m2/m3
Efficiency at 750°: 78%
Porosity: 50%
Target:
• Improve volumetricity
• Increase solar flux

26. Slide 26

27. Slide 27
Some recent data on production in Spain
Source REE
Important milestones
in July 2012:
 Max. contribution 4,1%
(July the 11th at 17:00)
Max daily contribution 3,2%
(July the 15th)
Monthly production 2,3%
(524 GWh in July)
Solar Thermal Electricity production in Spain. July 2012MWh

28. Slide 28
Average
density
Average
heat
conduc-
tivity
Average
heat
capacity
Volume
specific
heat
capacity
Media
costs
per kg
Media
costs
per kWht
Cold Hot
Storage Medium ºC ºC kg/m3
W/mK kJ/kgK kWht/m3
$/kg $/kWht
Solid media
Sand-rock-oil 200 300 1 700 1 1.30 60 0.15 14
Reinforced concrete 200 400 2 200 1.5 0.85 100 0.05 1
NaCl (solid) 200 500 2 160 7 0.85 150 0.15 1.5
Cast iron 200 400 7 200 37 0.56 160 1.00 32
Cast steel 200 700 7 800 40 0.60 450 5.00 60
Silica fire bricks 200 700 1 820 1.5 1.00 150 1.00 7
Magnesia fire bricks 200 1 200 3 000 5 1.15 600 2.00 6
Liquid media
Mineral oil 200 300 770 0.12 2.6 55 0.30 4.2
Synthetic oil 250 350 900 0.11 2.3 57 3.00 43
Silicone oil 300 400 900 0.10 2.1 52 5.00 80
Nitrite salts 250 450 1 825 0.57 1.5 152 1.00 12
Nitrate salts 265 565 1 870 0.52 1.6 250 0.70 5.2
Carbonate salts 450 850 2 100 2 1.8 430 2.40 11
Liquid sodium 270 530 850 71 1.3 80 2.00 21
Phase change media
NaNO3 308 2.257 0.5 200 125 0.20 3.6
KNO3 333 2.11 0.5 267 156 0.30 4.1
KOH 380 2.044 0.5 150 85 1.00 24
Salt-ceramics
500-
850 2.6 5 420 300 2.00 17
(Na2CO3-BaCO3/MgO)
NaCl 802 2.16 5 520 280 0.15 1.2
Na2CO3 854 2.533 2 276 194 0.20 2.6
K2CO3 897 2.29 2 236 150 0.60 9.1
Temperature

29. Slide 29
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
1 5 9 13 17 21 1 5 9 13 17 21 1 5 9 13 17 21 1 5 9 13 17 21
Generation(MW)
CSP5 Wind15 PV10 PV
CSP
Wind
Hydro
PHS/CAES
Gas
Other
Biomass
Coal
Nuclear
Geothermal
Curtailment Due to Minimum Generation Constraints
29National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
Extensive coal and nuclear cycling unlikely
to occur in current system
• Marginal curtailment rate of PV moving from
10% to 15% of generation was 5%
• At SunShot goals (~6 cents/kWh) this
increases effective PV cost by about 0.3
cents/kWh due to underused capacity
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
1 5 9 13 17 21 1 5 9 13 17 21 1 5 9 13 17 21 1 5 9 13 17 21
Generation(MW)
CSP5 Wind15 PV10 PV
CSP
Wind
Hydro
PHS/CAES
Gas
Other
Biomass
Coal
Nuclear
Geothermal
10% PV 5 % CSP
15% PV No CSP
• PV curtailment would be reduced if grid
flexibility were increased
• CSP/TES provides an option to replace
“baseload” capacity with more flexible
generation

30. Slide 30
System marginal price and
corresponding CSP generation on
January 22–24 (low RE case)

31. Slide 31
Thermal energy storage
Challenge: < 20-30 €/kWhth

32. Slide 32
Innovative Latent Thermal Energy Storage System
for Concentrating Solar Power Plants
Heat Transfer
Fluid
HTF
Encapsulated
PCM
Storage
Container Encapsulated
PCM
Tubes for
fluid flow
HTF
Storage
Container
Fluid
HTF
Different concepts that will be modeled and tested
Test setup - Schematic
PCM (Solidified) PCM (Melting)
PCM Melting point (0C) Latent Heat (kJ/kg)
NaNO3 308 172
NaOH 318 316
KNO3 + 4.5%KCl 320 150
KNO3 333 266
Poly ether ether ketone 340 130
KNO3 + 4.7%KBr + 7.3%KCl 342 140
KOH 360 167
NaCl(26.8)/NaOH 370 370
42.5%NaCl + 20.5% KCl + MgCl2 390 410

33. Slide 33
Ca(OH)2 + ΔH ↔ CaO + H2O (800K)
Thermochemical Energy
Storage for Concentrated
Solar Power Plants
3Mn2O3 → 2Mn3O4 + ½ O2 (1180 K),

34. Slide 34

35. Slide 35
El heliostato de SenerCheaper concentrators
Large area
heliostats
New reflectors

36. Slide 36
The Solar Energy Development Center
Small heliostats

37. Slide 37
Modularity, urban integration

38. Slide 38
• Corto a medio plazo  Producción de electricidad
Objetivos de la concentración solar
Objetivo
último
es la
producción
de
combustibles
solares
• Medio a largo plazo  Química Solar

39. Slide 3939
Disociación de agua con óxidos metálicos

40. Slide 40
CONCLUSIONES
Las CET introducen la energía solar en mercados de
alto valor añadido mediante procesos a alta
temperatura, proporcionando alta capacidad y
gestionabilidad.
Las CET permiten trabajar en modo híbrido o con
almacenamiento térmico para producción masiva de
electricidad.
El mercado por el momento concentrado en España
y EEUU.
Falta I+D para reducir costes un 60%, mejorar
gestionabilidad y aumentar eficiencias.
La producción de combustibles solares es uno de los
elementos estratégicos para las próximas décadas.
Energía Solar Alta Temperatura: