Agriculture is important to Ethiopia's economy, employing 85% of the population. Livestock accounts for 40% of agricultural GDP but productivity is low, with dairy cows averaging 1-2 liters of milk per day. Private artificial insemination services have existed for less than 10 years but are struggling due to high costs of $460,686 to start. Challenges include farmers preferring lower-cost government services and a lack of regulation. Opportunities exist to support private services through loans, alternative semen sources, and improved monitoring to increase livestock productivity in Ethiopia.