Presented by Clavery Tungaraza at the CLEANED Project East Africa Stakeholder Consultation on Dairy and Environment Nairobi, Kenya, 18 September 2013

1. Clavery Tungaraza
Faculty of science, Sokoine University of
Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
Dairy/livestock and the
environment in Tanzania
CLEANED Project East Africa Stakeholder Consultation on Dairy and Environment
Nairobi, Kenya, 18 September 2013

2. Dairy/livestock status
Livestock activities are mixed
19.1 million cattle found in Tanzania, 3rd
in Africa
after Ethiopia and Sudan.
 ~605,000 are dairy cattle.
Others, raised for dual purpose of milk and meat
production.
Vision by 2015 to have 900,000 dairy cattle

3. Dairy/livestock status
Dairy not mentioned in National statistical figures
but livestock
NAPA (National Adaptation Programme of Action)
never mentioned ‘Dairy’ but livestock

4. Tanzania is an agro-pastoralist country
Tanzania Mainland Z'bar
Number of Rural Agricultural
households 5,838,523 5,706,329
132,19
3
Number of Households Growing Crops
only 3,508,581 3,422,072
86,50
9
Number of Households Growing Crops
and livestock 2,268,255 2,224,410
43,84
4
Number of Households with Livestock
only 57,770 55,929 1,840
Number of Households doing
Pastoralism 3,917 3,917 0

5. Status of the Environment
Climatic impacted country
 Severe and recurrent droughts
 drop of water levels of Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika and
Lake Jipe
 recession of 7 km of Lake Rukwa in about 50 years

6. Impact to livestock
Shrinkage of rangeland
Fluctuation of product values,
eg. dry periods cattle price can fall from US$130 to
US$13
Loss of animals sometimes massive
eg. In 2009 in Loliondo, Ngorongoro, Simanjiro,
Kiteto and Mwanga there was total loss of over
150,000 animals.

7. Impact to livestock
Milk and meat Productivity and quality fluctuate
following climatic conditions
Pastoralist migration
Conflicts - Farmers v/s pastoralists

9. Country situation
Carrying Capacity
Region Existing
Recommended
Excess
Mwanza 2, 180,275 63,360 2,116, 915
Shinyanga 3, 806,677 87,800 3, 718, 877
Dodoma 798,105 160,167 637, 938
Singida 727,930 117,983 609, 947

10. Current Climate Zonation
Zone Sub-Zone and areas Rainfall (mm/yr)
1. COAST
North: Tanga (except Lushoto), Coast
and Dares Salaam
North: Bimodal, 750-
1200mm
South: Eastern Lindi and Mtwara
(except Makonde Plateau
South: Unimodal, 800-
1200mm
2. ARID LANDS
North: Serengeti, Ngorogoro Parks,
Part of Masailand
North: Unimodal,
unreliable, 500-600mm
Masai Steppe, Tarangire Park,
Mkomazi Reserve, Pangani and
Eastern Dodoma
South: Unimodal and
Unreliable, 400-600mm
3. SEMI-ARID
LANDS
Central Dodoma, Singida,Northern
Iringa, some of Arusha, Shinyanga
Southern: Morogoro, Lindi and
Southwest Mtwara
Central: unimodal and
unreliable: 500-800mm
Southeastern: Unimodal
600-800mm

11. 4. PLATEAUX
Western: Tabora, Rukwa (North and
Center), Mbeya North: Kigoma, Part of
Mara Southern: Ruvuma and Southern
Morogoro
Western: unimodal, 800-
1000mm Southern:
unimodal, veryreliable,
900-1300mm
5. SOUTHERN
AND WESTERN
HIGHLANDS
Southern: A broad ridge of from N.
Morogoro to N. LakeNyasa, covering
part of Iringa, MbeyaSouthwestern:
Ufipa plateau inSumbawanga Western:
Along the shore of Lake Tanganyika in
Kigoma and Kagera
Southern: unimodal,
reliable, local rain shadows,
800-1400mm Southern:
unimodal, reliable, 800-
1000mm Western:
bimodal, 1000-2000mm
6. NOTHERN
HIGHLANDS
Northern: foot of mt Kilimanjaro and
Mt. Meru. Eastern Rift Valley to Eyasi
Granite Mts Uluguru in Morogoro, Pare
Mts in Kilimanjaro and Usambara Mts
in Tanga, Tarime highlands in Mara
Northern: Bimodal, varies
widely 1000-2000mm
Granitic mts. Bimodal and
very reliable 1000-2000m
7. ALLUVIAL
PLAINS
K-kilomberao (Morogoro) R- Rufuji
(Coast) U- Usangu (Mbeya) W-
Wami(Morogoro)
K—Unimodal, very reliable,
900-1300mm R-Unimodal,
often inadequate 800-
1200mmU-Unimodal, 500-
800mm W-Unimodal, 600-
1800mm

12. Dominant zones for livestock keepers
2. ARID LANDS
North: Serengeti, Ngorogoro Parks, Part
of Masailand
North: Unimodal,
unreliable , 500-
600mm
Masai Steppe, Tarangire Park, Mkomazi
Reserve, Pangani and Eastern Dodoma
South: Unimodal and
unreliable, 400-
600mm
3. SEMI-ARID
LANDS
Central Dodoma, Singida,Northern
Iringa, some of Arusha, Shinyanga
Southern: Morogoro Also Lindi and
Southwest Mtwara
Central: unimodal and
unreliable: 500-
800mm Southeastern:
Unimodal 600-800mm

13. Environmental Impacts
Globally livestock listed to cause;
Land degradation
Air pollution
Climate change
 GHG emission (18%): 37% of methane, 9% of anthropogenic
carbon dioxide emissions, and 65% of nitrous oxide
Exacerbate water shortage and water pollution,
Loss of biodiversity through land use change
Influence human behaviour based on milk and meat
consumption

14. Environmental Impacts
On the GHG contribution (Giga tonnes CO2 equivalent)
Land use and land use change: 2.5 -vegetation replaced by pasture
and carbon release from soils
Feed Production (except carbon released from soil): 0.4 -including
fossil fuel and chemical fertilizer application
Animal production: 1.9 -enteric fermentation from ruminants (CH4)
and on-farm fossil fuel use (CO2)
Manure Management: 2.2 -manure storage, application and
deposition (CH4, N2O, NH3)
Processing and transport: 0.03 -fuel

15. Challenges of assessing Environmental
Impacts
Lack of environmental baseline
Difficulties in assessing size of pasture land due to
grazing nature –migration & nomadic
Deforestation based method difficulty due to crop
production deforestation activities
Varying types of livestock feeds – not industrial
manufactured or input based production
Pasture land not well-selected -the nomadic life
Pasture dependent on natural land fertility
Mixed feeds; pasture-grass-feeding vs. grain-feeding