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1. Arthropod natural enemies
(Microbial control)
• Nematodes (Entomopathogenic and
Entomophagous Nematodes)
• Desiccation restricts use to moist environments
• Other environmental restrictions
• Fungi (Beauveria, Metarhizium)
• Most common disease organisms in insects
• Ability to infect insect during any stage
• Bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis = Lepidoptera or Bt,
Lysinibacillus sphaericus = mosquitos, Diptera,
Paenibacillus popilliae = Japanese beetle,
Coleoptera)

2. Arthropod natural enemies
(Microbial control)
• Viruses Lepidoptera: Baculoviruses (Granulosis
Virus, Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus), lepidopterous
insects, mosquitoes, blackflies, midges:
Cytoplasmic Polyhedrosis Viruses (CPV),
lepidopterous, dipterous, and orthopterous:
Entomopoxviruses, cabbage looper, cotton
budworm, corn earworm, and fall armyworm:
Ascoviruses
• Considered safe because of their restriction to
insects
• Mode of action and persistence in the environment

3. Microbial Control of Plant
Pathogens
Mode of
Relationship
Plant
pathogens
Antagonists (hosts) Post-infection
Mycoparasitis
m
Rotrytis alii (F) Gliocladium roseum Penetration of hyphae
Cocchliobolus
sativus(F)
Myrothecium verrucaria Antibiosis and
penetration
Rhizoctonia
solani (F)
Fomes
annosus
Trichoderma viride Coiling, cytoplasm
coagulation
Sclerotium
rolfsii (F)
T. harzianum coiling, penetration and
lysis
Nematophagy: Heterodera
rostochiensis
(N)
Phialospora
heteroderae
Penetration of cysts and
egg killing
Mycophagy: Cocchliobolus
sativus (F)
Soil amoebae Perforation in conidia
Gaeumannom
yces graminis
var. tritici
Soil amoebae Penetration and lysis of
hypae