The three main challenges of genetic resources centre includes: sustainable conservation,substantial use and crop diversity captured using cowpea,yam and cassava as case study

1. Genetic Resources Center:
Obligations, Challenges and Strategy Elements
Dominique Dumet
Panel review, June 2009

2. COLLECTIONS +28 000 accessions
Cowpea (53%)
Bambara ground nut
Vigna wild species
Soybean
Maize
Yam
Cassava
Banana/Plantain
+ The miscellaneous legumes…

3. COLLECTIONS +28 000 accessions
Cowpea (53%)
Bambara ground nut
Vigna wild species
Soybean
Maize
Yam
Cassava
Banana/Plantain

4. The OBLIGATIONS
GERMPLASM IS
• CONSERVED
• REGENERATED
• CHARACTERISED
• DISTRIBUTED
• ACCESSIBLE
• SAFE DUPLICATED
• DOCUMENTED
» in International standards

5. Ex situ CONSERVATION SENSUS STRICTO
MEDIUM TERM
+7500 +3500
+50 000
5oC Field In vitro
LONG TERM
50
+30 000
-20oC -196oC

6. Some figures 2007-2008
SEED
Regeneration: 4300
Processing for storage: 2261
Processed for safe duplication: +12 000
Duplicated in Svalbard: +8000
Viability monitoring: 3179
Virus Indexing: 3569
Characterization: 491
CLONAL
Meristeming: 600
Safe duplicated in Cotonou: +2000
Characterisation: + 3500
DNA banking: 1500

7. DOCUMENTATION/INFORMATION
DATA
Regeneration
Processing for storage
Viability monitoring Harvest date, location, year,
Indexing water content, germination,
Characterisation viability. number of seed,
Field maintenance subculture batch, ….etc
In vitro maintenance
In vitro introduction
Data management system

8. Live inventory/Monitoring
Seed crop bar coding completed
In vitro genebank in progress
(Matija Obreza)

9. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
Quality Management System… Towards ISO certification
Capacity
development for GRC
staff and national partners

10. Research Projects
CONSERVATION
Meristeming, cryopreservation
(Hide Kikuno, Badara Gueye)
STABILITY and INTEGRITY
Cowpea geneflow study
Yam and cassava somaclonal variation
(Vroh Bi)
CHARACTERISATION/IDENTITY
Finger printing yam and cassava collections
Cassava agromorphological description
African yam bean (morpho molecular)
(Ranjana Bhattacharjee, Paul Ilona, Vroh Bi, Daniel Adewale)
SANITATION
Antibiotic treatment (yam)
Virus elimination (cassava) – Meristeming/Cryotherapy
(Lava Kumar, Ranajit Bandyopadhyay)

11. 3 main CHALLENGES
•Sustainable Conservation
•Substantial Use
•Crop Diversity Captured

12. 3 main CHALLENGES
•Sustainable Conservation
•Substantial Use
•Crop Diversity Captured

13. CLONAL
SUSTAINABLE CONSERVATION:
CASE of CASSAVA
Field bank In vitro banking Cryopreservation
(5% loss) •Reduced risk loss •‘Low cost’
•Facilitated exchange

14. CASSAVA In vitro banking
STERILISATION
MERISTEMING
Distribution
INDEXING
MULTIPLICATION
Cryobanking BANKING

15. CASSAVA In vitro banking
STERILISATION
MERISTEMING
MERISTEMING
Distribution
INDEXING
CRYOBANKING
MULTIPLICATION
Cryobanking BANKING

16. MERISTEMING
Reference set (GCP project) - IITA selection (175 accessions)
104 landraces + drought tolerant and other potentials
160
80%
140
120
Nb of accessions
100 Meristeming
80 Recalcitrant = indicator
141 to the standard of diversity
60
40
10%
20
16 18 11
0
Virus free Non virus free Recalcitrant Not available

17. Cassava meristem cryopreservation
48 accessions
Vitrification/Droplet freezing
Meristem
Loading Vitrification
excision
PVS2
Freezing
Cryotube 1 Cryotube 2 Cryotube 3
Cryostorage
Thawing/Unloading 3 months
Dark (7 days)
5 weeks 12h light
SURVIVAL and SHOOT ELONGATION

18. CRYOPRESERVATION trials
100
accessions dead after cryo
a
90
shoot production and
a
80 b
70 b
Survival,
60 b
(%)
c
50 c
40 c
30 No recovery
20 (25%)
10
0
1
2
ol
3
es
es
es
ntr
b
b
ub
co
tu
tu
Survival
t
yo
yo
yo
Shoot formation
Cr
Cr
cr
Non recovering accessions
(stat by Sam Korie)
Cryopreservation is in ‘domestication’
(adjustment on accession basis, somaclonal variation, LN supply)

19. Consequences on today’s
cassava conservation strategy
Experimental
FIELD BANK IN VITRO Cryo

20. FIELD BANK IN VITRO Cryo
10 % 25 %
recalcitrance recalcitrance

21. FIELD BANK IN VITRO Cryo
10 % 25 %
recalcitrance recalcitrance
Somaclonal variation?

22. MAIN BANK SAFE DUPLICATION/
DISTRIBUTION
FIELD BANK IN VITRO Cryo

23. MAIN BANK SAFE DUPLICATION/
DISTRIBUTION
FIELD BANK IN VITRO Cryo
On farm in situ
Seed banking

24. Future?
FIELD BANK MULTIPLICATION/
DISTRIBUTION
IN VITRO Cryobanking
FIELD BANK
MOSAIC OF CONSERVATION
Seed On farm APPROACHES
banking In situ Will require global partnership

25. SEEDS SUSTAINABLE CONSERVATION:
CASE of COWPEA

26. STANDARD SEED CROP STORAGE STRATEGY
Active Base
5 oC -20oC
Distribution
15 000
Accessions

27. COWPEA DISTRIBUTION 1985-2008
Number of samples distributed: 34862
4000
3500
Nb of accessions
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
BEST SELLER
500
TVu3629
0
0 50 100 150 200
Nb of time distributed

28. COWPEA distribution pattern 1985-2008
10815 distinct accessions distributed
…4300 non visible
Accessions distribution
Non visible
35%
4300 Distributed
Never distributed
10815
65%

29. Cowpea viability during storage
Medium
Long term
95 97
100
90
Germination (%) in 2009
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1980 1980 1982 1982
Year processed for storage

30. Management improvement
Active Base
5 oC -20oC
Distribution
15 000
Accessions

31. Management improvement
Active Base
5 oC -20oC
Distribution
‘Never Used’
15 000
Accessions

32. Management improvement
Active Base
-20oC
+ Safe duplication
•Svalbard
Distribution 5 oC •Saskatoon
‘Never Used’ •CIMMYT

33. Management improvement
Active Base
-20oC
Distribution 5 oC
‘Never Used’ REQUEST for
A ‘Never used’

34. Management improvement
Active Base
-20oC
Distribution 5 oC
‘Never Used’ REQUEST for
A ‘Never used’
Regeneration
Dynamic conservation

35. Management improvement
Active Base
-20oC
Distribution 5 oC
‘Never Used’ REQUEST for
A ‘Never used’
Regeneration
Dynamic conservation – evolving system based on data analysis

36. 3 main CHALLENGES
•Sustainable Conservation
•Substantial Use
•Crop diversity captured

37. SUBSTANTIAL USE
Case of cowpea
Drop Page Fields Here
COWPEA distribution pattern 1985-2008
Total
34862 samples
Sum of Number of accessions
6000
5000
4000
Drop Series Fields Here
3000
Total
2000
1000
0
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Year

38. COWPEA distribution pattern 1985-2008
Drop Page Fields Here
34862 samples
Total
Sum of Number of accessions
6000
5000
4000
FUNDINGS
Drop Series Fields Here
3000
Total
2000
1000
0
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Year Minicore
Set (374)
defined

39. COWPEA distribution pattern 1985-2008
Drop Page Fields Here
34862 samples
Total
Sum of Number of accessions
6000
5000
4000
FUNDINGS
Drop Series Fields Here
3000
Minicore
Total
requested
2000
6 times in 2007
1000
0
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Year Minicore
Set (374)
Distribution FUNDING/PROJECT driven defined

40. Selection based on descriptors:
•Agro-morphological
•Molecular
•Passport
Today’s used oriented traits =
•Drought tolerance
•Pest and disease resistance
•Nutritious value
•Need for information road from Breeding/Biotech to GRC
(TL1, GCP, ….)
•More friendly user access to descriptor data
(more integrated data)

41. IMPROVE USE
Case of cassava
10% distrubution
During the past 10 years
MERGING Project
COLLECTIONS BREEDING/GENEBANK
Characterization (agro morphological)
Passport data revision
Core definition
Development of a ‘cassalogue’ with photographs
Friendly user search tool
(Collaboration with Paul Ilona, Ranjana Bhattacharjee)

42. 3 main CHALLENGES
•Sustainable Conservation
•Substantial Use
•Crop diversity captured

43. CROP DIVERSITY CAPTURE
Case of yam
Some obvious
GAPS
Geospatial lab IITA

44. New acquisition guided by:
•GIS analysis (temperature,
rainfall, elevation, soil,
photoperiod, production…)
(Subash Marcus, Kai Sonder)

45. •Germplasm accessibility/
International Treaty
•TRUST Regeneration/Duplication
project
Priority countries:
Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania,
Madagascar, Malawi

46. D. Bulbifera ….
‘one of the most
aggressive
and dangerous
vine in Florida’

47. 2009 Acquisitions
YAM
Trust Regeneration Project
•300 from Benin
•70 from Togo
(Collaboration Maria
Ayodele)
Collecting mission in Guinea Conakry
•73 cassava
(Collaboration Paul Ilona, Sanoussi Bah)

48. The BIG CHALLENGE:
Partnership for sustainable
conservation and use

49. IITA and the GLOBAL system
•IITA Germplasm safe duplication
Research partners
•Safe duplication for National Partners

50. GENETIC RESOURCES CENTER
and the CGIAR reform
GENETIC RESOURCES MEGAPROGRAM?

51. GENETIC RESOURCES CENTER
and the CGIAR reform
GENETIC RESOURCES MEGAPROGRAM?
Merging per crop?
Merging activity?

52. GENETIC RESOURCES MEGAPROGRAM?

53. THE MAIN THREAT:
•GENETIC EROSION
Main causes?
CLIMATE CHANGE
AGRICULTURE INTENSIFICATION

54. •Work closely with varieties releasers
and farmers (collect endangered landraces)
•Develop powerful tools for identification/characterisation
•Collect in areas at risk
Strategy at Continent / Global level

56. Genetic Resources Center
•IITA window
•Complementary conservation approaches
•Data/information management system essential
•Need expertise and feedback from all
•Long term investment
•CRUCIAL component for FOOD security

57. THANK YOU

60. TVu 3629 ( Ife Brown ) …… Developed at the University of Ife ( OAU
Ile-Ife ) and released for cultivation
in Nigeria. Most popular Brown rough seed variety in South West
Nigeria.
TVu 14195 ( IT84S-2246-4 )…… Developed by IITA and released in
Nigeria and many West Africa
Countries. An improvement on TVu 3629. Resiatant to Aphids, Thrips
and Bruchids (storage insect).
TVu 2027…. Local Variety, originate from Northern Nigeria. Source of
Bruchid Resistant.
Have been used in several crosses in our Breeding program.
TVu 1190 ( VITA-3 ) Originate from East and Southern Africa. Now
released for cultivation
in several South America countries apart from East Africa. A good
source of vegetable leave
and grain production.