A presentation by consultant Andrea Quesada Aguilar at a workshop held in Paris from Thursday, 3 December to Friday, 4 December during the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21).
The event organised by the International Institute for Environment and Development aimed to share the findings of its research to inform a wider debate on how REDD+ is contributing to addressing the drivers of land use and land use change.
The presentation focused on gender and equity in REDD+ and the challenges faced.
More details: http://www.iied.org/redd-paris-what-could-be-it-for-people-forests
2. Presentation Overview
Past: What has happened
Gender in the UNFCCC Warsaw Framework
Present: Where we are
Recent International and National efforts
Future: Where we should go?
Common issues and ideas to move forward
5. It requests parties when developing
and implementing their national
strategies to address: drivers of
deforestation and forest degradation,
land tenure issues, forest governance
issues, gender considerations and the
safeguards ensuring the full and
effective participation of relevant
stakeholders, inter alia, indigenous
peoples and local communities.
In the Cancun Agreement
(FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1 decision 1/CP.16 paragraph 72)
6. 2. Agrees that systems for
providing information on how the
safeguards referred to in appendix I
to decision 1/CP.16 are addressed
and respected should, taking into
account national circumstances and
respective capabilities, and
recognizing national sovereignty and
legislation, and relevant international
obligations and agreements, and
respecting gender considerations.
Durban Outcomes (FCCC /CP/2011/9/Add.2)
7. Some Issues Addressed
• Strategic/ Action Plans
• Safeguards and Standards
• Capacity Building
• Land Tenure and Property Rights
• Benefit Sharing
• FPIC
• Inclusion and Governance
9. International
National
Local/Project
Recent Efforts at Multiple Scales
CIFOR Role of Women in Early Implementation
CIEL Using International Law to Advance
Women’s Tenure Rights in REDD+
Ecuador Diagnostic and action plan to
mainstream gender in REDD+ Strategy
Uganda, Ghana and Cameroon review
Gender and REDD+ Actions Plans
Yucatan Peninsula addressed gender
considerations in safeguard process
Lam Dong's Provincial REDD+ Gender
Analysis of Action Plan
10. Common Issues and Challenges
• Lack of recognition as stakeholders and
contributors to SFM and conservation
• Participation, Inclusion and Decision Making are
not correlated
• Integration of women’s rights and customary rights
• Barriers to guarantee land tenure rights
• Young women “double exclusion”
11. Common Issues and Challenges
• Lack of access to information
• Unsafe conditions for women to express
complaints/grievances
• Benefit Sharing exclusion
• Exclusion from community monitoring
• Elite capture of resources
14. Gender Blind
Gender Sensitive
Gender Transformative
Gender Responsive
Efficient, effective and equitable
REDD+ Programme
Effective, equitable,
sustainable and just results.
Challenges success of REDD+
programme and its safeguards
Positive development
outcomes and transformation
of unequal gender relations
Establish Target and Define Goals
16. 3 Dimension Equity Framework
through a Gender Lens
PROCEDURE DISTRIBUTION
RECOGNITION
• Recognition &
respect of rights
• Respect for knowledge
and institutions
Land Tenure
Recognition of women & youth
Respect and protection of rights
Identifications of inequalities
FPIC
17. RECOGNITION
DISTRIBUTION
PROCEDURE
• Effective participation
• Access to information &
capacity building
• Access to justice
Decision-Making
Barriers for involvement
Access information/CB
Safety and Justice
Exclusion Monitoring
3 Dimension Equity Framework
through a Gender Lens
18. RECOGNITION
DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION
• Benefits equally
• Benefits according to
contribution to mitigation
• Benefits according to
rights
• Benefits to reflect costs
• Benefits according to
basic needs
Elite Capture
Exclusion from BSM
Costs, contributions, needs
Impact Assessment
Tradeoffs
3 Dimension Equity Framework
through a Gender Lens
19. Define a gender ‘transformative’ implementation of
projects & forest activities
Strategic plans: Uganda, Ghana, Cameroon, Mexico
Safeguards and Standards: W+ Standard, REDD SES
Capacity Building RECOFT, competencies framework CI IUCN, CIEL
Land Tenure: REFACOFT, Cifor
Inclusion: Cambodia, Sri Lanka WOCAN, CIFOR analysis of 69 villages in 18 REDD+
Gender mainstreaming the REDD+ National Program, Ecuador
Developing a Gender & REDD+ Roadmap, Ghana, Uganda,Cameroon
Involving women in REDD+: REFACO F’s approach, Cameroon
TFCG and MJUMITA REDD+ SES experience,Tanzania
National safeguards (PRISAI) in Indonesia
Lessons learned from the field: gender inclusion in REDD+, Sri Lanka
Developing gender-sensitive REDD+ SES indicators, Nepal
Creating a gender-responsive REDD+ Program and pilot projects, Mexico
Identifying and overcoming barriers to women’s inclusion in REDD+, Cambodia
CARE HIMA Project, Tanzania
Ensuring community voices influence national REDD+ processes, Suriname
Community safeguards with CIEL, Honduras
Hariyo Ban Project, Nepal
Trees for Global Benefit, Uganda
Gender differentiated analysis of value chains of forest products, IIED: Mozambique Tanzania Nepal and Vietnam
CIFOR Global Comparative Study on REDD+ (GCS-REDD), primarily from focus group interviews with women in 69 villages participating in 18 REDD+ subnational
initiatives in five countries: Brazil (4 sites), Cameroon (2 sites), Indonesia (5 sites), Tanzania (6 sites) and Vietnam (1 site); Peru
Gender, climate change and REDD+ in the Congo Basin forests of Central Africa
RECOFT Understanding women participation in Philippines, Nepal, Indonesia, Fiji, Cambodia
International GCP REDD desk now has a list of gender publications
National Uganda, Ghana and Cameroon review actions plans
REFACOFT capacity buildling for members
Challenges because it does not involve all stakeholders, exacerbate social, gender and economic inequalities
Gender is needed to implement it effectively and promote social equity
Challenges because it does not involve all stakeholders, exacerbate social, gender and economic inequalities
Gender is needed to implement it effectively and promote social equity
Focus on Land Tenure: Talk about forest tenure issues and stakeholders that would still be excluded even after land tenure is remediated
There is growing recognition that secure land tenure is important for equitable REDD+ initiatives. Already, REDD+ has triggered discussion and some action on land rights in Mexico and Peru. However, conservation at the community level may involve, and even rely on, stakeholders who have no foreseeable prospect of tenure rights
Focus on Issues regarding decision making and participation
social/cultural mindsets or ‘norms’ may prevent equitable strategies being implemented as intended.
Focus on BS mechanism In Peru, for example, some research participants said that if (and only if) the government provides communities with appropriate information and capacity building, the benefits could be allocated based on contributions to conservation and sustainable management of forests. This approach might require recognition for non-formal community structures that have great social capital and contribute to conservation
Focus on Tradeoffs: there are potential ‘tradeoffs’ between these, for example poorer, more vulnerable people may have little influence over forest conservation or causes of deforestation. Focusing benefits on these vulnerable groups (needs-based) will often reduce the benefits available to provide incentives for good forest management. Conversely, focusing only on the large-scale drivers of deforestation will often exclude rural forest-dependent communities who are in great need of development support.
theories of change started with recognition for stakeholders and their rights and forest activities with social benefits, and then proposed equitable procedures in order to ensure social and environmental benefits are distributed equitably
although recognition and procedures are pre requisites for equitable distribution of benefits, they are also outcomes in their own right (and should not just be regarded as a means to an end)
the ‘distribution’ dimension one type of benefit (such as new jobs) leads to more complex and fundamental benefits (such as improved human well-being).