The Return of H2 – Challenges of Modelling H2 in TIMES

1. THE RETURN OF H2 –
CHALLENGES OF MODELLING H2
IN TIMES
ETSAP WORKSHOP, Zurich, 13.12.2017
Sofia Simoes, Juliana Barbosa, Luís
Fazendeiro
CO2
ENERGY &
CLIMATE
New
Technologies
& Low
Carbon
Practices
Climate
Mitigation/
Adaptation
Consumers
Profiles &
Energy
Efficiency
Policy
Support
Energy
Transitions
Integrative
Energy City
Planning

2. ASSESSING THE H2 POTENTIAL IN THE PT ENERGY SYSTEM
[2]
(a) Analysis of current and emerging H2 chains (focus on mobility and storage of variable intermittent
RES power)
(b) Review and update H2 tehnologies in TIMES
(c) Simulation, using the TIMES_PT model on the cost-effectiveness of H2 deployment in Portugal in
several scenarios, including very high share and variable CO2 mitigation targets
(d) Develop a Road map for the development of H2 technologies in the Portuguese energy system till
2050
18 months - first results April 2018

3. H2 HOLISTIC ANALYSIS
[3]
ERP (2016) | http://erpuk.org/wp-
content/uploads/2016/10/ERP-
Hydrogen-report-Oct-2016.pdf
“Hydrogen has often been criticised for being an inefficient way of using
energy, but a system approach should be taken, when comparing it with
other options, that takes into account the flexibility of hydrogen and how it
can supply multiple markets. Hydrogen should therefore be evaluated on
the cost effectiveness of the overall system and its potential
environmental impacts, primarily carbon reduction“

4. H2 IN TIMES_PT
Older version of TIMES_PT includes approx. 90 H2 technologies (last update 2010)
› 15 options for H2 production (gaseification, electrolysis, partial oxidation, thermochemical cycles);
› 15 options for H2 conversion and distribution;
› 60 options for end-use consumption of H2 for power generation and heat production in buildings,
industry and for transport (bus, cars and heavy duty trucks)
• Cascade-Mints D1.1 Fuel cell technologies and Hydrogen production/Distribution options, DLR, September 2005; E3 Spain
Electrolysis
Large
Electricity Small
Gaseification
with CCS
Coal
w/o CCS
Steam
Steam reforming
Solar
Biomass
Gaseification
Natural Gas
Pyrolisis
Large
Small
with CCS
Process Kvaerner
Partial oxidationHeavy fuel oil
SMR CH4
Thermochemical cycles

5. H2 END-USES IN TIMES_PT
Residential
Space Heating
Space cooling
Water heating
Lighting
Cooking
Refrigeration
Dishwashers
Washing machines
Clothes dryers
Other electric uses
Other energy uses
Rural houses
Urban houses
Appartments
Services
Space Heating
Space cooling
Water heating
Cooking
Other electric uses
Other energy uses
Lighting
Refrigeration
Public lighting
Large
services
buildings
Small
services
buildings
Agriculture
Generic use
Blending with natural gas

6. H2 END-USES IN TIMES_PT (II)
Transport
Iron & Steel
Outros metais não ferrosos
Ammonia
Chlorine
Other chemical
Cement
Lime
Glass
Other non-metallic
minerals
Pulp and paper
Nitric Acid
Other industry
Graphic
Packaging
Hollow
Flat
Industry
Passengers
Freight
BUS urban
BUS
interurban
Cars
Motos
Road
Rail
Metro
Trains
Passenger
Freight
Heavy duty
Light duty
Generic Aviation
Generic navigation
Aluminium
Copper
Other non-
ferrous metals
Blending with
natural gas

7. UPDATE H2 IN TIMES_PT
Older version of TIMES_PT included approx. 90 H2 technologies
› 15 options for H2 production (gaseification, electrolysis, parcial oxidation, thermochemical cycles);
› 15 options for H2 conversion and distribution;
› 60 options for end-use consumption of H2 for power generation and heat production in buildings,
industry and for transport (bus, cars and heavy duty trucks)
• Cascade-Mints D1.1 Fuel cell technologies and Hydrogen production/Distribution options, DLR, September 2005
• E3 Spain
2016 paper using JRC-EU-TIMES model which includes:
› 23 options for generation of H2 (…+PEM);
› 24 options for conversion and distribution of H2 / 3 storage and 21 distribution (3 liquid H2);
› ?? options for end-use consumption for electricity generation, heat production in buildings, for
industry and transport (freight heavy and light duty, buses) + blending with natural gas
• Bolat, P., Thiel, C. (2014). Hydrogen supply chain architecture for bottom-up energy systems models. Part 1: Developing pathways.
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (39) 17, pp. 8881-8897. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319914008684
• Bolat, P., Thiel, C. (2014). Hydrogen supply chain architecture for bottom-up energy systems models. Part 2: Techno-economic inputs for
hydrogen production pathways. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (39) 17, pp. 8898-8925.

8. • Gaseification
• Steam reforming
• Electrolysis
GENERATION
• Centralized -
underground
• Centralized - tank
• Decentralized
STORAGE •Road: short/long distance;
liquified or compressed;
refueling stations: LL, LG, GG
•Ships (liquified)
•Final delivery: road, pipelines or
blended with natural gas (6-
15%)
DISTRIBUTION
•Transport: road for cars and
passengers and freight (light/heavy)
and rail (?)
•Industry: 1st gen biofuels
• Buildings (services and residential)
• Electricity generation
•Agriculture (in gas)
END-USE
H2 IN TIMES_PT: 1ST APPROACH
Slide [8]
Main area to improve
Main area to improve

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10. THE RETURN OF H2?
• Bolat, P., Thiel, C. (2014). Hydrogen supply chain architecture for bottom-up energy systems models. Part 1: Developing
pathways. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (39) 17, pp. 8881-8897.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319914008684
• Bolat, P., Thiel, C. (2014). Hydrogen supply chain architecture for bottom-up energy systems models. Part 2: Techno-
economic inputs for hydrogen production pathways. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (39) 17, pp. 8898-8925.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.03.170
• Sgobbi, A. et al (2016). How far away is hydrogen? Its role in the medium and long-term decarbonisation of the European
energy system. Int. Journal of Hydrogen Energy (41) 1, pp 19-35.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319915301889
• IEA (2015) Technology Roadmap, Hydrogen and Fuel Cells. Paris.
• Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking. (2015) Study on H2 from RES in the EU (Final Report)
• Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking Fuel Cell Electric Buses (2015) Potential for Sustainable Public
Transport in Europe
• Hydrogenics. (2016) Power to Gas Roadmap for Flanders
• Hydrogen Council (2017) How hydrogen empowers the energy transition. http://hydrogeneurope.eu/wp-
content/uploads/2017/01/20170109-HYDROGEN-COUNCIL-Vision-document-FINAL-HR.pdf
• The Energy Research Partnership. (2016) Potential Role of Hydrogen in the UK Energy System
• DOE/NREL (2017) Comparison of conventional vs. modular hydrogen refueling stations, and on-site
production vs. delivery.

11. H2FIRST: HYDROGEN FUELING INFRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH AND STATION TECHNOLOGY
[11]
Fuel stations
built on site
Modular pre-
fabricated fuel
stations
(1-1.5 M USD)
H2 delivered as compressed
gas from centralised
production plant
H2 produced locally via SMR
H2 produced locally via
eletrolysis
100 kg/day
(12 GJ/day*)
200 kg/day
(24 GJ/day*)
300 kg/day
(36 GJ/day*)
H2 produced locally via
eletrolysis
H2 produced locally via
eletrolysis
* Condered NCV 120 MJ/kg of http://www.h2data.de/
DOE USA
Exclude liquid H2 and underground storage

12. UPDATE SUBRES H2 IN TIMES_PT
Electrolysis
Alkaline (6)
Electricity PEM
Gaseification
with CCS
Coal
w/o CCS
Offgrid (2)
Steam reforming
Solar
Biomass
Gaseification
Natural Gas
Pyrolisis
Central CCS
Central
Decentral.
Process Kvaerner
Partial oxidationHeavy fuel oil
SMR Natural gas
Thermochemical cycles
Central CCS
Central
Decentral.
electricity
SR
electricity
Natural gas
Steam reformingBioethanol
electricity

13. BLENDING H2 IN NATURAL GAS?
[13]
Reference Model/Organisation Year Blending?
Sgobbi et al., Int. J. Hydrogen E., 41, 19-35,
2016
JRC-EU-TIMES 2016 Yes, 15%
Bolat and Thiel, Part I, Int. J. Hydrogen E.,
39, 8898-8925, 2014
JRC, literature review 2014 Yes, 10% (pathway 16)
NRC- The Hydrogen Economy
US National Research
Council – review
2004
No - discussion dedicated gas H2
pipelines
IEA – Technology Roadmap, Hydrogen and
Fuel Cells
IEA 2016 Yes, 5-10%
Hydrogen Council - How hydrogen
empowers the energy transition
H2 Council 2017 Yes, but no value given
Klaus Altfeld and Dave Pinchbeck -
Admissible hydrogen concentrations in
natural gas systems, ISSN 2192-158X
DIV Deutscher
Industrieverlag GmbH
2013
Looks at this issue in great detail,
suggests a likely upper limit of 10% for
most cases
Potential Role of Hydrogen in the UK Energy
System
Energy Research
Partnership
2016
Up to 20% appears possible without
modifications

14. LIQUID H2?
[14]
Reference Model/Team Year Consider liquid H2?
NRC- The Hydrogen Economy
US National Research
Council – review
2004
yes, but mainly storage and
distribution
Bolat and Thiel, Part I, Int. J. Hydrogen E.,
39, 8898-8925, 2014
JRC, literature review 2014 yes
Sgobbi et al., Int. J. Hydrogen E., 41, 19-35,
2016
JRC-EU-TIMES 2016 yes
IEA – Technology Roadmap, Hydrogen and
Fuel Cells
IEA 2016
yes, but mainly storage and
distribution
Hydrogen Council - How hydrogen
empowers the energy transition
H2 Council 2017 yes, briefly
Potential Role of Hydrogen in the UK Energy
System
Energy Research
Partnership
2016 yes, for distribution
Ethan S. Hecht, Joseph Pratt, Comparison of
conventional vs. modular hydrogen refueling
stations, and on-site production vs. delivery
Sandia National
Laboratories, study for
DOE, USA
2017 yes, for distribution
Dodd-Ekins, powertrains for the UK, Int. J.
Hydr. E. , 39, 13941-13952, 2014
UK-MARKAL/ UCL 2014 no
Ballard – Hydro rail presentation Ballard 2017 no

15. TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP – H2 AND FUEL CELLS
[15]
IEA
> Ortions for Generation (8): alkaline electrolysis , PEM electrolysis, gas SMR, gas SRM with CCS, coal gaseification, biomass gaseification, FC
alkaline, FC PEM
> Options for Storage (13): PEM alkaline, PEM fixed, PEM FC mobile, FC solid oxides, FC phosporic acid, molten carbonates, compressor at 18
MPa, compressor at 70 Mpa, Liquidifier, FCEV on-board storage tank at 70 Mpa, pressurized tank, liquid storage, pipeline
Power to gas
Electrolysis PEM
Methanation
Natural gas
grid
OCGT
Power to power
Electrolysis PEM Storag. Und. PEMFC
Electrolysis Alkaline
Electrolysis PEM OCGTStorag. Und.
Storage in pumped hydro CAES

16. H2 IN TIMES_PT: 2ND APPROACH
Slide [16]
Storage
Distribution
ConversionEnd-use
Generation
End-use
Generation
ConversionEnd-use
Generation

17. MODELLING H2 IN TIMES_PT
We have been modelling H2 as
separate puzzle pieces and may
the most cost-effective win
It should instead be modelled
as pathways

18. PATHWAYS - CENTRALIZED
Centralized
generation
Compression (gas)
Dedicated
pipelines
Dedicated
distribution
Fuel stations
Residential sector with FC for electricity generation
Services sector with FC for electricity generation
Transport in
trucks
Fuel
stations
Undergroun
d storage
Storage in
tanks
Conversion
Synthetic fuels
Electricity
generation (VRES)
Methanation & blending in
natural gas grid
Blending
1
2
34

19. PATHWAYS - DECENTRALIZED
.
Decentralized production
In fuel stations
Storage in
tanks
Storage in
trucks
At the fuel
station
Industry Electricity generation
Storage in
tanks
Ammonia
production
Diesel
desulfurization
Other industry
uses
4

20. SOME TOUGHTS
› communicating with the H2 world
› e.g. costs units in ton H2 or m3 H2 not €/kW; lifetime in operation hours not years
› H2 feedstocks are very varied and fundamental to explain why some feedstock are in and some
are not
› simplify your model – update SubRES based on scenarios to explore
› less effort on fossil based generation options
› modular H2 supply for transport instead of very detailed representation of all possible
distribution options
› ignore liquid H2 possibilities for transport
› specify format of operation for some technologies considering the specific
pathway: lifetime of PEM might not be 3 years depending how it is operated
[20]

21. Sofia Simões
sgcs@fct.unl.pt
Juliana Barbosa
jpa.barbosa@campus.fct.unl.pt
Luís Fazendeiro
l.fazendeiro@campus.fct.unl.pt
Júlia Seixas
mjs@fct.unl.pt
CO2
ENERGY &
CLIMATE
New
Technologies
& Low
Carbon
Practices
Climate
Mitigation/
Adaptation
Consumers
Profiles &
Energy
Efficiency
Policy
Support
Energy
Transitions
Integrative
Energy City
Planning