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1.
Chapter 14
The Expansive Realm of Islam 1 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
2.
Muhammad and His
Message Born 570 to merchant family in Mecca Orphaned as a child Marries wealthy widow c. 595, works as merchant Familiarity with paganism, Christianity and Judaism as practiced in Arabian peninsula 2 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
3.
Muhammad’s Spiritual Transformation
Visions c. 610 CE Archangel Gabriel Monotheism Attracts followers to Mecca 3 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
4.
The Quran
Record of revelations received during visions Committed to writing c. 650 CE (Muhammad dies 632) Tradition of Muhammad’s life: hadith 4 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
5.
Conflict at Mecca
Muhammad’s monotheistic teachings offensive to polytheistic pagans Economic threat to existing religious industry Denunciation of greed affront to local aristocracy 5 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
6.
The Hijra
Muhammad flees to Yathrib (Medina) 622 CE Year 0 in Muslim calendar Organizes followers into communal society (the umma) Legal, spiritual code Commerce, raids on Meccan caravans for sake of umma 6 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
7.
The “Seal of
the Prophets” Islam as culmination and correction of Judaism, Christianity Inheritor of both Jewish and Christian texts 7 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
8.
Muhammad’s Return to
Mecca Attack on Mecca, 630 Conversion of Mecca to Islam Destruction of pagan sites, replaced with mosques Ka’aba preserved in honor of importance of Mecca Approved as pilgrimage site 8 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
9.
The Ka’aba
9 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
10.
The Five Pillars
of Islam No god but Allah and Muhammad is His prophet Daily prayer Fasting during Ramadan Charity Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) 10 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
11.
Muslims at Prayer
11 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
12.
Jihad
“struggle” Against vice Against ignorance of Islam “holy war” 12 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
13.
Islamic Law: The
Sharia Codification of Islamic law Based on Quran, hadith, logical schools of analysis Extends beyond ritual law to all areas of human activity 13 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
14.
The Caliph
No clear to successor to Muhammad identified Abu Bakr chosen to lead as Caliph Led war against villagers who abandoned Islam after death of Muhammad 14 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
15.
The Expansion of
Islam Highly successful attacks on Byzantine, Sassanid territories Difficulties governing rapidly expanding territory 15 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
16.
The expansion of
Islam, 632-733 C.E. 16 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
17.
The Shia
Disagreements over selection of caliphs Ali passed over for Abu Bakr Served as caliph 656-661 CE, then assassinated along with most of his followers Remaining followers organize separate party called “Shia” Traditionalists: Sunni 17 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
18.
Shi’ite Pilgrims at
Karbala 18 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
19.
The Umayyad Dynasty
(661-750 CE) From Meccan merchant class Capital: Damascus, Syria Associated with Arab military aristocracy 19 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
20.
Policy toward Conquered
Peoples Favoritism of Arab military rulers causes discontent Limited social mobility for non-Arab Muslims Head tax (jizya) on non-Muslims Umayyad luxurious living causes further decline in moral authority 20 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
21.
The Abbasid Dynasty
(750-1258 CE) Abu al-Abbas Sunni Arab, allied with Shia, non- Arab Muslims Seizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia Defeats Umayyad army in 750 Invited Umayyads to banquet, then massacred them 21 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
22.
Nature of the
Abbasid Dynasty Diverse nature of administration (i.e. not exclusively Arab) Militarily competent, but not bent on imperial expansion Dar al-Islam Growth through military activity of autonomous Islamic forces 22 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
23.
Abbasid Administration
Persian influence Court at Baghdad Influence of Islamic scholars (ulama, qadi) 23 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
24.
Caliph Harun al-Rashid
(786-809 CE) High point of Abbasid dynasty Baghdad center of commerce Great cultural activity 24 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
25.
Abbasid Decline
Civil war between sons of Harun al-Rashid Provincial governers assert regional independence Dissenting sects, heretical movements Abbasid caliphs become puppets of Persian nobility Later, Saljuq Turks influence, Sultan real power behind the throne 25 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
26.
Economy of the
Early Islamic World Spread of food and industrial crops Trade routes from India to Spain Western diet adapts to wide variety New crops adapted to different growing seasons Agricultural sciences develop Cotton, paper industries develop Major cities emerge 26 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
27.
Formation of a
Hemispheric Trading Zone Historical precedent of Arabic trade Dar al-Islam encompasses silk routes ice exported from Syria to Egypt in summer, 10th century Camel caravans Maritime trade 27 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
28.
Banking and Trade
Scale of trade causes banks to develop Sakk (“check”) Uniformity of Islamic law throughout dar al- Islam promotes trade Joint ventures common 28 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
29.
Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain)
Muslim Berber conquerors from North Africa take Spain, early 8th c. Allied to Umayyads, refused to recognize Abbasid dynasty Formed own caliphate Tensions, but interrelationship 29 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
30.
Changing Status of
Women Quran improves status of women Outlawed female infanticide Brides, not husbands, claim dowries Yet male dominance preserved Patrilineal descent Polygamy permitted, Polyandry forbidden Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice 30 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
31.
Formation of an
Islamic Cultural Tradition Islamic values Uniformity of Islamic law in dar al-Islam Establishment of madrasas Importance of the Hajj Sufi missionaries Asceticism, mysticism Some tension with orthodox Islamic theologians Wide popularity 31 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
32.
Al-Ghazali (1058-1111)
Major Sufi thinker from Persia Impossibility of intellectual apprehension of Allah, devotion, mystical ecstasy instead 32 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
33.
Cultural influences on
Islam Persia Adminstration and governance literature India Mathematics, science, medicine “Hindi” numbers Greece Philosophy, esp. Aristotle Ibn Rushd/Averroes (1126-1198) 33 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
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