Fungi

1. Pharmaceutical Microbiology> Fungi 1
NOAKHALI SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY UNIVERTISTY
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY
Course Title: PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOY
Date: 20, JAN 2019
Md. Mokabbir Hossain Uchsas
ASH1803004M

2. Pharmaceutical Microbiology> Fungi 2
NOAKHALI SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
NOAKHALI-38134, BANGLADESH.
FUNGI
Fungi (Singular:fungus)are a kingdom of
usually multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophs
(cannot make their own food) and have important roles in nutrient
cycling in an ecosystem. Fungi reproduce both sexually and
asexually, and they also have symbiotic associations with plants and
bacteria. However, they are also responsible for some diseases in
plants and animals. Fungi are placed in a separated kingdom called
the kingdom fungi. The study of fungi is known as mycology.
CHARACTISTICS
 Fungi are not Plants.
 Fungi are Non-Photosynthetic.
 Eukaryotes.
 Fungi are Non-Motile.
 Most of the Fungi are saprobes (live on dead organism.)
Figure: Fungi

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 Absorptive heterotrophs (Digest food first & then absorb it into
their bodies)
 Release digestive enzyme to break down organic material or their
host.
 Store food energy as Glycogen.
 Important decomposers & recycles of nutrients in the
environment.
 Most of the Fungi are multicellular except unicellular yeast.
 Lack true roots, stems or leaves.
 Cell walls are made of chitin (complex polysaccharide)
 Body is called the Thallus.
 Grow as microscopic tubes or filaments called hyphae.
 Some Fungi are internal or external parasites.
 A few fungi act like predators & capture prey like roundworms.
 Some are edible, while others are poisonous.
 Produce both sexual & asexual spores.
 Classified by their sexual reproductive structures.
 Grow best in warm, moist environments.
 A Fungicide is a chemical used to kill fungi.
 Fungi Include puffballs, yeasts, mushrooms, smuts,
rusts, ringworm & mold.
 The antibiotic penicillin is made by the penicillium
mold.
TPYES OF FUNGI

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SYSTEMIC CLASSIFICATON
Chytridiomycota: Chytrids, the organisms found in Chytridiomycota, are usually
aquatic and microscopic. They are usually asexual, and produce
spores that move around using flagella, small tail-like
appendages. The chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis can
cause a fungal infection in frogs by burrowing under their skin,
and it has recently devastated populations of harlequin frogs,
killing off two-thirds of them in Central and South America.
Zygomycota: Zygomycetes are mainly terrestrial and
feed off of plant detritus or decaying animal material. They also
cause problems by growing on human food sources. One
example of a zygomycte is Rhizopus stolonifer, a bread mold.
The hyphae of zygomycetes are not separated by septa, making
their mycelia essentially one large cell with many nuclei. They
usually reproduce asexually, through spores.
Glomeromycota: Glomeromycetes make up half of
all fungi found in soil, and they often form mycorrhizae with
plants; in fact, 80-90 percent of all land plants develop
mycorrhizae with glomeromycetes. The fungi obtain sugars
from the plant, and in return, dissolve minerals in the soil to
provide the plant with nutrients. These fungi also reproduce
asexually.

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Ascomycota: Ascomycetes are often pathogens of plants and animals, including
humans, in which they are responsible for infections like athlete’s
foot, ringworm, and egotism, which causes vomiting,
convulsions, hallucinations, and sometimes even death.
However, some ascomycetes normally are found inside humans,
such as Candida albicans, a yeast which lives in the respiratory,
gastrointestinal, and female reproductive tracts. Ascomycetes
have reproductive sacs known as asci, which produce sexual
spores, but they also reproduce asexually.
Basidiomycota: Like ascomycetes, basidiomycetes also
produce sexual spores called basidiospores in cells called basidia.
Basidia are usually club-shaped, and basidiomycetes are also known
as club fungi. Most basidiocytes reproduce sexually. Mushrooms are
a common example of basidiomycetes.
MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
Filamentous fungi (mold): The majority of fungi form filamentous structure known
as hyphae. These are multicellular structures with branching. Most of
these hyphae extend in 3 dimensions through whatever they are
growing in. Specialized hyphae are produced to allow vegetative
(non-sexual) reproduction with spores or conidia. Some highly
specialized reproductive or protective structures are also formed by
some species, such as ascosporic. There are probably millions of
species in total. Filamentous fungi are found in most phylogenetic
groups, but the vast majority of human pathogens are Ascomycetes.
Example: Apophysomyces variabilis, Aspergillus fumigatus,
Aspergillus flavus
Fungi
Yeasts
Yest-like-Fungi
Filamentous
fungi (mold)
Dimorphic

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Yeast: Yeast are single-celled microorganisms that are
classified, along with molds and mushrooms, as members of the
Kingdom Fungi. Yeasts are evolutionally diverse and are therefore
classified into two separate phyla, Ascomycota or sac fungi and
Basidiomycota or higher fungi, that together form the subkingdom
Disarray. Budding yeast, also referred to as “true yeasts”, are
members of the phylum Ascomycota and the order
Saccharomycetales. Such classifications are based on characteristics
of the cell, ascosporic, and colony, as well as cellular physiology.
Yeast-like-Fungi: Yeast like grow partly as yeast &
elongated cells resembling hyphae. The latter form a
pseudomycelium.Example: Candida albicans.
Dimorphic Fungi: These are fungi which exhibit a yeast
form in the host tissue & in vitro at 37degree Celsius on enriched media
& mycelial form in vitro at 25 deg rees Celsius
REPRODUCTION
Reproduction is the biological process by which new “offspring” individual organisms are
produced from their “parents". Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all known life; each
individual organism exists as the result of reproduction. The known methods of reproduction are
broadly grouped into two main types: sexual and asexual.
Fungi also have 3 types of reproductions:
 Vegetative
 Asexual
 Sexual
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
Vegetative reproduction can occur by fragmentation, budding, fission, sclerotic and rhizomorphs.
Sclerotic: Sclerotic are penetrating bodies made up of compact masses of hyphae. They grow under
unfavorable conditions to produce new mycelia.

7. Pharmaceutical Microbiology> Fungi 7
Rhizomorphs: Rhizomorphs are rope like twisted masses of hyphae with well-defined apical
growing point. Pass the unfavorable periods in dormant stages but with the onset of favorable conditions
each rhizomorph give rise to a new mycelium.
Vegetative reproduction can occur in various ways –
 Fragmentation: Hyphae breaks into pieces and each piece give rise to a new mycelium
 Fission: Common in yeast. Cells divide into daughter cells.
 Budding: Daughter buds appears from parent cell. This bud separates and forms anew organism.
At times these buds fail to separate and after repeated budding it forms pseudomycelium.

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 Oidia: Round or oval structures having thin walls. Produce yeast like called oidia. Each oidium on
germination produces new mycelium.
 Chlamydospores : Thick walled resting spores produced by some fungi. They are capable of
forming new organisms on approach of favorable conditions
 Gemmae: They represent chlamydospores in structure but are not very durable and thick walled.
SAXTUAL & ASAXTUAL REPRODUCTON

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MORPHOLOGICAL FETURE

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PHYSIOLOHY OF FUNGI
 Fungi are able to withstand certain extreme environments.
 Yeasts & molds can grow in a medium with concentrations of sugar that inhibit most bacteria E.g.
jam may be spoiled by molds.
 Yeasts & molds Generally can tolerate more acidic conditions than most other microbes.
 Some Yeast are facultative but molds are strictly aerobic.
 Optimum temperature of growth is (20-30) degree Celsius for Saprophytes & (30-37) degree
Celsius for parasites. Some fungi can grow at or near 0 degree thus can cause spoilage of meat &
vegetables in cold storage.
 Fungi are hetaerophlic i.e. carbin source must come from organic compounds such as glucose.
 Fugi can use organic nitogen. So media normally contains peptone
COMMON DISEASES FROM FUNGI
Fungi are everywhere. There are millions of different fungal species on Earth, but only about 300
of those are known to make people sick.1-3 Fungal diseases are often caused by fungi that are
common in the environment. Fungi live outdoors in soil and on plants and trees as well as on many
indoor surfaces and on human skin. Most fungi are not dangerous, but some types can be harmful
to health.

11. Pharmaceutical Microbiology> Fungi 11
NAME OF DISEASE CAUSED FIGURE
ASPERGILLOSIS Caused by the
fungus Aspergillus and usually
occurs in people with lung diseases
or weakened immune systems
CANDIDIASIS Caused by the yeast Candida.
Candidiasis can occur in the mouth
and throat, vagina, or the
bloodstream.
COCCIDIOIDOMYC
OSIS (VALLEY
FEVER)
cause by coccidiosis’s, a fungus
that lives in the southwestern
united & parts of Maxico.

12. Pharmaceutical Microbiology> Fungi 12
C.GATTII INFECTI
ON
Caused by Cryptococcus gattii,
which lives in tropical and sub-
tropical areas of the world, the
United States Pacific Northwest,
and British Columbia.
FUGAL NAIL
INFECTIONS
Common infections of the
fingernails or toenails.
MUCORMYCOSIS A rare information that mainly
affects people with weakened
immune system.

13. Pharmaceutical Microbiology> Fungi 13
SPOROTRICHOSIS Caused by the fungus Sporothrix,
which lives throughout the world in
soil and on plants.
CANDIDA AURIS: Emerging, often multidrug-
resistant fungus found in healthcare
settings that presents a serious
global health threat