PMP_Project Cost Management

PPROJECTROJECT CCOSTOST MMANAGEMENTANAGEMENTPPROJECTROJECT CCOSTOST MMANAGEMENTANAGEMENT
February 2016 Hisham Haridy, PMP, PMI-RMP

C MCost Management
“The processes involved in estimating, budgeting, and controlling costs so
that the project can be completed within the approved budget”
Plan Cost Estimate Determine Control
Management Costs Budget Costs
Process of
developing an
Aggregating the
estimated cost of
Influencing the
factors that create
Process involves
identifying how you p g
approximation
(estimate) for the
cost of the
resources
necessary to
l h
estimated cost of
individual activities or
work package to
establish a cost
baseline for measuring
project performance.
cost variance and
controlling changes
to the project
budget (manage the
actual changes
h d h
y g y
are going to plan,
manage, and
control project
costs.
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT February 2016
complete the
project activities.
project performance.
when and as they
occur).

DEFINATIONSDEFINATIONS
Life Cycle Costing
 The total cost to the organization for the ownership and acquisition of the product
i f ll lif lover its full life cycle.
 This is the concept of life cycle costing-looking at the cost of the whole life of
the product, NOT just the cost of the project.
 Life-cycle cost include construction costs, operational and maintenance costs,
taxes, financing, replacement and renovation.
Value Analysis
 This concept is sometimes referred to as value engineering in the real world.
 It involves finding a less costly way to do the same work It involves finding a less costly way to do the same work.
 Value analysis requires the systematic use of techniques to identify the required
project functions, assign values to these functions, and provide functions at the
lowest overall cost without loss of performance.

DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS
Variable Fixed
Types of Cost
These costs change with the amount
of production or the amount of work.
Examples include the cost of
Costs do not change as
production changes.
Examples include set-up,p
material, supplies, and wages.
p p,
rental, etc.
Direct Indirectect d ect
These costs are directly attributable
to the work on the project.
Indirect costs are overhead
items or costs incurred for the
Examples are team travel, team
wages, recognition, and costs of
material used on the project.
benefit of more than one
project.
Examples include taxes,
benefits, and janitorial services.

Cost Price
Cost and Price
Cost Estimating is the determination of
approximately how much will it cost the
performing organization to provide the
Pricing is a business decision that
determines how much to charge for
the product or serviceperforming organization to provide the
product or service involved
the product or service
Price = Cost + Profit
Direct cost + Indirect cost + Overhead

Break –Even Analysis

CPlan Cost Management
“The process that establishes the policies procedures and documentation for
Tools and
The process that establishes the policies, procedures, and documentation for
planning, managing, expending, and controlling project costs.
Inputs
Tools and
Techniques
Outputs
1. Project management plan
2 P j t h t
1. Expert judgment
2 A l ti l t h i
1. Cost management plan
2. Project charter
3. Enterprise environmental
factors
4. Organizational process
2. Analytical techniques
3. Meetings
assets
The key benefit of this process is that it provides guidance and direction on how the project costs will be
managed throughout the project.

INPUTSINPUTS
1. Project Management Plan
 Scope baseline
 Schedule baseline
 Other cost-related scheduling, risk, and communications
decisions from the project management plan.
2. Project Charter
 The project charter provides the summary budget from which
the detailed project costs are developed.
 The project charter also defines the project approval
requirements that will influence the management of the project
costs.

INPUTSINPUTS
3. Enterprise Environmental Factors
 Organizational culture and structure
 Market conditions Market conditions
 Published commercial information
 Project management information system
 Currency exchange rates for project costs sourced from
more than one country.
4. Organizational Process Assets
 Financial controls procedures
 Hi t i l i f ti d l l d k l d b Historical information and lessons learned knowledge bases;
 Financial databases
 Existing formal and informal cost estimating and budgeting-
related policies, procedures, and guidelines.

TOOLS AND TECHNIQUESTOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
1. Expert judgment
 Guided by historical information, provides valuable insight
b t th i t d i f ti f i i ilabout the environment and information from prior similar
projects.
 Expert judgment can also suggest whether to combine
methods and how to reconcile differences between them.
2. Analytical techniques
 D l i th t t l i l h i t t i ti t Developing the cost management plan may involve choosing strategic options to
fund the project such as: self-funding, funding with equity, or funding with debt.
 The cost management plan may also detail ways to finance project resources such
as making, purchasing, renting, or leasing.
 Techniques may include: payback period, return on investment, internal
rate of return, discounted cash flow, and net present value.o u , d s ou d s o , d p s u

3. Meetings
 Project teams may hold planning meetings to develop the cost management plan.
 Att d Attendees:
 Project manager
 Project sponsor
 Selected project team members
 Selected stakeholders
 Anyone with responsibility for Anyone with responsibility for
project costs, and others as
needed.

OUTPUTSOUTPUTS
1. Cost Management Plan
 It could be called “Budget Management Plan” or “Budget Plan”.
 It can be formal or informal It can be formal or informal.
 How you will manage costs.
 The cost management processes and their associated tools and techniques are
documented in the cost management plan.
 The level of accuracy needed for estimates (level of accuracy)
 Reporting format to be used.
 The currencies that will be used.
 Level of accuracy
 Organizational procedures links
 Control thresholds.
 Rules of measuring cost performance.
 Process descriptions.
 Additional details.

E CEstimate Costs
“The process of developing an approximation of the monetary resources needed
Inputs Tools and Techniques Outputs
to complete project activities”
2. Human resource management
plan
3. Scope baseline
1. Expert judgment
2. Analogous estimating
3. Parametric estimating
4. Bottom-up estimating
1. Activity cost estimates
2. Basis of estimates
3. Project documents updates
op
4. Project schedule
5. Risk register
6. Enterprise environmental
factors
o o p g
5. Three-point estimating
6. Reserve analysis
7. Cost of quality
8. Project management softwarefactors
7. Organizational process assets
8. Project management software
9. Vendor bid analysis
10.Group decision-making
techniques
The key benefit of this process is that it determines the amount of cost required to complete project
work.

INPUTSINPUTS
 The method will be used level of accuracy required for estimates etc The method will be used, level of accuracy required for estimates,..etc.
 How you will manage costs.
2. Human resource management plan
 Lists the resources (including the quantity and their skills).
 Labor rates, reward system, training,…etc.
3. Scope baseline
 All the components of the scope baseline, including the project scope statement,
WBS, and WBS dictionary.
4. Project schedule
 It contains the activities, the type and quantity of resources needed to complete
the work and when the work will occurthe work, and when the work will occur.
 A schedule is needed before a budget. May be changed due to price conditions.

INPUTSINPUTS
5. Risk register
 Like rewards systems, risk management will save time and money, but there are
t i t d ith th ff t t t l i kcosts associated with the efforts to control risks.
 Risks are more properly thought of as both an input to the Estimate Costs process
and an output. Planning is iterative.
6. Enterprise environmental factors
 Company culture and existing systems.
 marketplace conditions and commercial cost databases marketplace conditions and commercial cost databases.
 While estimating, you might review the different countries from which supplies
might be procured and at what costs.
 Policies on estimating, templates, processes, procedures, lessons learned, and
historical information .historical information .

1. Expert judgment
 Cost estimates are influenced by numerous variables such as labor rates, material
t i fl ti i k f t d th i blcosts, inflation, risk factors, and other variables.
 Expert judgment, guided by historical information, provides valuable insight about
the environment and information from prior similar projects.
 Expert judgment can also be used to determine whether to combine methods of
estimating and how to reconcile differences between them.
 Available from many sources: Available from many sources:
 Other business units within organization
 Consultants
 Stakeholders
 Professional and technical associations.
 Industry groups.

2. Analogous estimating (Top – Down Estimating) or Order of magnitude
 When estimating costs, this technique relies on the actual cost of previous,
i il j t th b i f ti ti th t f th t j tsimilar projects as the basis for estimating the cost of the current project.
 It is a gross value estimating approach (total cost), sometimes adjusted for
known differences in project complexity.
 Analogous estimating is a form of expert judgment.
 There is a limited amount of detailed information about the project (in early
project phases). Then review the estimate when more details become available.project phases). Then review the estimate when more details become available.
 Quick but less accurate.
 Gives the project management an idea of the level of management’s expectations.
 D t t k i t t th diff b t j t Does not take into account the differences between projects.
 Extremely difficult for projects with uncertainty.

3. Parametric estimating
 Using project characteristics (or parameters) in a mathematical model to predict
costs.
 On other word parametric estimating uses a statistical relationship between
historical data and other variables.
 More accurate but takes time and expense to do this form of estimating.
 Provides a basis for monitoring and controlling, performance measurement and
management.
 Gains buy-in from the team because the team creates estimates they can live
withwith.
 Requires that the project be defined and well understood before work begins.
 Example; price per square meter.p ; p p q

4. Bottom-up estimating
 Detailed estimating is done for each activity (if available) or work package (if
activities are not defined), and the estimates are then rolled up into control
accounts and finally into an overall project estimate.
 To do this well requires an accurate WBS.q
5. Three-point estimates (Probabilistic Estimate) Weighted Average
 The accuracy of activity duration estimates can be improved by considering
estimation uncertainty and risk. This concept originated with the Program
Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT).
 PERT uses three estimates to define an approximate range for an activity’s
duration:
 O = Optimistic
 P Pessimistic P = Pessimistic
 M = Most likely

 The final cost estimate could be calculated based on an average of the three
estimates, or by using a formula.
EC= O + 4M + P
6
S.D. = P – O
6
V = ((P – O)/6)2
 EC = Estimated Cost
 S.D. = Standard Deviation.
 V = Variance.
 Final Cost Estimate (FCE) = EC +/- S.D.

6. Reserve analysis
 In risk analysis, you identify which activities on your project have significant risks
and determine how much time and money to set aside to deal with the risks if
they happen.
 Risk contingency reserves are used for the specifically identified risks (knowng y p y (
risks), and a lump sum management reserve is used to accommodate
unidentified risks (unknown risks). The work should include making sure individual
activity estimates are not paddedactivity estimates are not padded.
7. Cost of quality
 The cost of work added to the project to accommodate quality planning should be The cost of work added to the project to accommodate quality planning should be
added to the project estimate.

8. Project management estimating software
 The software referred to here might be any software used for estimating.
 If a project has hundreds or thousands of activities, each of which has similar cost
components added like overhead, software can speed up the calculations.
9 Vendor bid analysis9. Vendor bid analysis
 This work might also involve getting pricing from consultants, vendors, and
suppliers.
 Work provided by sellers may also require bid analysis.
 Analysis of what the project should cost, based on the responsive bids from
qualified vendors.
 Further cost estimating may then be necessary before finalizing agreement.

10. Group decision-making techniques
 Team-based approaches, such as brainstorming, the Delphi or nominal group
techniques.

OUTPUTSOUTPUTS
 Activity cost estimates are quantitative assessments of the probable costs required
to complete project work. Cost estimates can be presented in summary form or in
detail.
 Supporting detail for activity cost estimates may include:
 Documentation of the basis of the estimate (i.e., how it was developed),
 D i f ll i d Documentation of all assumptions made,
 Documentation of any known constraints,
 Indication of the range of possible estimates (e.g., $10,000 (±10%) to indicate
that the item is expected to cost between a range of values)that the item is expected to cost between a range of values),
 Indication of the confidence level of the final estimate.
3. Project document updates
 The risk register

OUTPUTSOUTPUTS
Rough Order of Magnitude (ROM) Estimate
 Thi t f ti t i ll d d i th i iti ti
Degree of Accuracy
 This type of estimate is usually made during the initiating process.
 A typical range for ROM estimates is +/-50 percent or -25% to +75% from
actual.
Budget Estimate
 This type of estimate is usually made during the planning phase and is in the
range of -10 to +25 percent from actual.
Definitive Estimate
 L t d i th j t ( b d i l i h ) th ti t ill Later during the project (may be during planning phase), the estimate will
become more refined.
 Some project managers use the range of +/- 10 percent from actual, while
others use -5 to +10 percent from actual.

D BDetermine Budget
“The process of aggregating the estimated costs of individual activities or work
packages to establish an authorized cost baseline”
2. Scope baseline
1. Cost aggregation
2. Reserve analysis
3. Expert judgment
1. Cost baseline
2. Project funding
requirements
5. Project schedule
6. Resource calendars
7. Risk register
4. Historical relationships
5. Funding limit reconciliation
s eg ste
8. Agreements
The key benefit of this process is that it determines the cost baseline against which projectThe key benefit of this process is that it determines the cost baseline against which project
performance can be monitored and controlled.

INPUTSINPUTS
 How you will manage costs.y g
2. Scope baseline
 Scope statement.
 Work breakdown structure.
 WBs dictionary.
3. Activity cost estimates3. Activity cost estimates
 Cost estimates for each activity within a work package are aggregated to obtain a
cost estimate for each work package.
 Supporting detail for cost estimates should be specified.
 Any basic assumptions dealing with the inclusion or exclusion of indirect costs in
the project budget are specified in the basis of estimates.

INPUTSINPUTS
5. Project schedule
 The information in project schedule that can be used to aggregate costs to the
calendar periods in which the costs are planned to be incurred.p p
6. Resource calendars
 Resource calendars provide information on which resources are assigned to the
project and when they are assigned.
 This information can be used to indicate resource costs over the duration of the
project.
7. Risk register
 The risk register should be reviewed to consider how to aggregate the risk
tresponse costs.
 Updates to the risk register are included with project document updates.

INPUTSINPUTS
8. Agreements
 A procurement agreement includes terms and conditions, and may incorporate
other items that the buyer specifies regarding what the seller is to perform ory p g g p
provide.
 It can also be called an understanding, a contract, a subcontract, or a purchase
orderorder.
 Existing formal and informal cost budgeting-related policies, procedures, and
guidelines,
 Cost budgeting tools, and
 Reporting methods Reporting methods.

1. Cost aggregation
 To create a budget, activity costs, including costs for risk contingencies, are rolled
up to work package costs.
 Work package costs are
then rolled up to control
account costs and
finally into project
costs.

2. Reserve analysis
 Budget reserve analysis can establish both the contingency reserves and the
management reserves for the projectmanagement reserves for the project.
Contingency reserves Management reserves
are to address the cost impacts of the risks
remaining during risk response planning.
are any extra funds to be set aside to
cover unforeseen risks or changes to the
projectproject.
Cost Baseline (1) = Cost estimate +
Contingenc
Cost Budget(2) = Cost Baseline +
Management Rese eContingency. Management Reserve.
(1) Represents the funds authorized for the (2) How much money the company should
project manager to manage and control. have available for the project.

3. Expert judgment
 Available from many sources: Available from many sources:
 Other business units within organization
 Consultants Consultants
 Stakeholders
 Professional and technical associations Professional and technical associations.
 Industry groups.
4 Historical relationships4. Historical relationships
 After the cost baseline and cost budget are completed, many estimators will
compare these numbers to parametric estimates, expert judgment, or historical
relationships in order to do a sanity check.

 Both the cost and accuracy of analogous and parametric models can vary widely.
They are most likely to be reliable when:
 Historical information used to develop the model is accurate Historical information used to develop the model is accurate,
 Parameters used in the model are readily quantifiable, and
 Models are scalable, such that they work for a large project, a small project,
and phases of a project.
5. Funding limit reconciliation
 The expenditure of funds should be reconciled with any funding limits on the The expenditure of funds should be reconciled with any funding limits on the
commitment of funds for the project.
 A variance between the funding limits and the planned expenditures will
sometimes necessitate the rescheduling of work to level out the rate of
expenditures.
 This can be accomplished by placing imposed date constraints for work into the This can be accomplished by placing imposed date constraints for work into the
project schedule.

OUTPUTSOUTPUTS
1. Cost baseline
 The approved version of the time-phased project budget, excluding any
management reserves,
 It can only be changed through formal change control procedures and is used as a
basis for comparison to actual results.p
 It is developed as a summation of the approved budgets by time period and is
typically displayed in the form of an S-curve.
 In the earned value management technique the cost
performance baseline is referred to as the performance
measurement baseline (PMB).measurement baseline (PMB).

OUTPUTSOUTPUTS
2. Project funding requirements
 Total funding requirements and periodic funding requirements (e.g., quarterly,
annually) are derived from the cost baseline.
 The cost baseline will include projected expenditures plus anticipated liabilities.
 Funding often occurs in Funding often occurs in
incremental amounts that are not
continuous, which appear as
steps.
 The total funds required = cost
baseline + management reservesbaseline + management reserves
 Project documents that may be updated include but are not limited to: Risk
register, Cost estimates, and Project schedule.

C CControl Costs
“The process of monitoring the status of the project to update the project budget
and managing changes to the cost baseline”
2. Project funding
requirements
1. Earned Value Management
2. Forecasting
3. To-complete performance
1. Work performance
information
2. Budget forecasts
3. Work performance data
assets
index (TCPI)
4. Performance reviews
6 Reserve analysis
3. Change requests
updates
5 Project document updates6. Reserve analysis 5. Project document updates
assets updates
The key benefit of this process is that it provides the means to recognize variance from the plan ine ey be e t o t s p ocess s t at t p o des t e ea s to ecog e a a ce o t e p a
order to take corrective action and minimize risk.

INPUTSINPUTS
 The project management plan contains the following information that is used to
control cost:control cost:
 Cost Performance baseline.
 Cost management plan.
2. Project funding requirements
 Total funding requirements and periodic funding requirements (e.g., quarterly,
annually) are derived from the cost baselineannually) are derived from the cost baseline.
3. Work performance information
 Work performance information includes information about project progress, such
as which deliverables have started, their progress and which deliverables have
finished.
 Information also includes costs that have been authorized and incurred and Information also includes costs that have been authorized and incurred, and
estimates for completing project work.

INPUTSINPUTS
 The organizational process assets that can influence the Control Costs process
l d b l dinclude, but are not limited to:
 Existing formal and informal cost control-related policies, procedures, and
guidelines;
 Cost control tools; and
 Monitoring and reporting methods to be used.

1. Earned value management
 A management methodology for integrating scope, schedule, andg gy g g p , ,
resources/Cost, and for objectively measuring project performance and
progress.p g
 Performance is measured by determining the
budgeted cost of work performed (i.e., earnedg p ( ,
value) and comparing it to the actual cost of
work performed (i.e., actual cost).p ( , )
 Progress is measured by comparing the
earned value to the planned value.earned value to the planned value.

Analysis
EAC
BAC
Target Cost
Analysis
VAC
ETC
CV
Project
st
Target Cost ETC
AC
PV
CV
SV
slippage
Cos
EV
DataDate
Schedule
slippage
Old Acronym Old Term
New
Acronym
New Term
BCWS Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled PV Planned value
C d d C f k f d d l
Time
BCWP Budgeted Cost of Work Performed EV Earned value
ACWP Actual Cost of Work Performed AC Actual value

Acronym Terms Interpretation
Terms
PV Planned Value The estimated value of the work planned to be done.
EV Earned Value The estimated value of the work actually accomplished.
AC Actual Cost The actual cost incurred for the work accomplished.
BAC Budget at Completion The BUDGET for the TOTAL project effort.
EAC Estimate at Completion The expected TOTAL project to cost (forecast).
ETC Estimate to Completion Currently, the expected cost to finish the project (forecast)ETC Estimate to Completion Currently, the expected cost to finish the project (forecast)
VAC Variance at Completion Currently, the expected variance to be at the end of the
project.

Formulas
-ve Behind Schedule
 Schedule Variance (SV)
-ve Over budget
 Cost Variance (CV)
SV = EV - PV
ve Behind Schedule
+ve Ahead schedule
 Cost Performance Index (CPI)
CV = EV - AC
-ve Over budget
+ve Under budget
CPI =
EV
=
Earned Value  1 Over budget
AC Actual 1 Under budget
SPI =
EV
=
Earned Value  1 Behind Schedule
 Schedule Performance Index (SPI)
SPI = =
PV Budget 1 Ahead Schedule

Analysis
SV
Under budget
A head of schedule
Over budget
A head of schedule
+
Best
Case
SV
CV
Over budget
Behind schedule
Under budget
Behind schedule
+-
-
Worst
Case

2. Forecasting
 Estimated at Completion (EAC); There are three scenarios
i A th t k f ifi i t f d ill t l d ti. Assumes that work from a specific point forward will progress at planned rates
where or not these rates have prevailed to this point.
EAC = AC + (BAC – EV)
ii. Assumed that the rate of progress to date will continue to prevail.
( )
iii Uses current project status and tender for forecasting (SPI and CPI)
EAC =
BAC
CPI
iii. Uses current project status and tender for forecasting (SPI and CPI)
EAC = AC + ETC (Estimated to complete)
(BAC – EV)( )
CPI X SPI

 Variance at Completion (VAC);
 Estimate to Complete (ETC);
VAC = BAC - EAC
ETC = EAC - AC

3. To-complete performance index (TCPI)
 In order to stay within budget, what rate must we meet for the
i i k?remaining work?
 It is the calculated projection of cost performance that must be achieved on the
remaining work to meet a specified management goal, such as the BAC or the
EAC.
 Equation for the TCPI based on the BAC:
 Equation for the TCPI based on the EAC:
=
(BAC – EV) work remaining
(BAC – AC) Funds remaining
q
=
(BAC – EV) work remaining
(EAC – AC) Funds remaining

4. Performance reviews
 If EVM is being used, the following information is determined:
 Variance analysis.
 Trend analysis.
 Earned value performance. Earned value performance.
 Project management software is often used to monitor the three EVM dimensions
(PV, EV, and AC), to display graphical trends, and to forecast a range of possible
final project results.
6 Reserve analysis6. Reserve analysis
 Reserve analysis is used to monitor the status of contingency and management
reserves for the project to determine if these reserves are still needed or if
additional reserves need to be requested.

ExampleExample
Activities 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Budget
CostCost
A 2,000 2,000 4,000
B 2,000 2,000 2,000 6,000, , , ,
C 2,000 2,000 2,000 6,000
D 1,500 1,500 3,000
E 500 500 1,000
Cost/month 2,000 2,000 2,000 4,000 5,500 4000 500 20,000Cost/month 2,000 2,000 2,000 4,000 5,500 4000 500 20,000
cumulative 2,000 4,000 6,000 10,000 15,500 19,500 20,000

ExampleExample
Activities 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
% of
Completion
A 2,000 2,000 100%
B 2,000 2,000 2,000 16.5%
C 2,000 2,000 2,000 25%
D 1,500 1,500 0
E 500 500 0
Cost/month 2,000 2,000 2,000 4,000 5,500 4000 500 20,000
Cumulative 2 000 4 000 6 000 10 000 15 500 19 500 20 000Cumulative 2,000 4,000 6,000 10,000 15,500 19,500 20,000
Cutoff date

ExampleExample
Activities
Perform
Work
Budget
Cost
EV
(BCWP)
Actual
CostWork Cost (BCWP) Cost
A 100% 4,000 4,000 4,500
B 16.5% 6,000 1,000 1,500
C 25% 6,000 1,500 1,000
D 0 % 3,000 0 0
E 0% 1,000 0 0E 0% 1,000 0 0
20,000 6,500 7,000
PV EV AC
6,000 6,500 7,000

ExampleExample
Analysis
SV 6 500 6 000 500 Ah d f S h d l
 Schedule Variance (SV)
 Cost Variance (CV)
SV = 6,500 - 6,000 = 500 Ahead of Schedule
CV = 6,500 - 7,000 = - 500 Over budget
SPI =
6,500
= 1.08 Ahead of Schedule
6,000
 Schedule Performance Index (SPI)
CPI
6,500
0 93 O b d tCPI = = 0.93 Over budget
7,000

ExampleExample
Analysis
SV
Under budget
A head of schedule
+
SV
Over budget
A head of schedule CV
Over budget
Behind schedule
+-
Under budget
Behind schedule
-

ExampleExample
2. Forecasting
 Estimated at Completion (EAC);
EAC = 7,000 + (20,000 – 6,500) = 20,500
20 000
EAC =
20,000
= 21,505
0.93
EAC = 7,000 + 13,441 = 20,441EAC 7,000 + 13,441 20,441
 Variance at Completion (VAC);
VAC = 20,000 - 21,505 = - 1,505
 Estimate to Complete (ETC);
ETC = 21,505 - 7,000 = 14,505

ExampleExample
 Equation for the TCPI based on the BAC:
TCPI =
(13,500) work remaining
= 1.04
(13 000) Funds remaining
 Equation for the TCPI based on the EAC:
(13,000) Funds remaining
(13 500) work remaining
TCPI =
(13,500) work remaining
= 0.93
(14,505) Funds remaining
+
1.00
+
TCPI
(BAC)
Status
Date
Baseline plan
1.00
TCPI‐ TCPI
(EAC)

OUTPUTSOUTPUTS
1. Work performance information
 The calculated CV, SV, CPI, and SPI values for WBS components, in particular the
k k d t l t d t d d i t d twork packages and control accounts, are documented and communicated to
stakeholders.
2. Cost forecasts
 Either a calculated EAC value or a bottom-up EAC value is documented and
communicated to stakeholders.
3. Change requests
 Analysis of project performance may result in a change request to the cost
baseline or other components of the project management plan.baseline or other components of the project management plan.
4. Project management plan updates
 Cost baseline.
 Cost management plan

RefreshmentsRefreshments
Q1: One common way to compute estimate at completion (EAC) is to take the budget at
completion (BAC) and:
A. Divide by SPI.
B. Multiply by SPI.
C. Multiply by CPI.
D. Divide by CPI.
Q2: If earned value (EV) 350 actual cost (AC) 400 planned value (PV) 325 what isQ2: If earned value (EV) = 350, actual cost (AC) = 400, planned value (PV) = 325, what is
cost variance (CV)?
A. 350
B. -75
C. 400
D. -50

Q3: A project manager needs to analyze the project costs to find ways to decrease
costs. It would be BEST if the project manager looks at:
A. Variable costs and fixed costs.
B. Fixed costs and indirect costs,
C. Direct costs and variable costs.
D. Indirect costs and direct costs.

Q4: You provide a project cost estimate for the project to the project sponsor. He is
unhappy with the estimate, because he thinks the price should be lower. He asks you to
cut 15 percent off the project estimate. What should you do?
A Start the project and constantly look for cost savingsA. Start the project and constantly look for cost savings.
B. Tell all the team members to cut 15 percent from their estimates.
C Inform the sponsor of the activities to be cutC. Inform the sponsor of the activities to be cut.
D. Add additional resources with low hourly rates.

Q5: Although the stakeholders thought there was enough money in the budget, halfway
through the project the cost performance index (CPI) is 0.7. To determine the root
cause, several stakeholders audit the project and discover the project cost budget was
estimated analogously. Although the activity estimates add up to the project estimate,
the stakeholders think something was missing in how the estimate was completed.
Which of the following describes what was missing?
A. Estimated costs should be used to measure CPI.
B. SPI should be used, not CPI.
C. Bottom-up estimating should have been used.
D. Past history was not taken into account.

PMP_Project Cost Management

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PMP_Project Cost Management