1. Introduction
Climate change has become a major concern for Islamic
Relief because it threatens to undermine our core
mission - to protect life and dignity as well as reduce
poverty and suffering. Rising global temperatures are
drivers of extreme weather patterns, such as flash
flooding, which not only cause death and injury, but
displace thousands.
Climate change is also negatively impacting the local
environment for many of the poorest communities. For
example rural farmers in the Sahel region of Africa are
suffering from dire food shortages due to increasingly
frequent droughts. It also has indirect effects, for
example, through rises in food prices, food insecurity
and increasingly conflict. Poor and marginalised people
are most severely affected because they lack the
assets and power to cope with these impacts. Further,
vulnerability to climate change is increased by violent
conflict while climate change is also a known cause of
conflicts.
Islamic Relief is doing all it can to meet the immediate
needs of those hit by disasters and to help people
prepare disaster response plans before crisis hits, so
they are better able to recover their lives and livelihoods
in the long term. For many who live in rich countries,
climate change seems like an issue that is far from their
own lives, but flooding in the UK, hurricanes and drought
in the USA and rising energy prices show that no one is
immune from its effects.
In addition to our disaster response and climate
adaptation work it is also important that we consider the
causes of climate change, to ensure we are seeking to
address the root problem of the issue and not just deal
with the negative effects on those we serve.
Islamic Relief is committed to speaking out on climate
change because we see the devastating impact it has
on the people we serve around the world. What can we
do to effect change? Islamic Relief believes now is the
time to act. In 2015 Governments are coming together
to make collective decisions to mitigate the drivers of
climate change and promote strategies and finance for
climate adaptation through a number of international
Taking responsibility for the environment is also part of
our mandate as Muslims. The Qur’an teaches us that the
human species was created as a part of nature and not
separate from it. Therefore we must ensure we maintain
a harmony with the creation through our own behaviour
and actions.
Only by promoting environmental sustainability can we
hope to mitigate the impact of climate change and equip
communities with the skills and knowledge to adapt to
the changing natural environment. At Islamic Relief we
are guided by the values and principles of the Islamic
faith and it is from this rich heritage that we root our
commitment to environmental sustainability. Islam calls
all Muslims to protect the environment and ensure that
we conserve and sustainably use the earth’s resources
for the benefit of present and future generations. This is
primarily embodied in the Islamic concept of Khilafa; the
custodianship principle.
The Qur’an says: “It is He who appointed you khalifs
on earth.” (Al Naml, 6: 165). The word Khalif is often
translated as successor, trustee or vicegerent. This trust
comes with a heavy responsibility to act as guardians of
the earth, knowing we will be accountable to Allah for
how well, or otherwise, we have discharged this duty on
the Day of Judgement.
The Khilafa principle must be considered alongside four
other Islamic environmental principles: Islam teaches
moderation, a feeling of unity with all creation (tawheed)
and the innate disposition of humans as an integral part
of the natural pattern and not separated and apart from
it (fitra). It also teaches that the world is created in a
fine balance (mizan) and that humanity has accepted the
stewardship of the earth and its resources (khilafa) as
a trust (amana) from Allah. A close study of the Qur’an
reveals that it has mandated Muslims to take action on
environmental sustainability both in their own lives, by
living more sustainably, and by curbing economic growth
patterns that cause environmental degradation.
Islamic Environmental
Principles
processes, including the Post 2015 framework, the
UN Framework for Climate Change and the Hyogo
Framework for Action. This briefing paper contains the
messages and supporting arguments for Islamic Relief
offices interested in participating in these discussions at
a national level.
21

2. The release of rapidly increasing levels of greenhouse
gases as a result of human activities, especially the
burning of fossil fuels, is heating up the atmosphere.
At moderate levels these gases help to retain balanced
amounts of solar energy in the earth’s atmosphere,
which support the earth’s ecosystems, but an
overabundance of such gasses, as we are seeing today,
traps too much heat, and destroys this delicate balance.
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC), increased greenhouse gas emissions
(including carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide)
have already caused the Earth’s surface to warm, on
average, by 0.85 °C (0.65 to 1.06 according to AR5)
above pre-industrial levelsi
. Each of the last three
decades has been successively warmer at the Earth’s
surface than any preceding decade since 1850. The
IPCC believes that any increase in surface temperature
beyond 2°C compared to pre-industrial levels will reach
a tipping point resulting in catastrophic consequences
for life on earth.
The IPCC forecasts that with business as usual,
average global surface temperatures will be between
3.7°C to 4.8 °C above pre-industrial levels by 2100,
and will continue to rise after that even if emissions
stabilise, because greenhouse gasses are retained in
the atmosphere for decades. This is a huge increase.
For comparison, the average change in temperature
between the peak and trough of a major ice age is 4
or 5 °C. A 2.5°C warming would be the greatest global
climatic shift since the end of the last ice age 10,000
years ago, but would happen far more quickly and would
be to a higher temperature. The most recent science
indicates that the IPCC forecasts are conservative, and
the amount of warming for a particular concentration of
greenhouse gases is likely to be higher.
Some people are still waiting to be convinced but
the scientific evidence is now clear and compelling
that human activity is causing the temperature of the
planet to rise to dangerous levels, destroying essential
systems and habitats that maintain the ecosystems on
which we depend for survival. This scientific consensus
has been ratified by more than 160 Governments
under the International Panel on Climate Change. If we
Part 1: Climate Change
The Facts
do not address those negative patterns of industrial
development, such as our over-reliance on fossil fuels
and accelerating deforestation, sea levels will continue
to rise, weather will become more extreme and the lives
of billions will be at risk.
The human cost
Climate change threatens the basic elements of life.
Melting glaciers have increased the risk of flash flooding
and negatively affected the quality and quantity of fresh
water supplies. Rising carbon dioxide levels cause
ocean acidification, resulting in adverse consequences
for marine ecosystems and fish stocks. Desertification,
caused by climate change has a negative impact on the
yields of staple crops such as wheat and maize. Much
of the world’s population is dependent on fisheries,
agriculture or forestry to earn a living. These resources
are becoming scarcer due to climate change. In Africa
alone (where over 70% of workers rely on small-scale
farming that is dependent on direct rainfall), this could
result in an additional 80-120 million people at risk of
hungerii
.
The number of climate-related disasters has increased
by an average of 4.1% a year from 1980 to 2010. In
2011 alone such disasters killed 27,000 people and
cost $380 billion in economic losses. Their financial
cost is doubling every 12 years. By 2015 it is estimated
that climate-related disasters could affect 375 million
people – 43% more than in 2010iii
. Sea level rise and
extreme weather events particularly threaten the lives
and livelihoods of the poorest sections of society, who
live in areas most vulnerable to climate change and
do not have the sufficient resources to adapt. Climate
change and conflict are also linked, as diminishing
natural resources are increasingly a driver of conflict
and displacement, which in turn increases vulnerability
to climate related shocks and stresses.
Impact on ecosystems
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and other relevant reports all identify numerous links
between biodiversity and climate change. Extreme weather patterns are negatively altering the natural habitats for
wildlife. The retreat of mountain glaciers, the thawing of permafrost, later freezing and earlier break-up of ice on rivers
and lakes, lengthening of mid- to high-latitude growing seasons, poleward and altitudinal shifts of plant and animal
ranges, result in declines in some plant and animal populations, and the potential extinction of species where no such
shift in range is possible. These climatic changes cause the earlier emergence of leaves and insects, earlier return of
migrant species, and earlier egg-laying by birds, putting their survival at risk. It is estimated that without urgent action,
almost one third of land-based species could be committed to extinction as a result of climate change by the middle
of this centuryiv
. Currently one third of ecosystems worldwide have been converted for human activities and another
third have experienced degradation to varying extents. This has resulted in a substantial and largely irreversible loss in
biodiversityv
. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) has predicted this problem is continuing to accelerate as the
demand for natural resources grows.
3 4

3. Islamic Relief has seen first-hand the impact of
climate change on the communities it serves. Several
participatory studies carried out with beneficiaries
between 2011 and 2013 in Pakistan, Kenya and Ethiopia
revealed that local people are acutely aware of the
changing climate around them and its negative impact
on their crops and livestockvi
.
Climate Change Adaptation
Islamic Relief is building the capacity of local
communities to reduce the risk of environmental
disasters through a number of different adaptation
measures. Much of our work in this area is covered in
our publications ‘Feeling the Heat’ and ‘Greening the
Desert’vii
.
Sustainable water management strategies:
Climate induced droughts and desertification are
gradually reducing the levels of moisture in the soil,
causing slow onset famine by progressively reducing
crop yields. Sustainable water management policies
can help people to adapt to the climate induced water
scarcity through rain water harvesting, irrigation and
reducing water wastage.
Drought resistant agriculture:
Participatory studies by Islamic Relief between 2011
and 2013 with communities in Pakistan, Ethiopia and
Kenya all report progressively decreasing rainfall
and longer summers over the last few decadesviii
.
Providing local farmers with drought resistant seeds
that can survive on low levels of water, allowing
them to stay on their land and continue to feed their
families.
Disaster preparedness:
Unsustainable use of land and water resources
dramatically increases vulnerability to localised
disasters. For example; forests hold more water than
farms or grasslands because trees prevent sediment
runoff; reduce soil erosion; absorb ground water
Part 2: Practical responses to
Climate Change
and catch rain water on their leaves. Deforestation
removes one of nature’s natural flood barriers
leaving communities vulnerable to flash flooding and
landslides. Improving management natural resources
is an effective form of climate change adaptation and
DRR.
Climate change has caused recurrent drought in
Mali, which has led to land degradation and the
destruction of local vegetation. Local people are
caught in a vicious cycle of environmental damage
as they struggling to sustain their families in
the face of low harvests. They resort to selling
firewood to make ends meet – but this increased
woodcutting further contributes land degradation.
Parents also take their children out of school to
work as child labourers in woodcutting in order to
boost household income.
In response Islamic Relief is providing technical
support and finance to local communities in
Koulikoro region to build micro-dams. These micro-
dams can capture over-ground water and control
its flow, thereby reducing dependence on scarce
groundwater and enabling increased crop harvests
and vegetable gardening. The project also engages
communities in conservation activities, such as tree
planting, and trains them in alternative livelihoods
and sustainable agriculture techniques. As a result
over 90% of people in beneficiary communities
gained access to clean drinking water and food
production increased substantially.
A further impact is that the child malnutrition rate
has reduced by almost a third and the increased
availability of water has allowed water distribution
systems to be set up in local maternity centres.
Mariam is 26, a married mother of one with two
adopted children, who works in the rural maternity
centre. Thanks to the project, the centre now has
Climate change is causing increasing desertification
in Niger - rainfall is increasingly scarce and
farmland is regularly hit by severe droughts leaving
the whole community to face food shortages
for long periods. As a result, an average rural
household has less than 6 months of cereal stock.
Hama Soumana, 48 years old, is a farmer from
the village of Deytegui, one of the ten beneficiary
communities of a climate resilience agricultural
project implemented by Islamic Relief in Niger. Only
perseverance has kept Hama farming in his village,
as his income and livelihood is gradually destroyed.
Many of his peers have abandoned the village, to
search for a better life in the capital city, Niamey or
in the main towns of West Africa.
In response to this crisis Islamic Relief is providing
drought resistant millet seeds and fertilizers to
over 1,100 local farmers in Niger. There have been
impressive results with crop yields increasing by
up to 40%. In addition each harvest generates new
drought resilient seeds that can be sold to other
farmers.
“I have been a farmer for more than 35 years, but I
have never seen a variety of millet so well adapted
clean running water.
“The rural maternity health center has allowed our
community to access health services. All the women
receive care from the beginning of their pregnancy till
delivery. May Allah the Almighty reward the generous
donors. We thank them for the water point, because
water is the source of life. Giving clean drinking water
is saving lives; there are many people dying today due
to sicknesses linked to water.”
to our areas, known for its rainfall scarcity. It took
only 38 days for me to be ready for harvesting millet,
instead of the regular 3 months. I am grateful to
Islamic Relief and its donors for providing us with
these improved seeds that are making a difference in
my life”.
Islamic Relief is also providing technical support
and training to reduce post harvest losses. Through
the construction of huts for grain storage farmers
are able to hold back part of their harvests, rather
than selling it all immediately. This ensures millet
prices are not eroded by supply exceeding demand
and farmers can continue to feed their families and
generate income sustainably throughout the year.
This also means they do not need to sell vital assets
such livestock during lean periods in order to buy
food and fulfil other basic needs. As a result fewer
families are sending their youth abroad to join the
unskilled and exploitative labour force.
It has not always been easy to change the
traditional farming practices of local communities,
but supporting local leadership to promote
innovative methods has been an essential strategy
in creating sustainable climate resilient agriculture.
Case study
Micro dams – Mali
Case study
Drought resistant seeds – Niger
5 6

4. The majority of rural areas in Pakistan do not have
access to electricity. Limited access to modern
sources of energy constrains people’s livelihoods,
health, and education; denying them development
opportunities. Islamic Relief Pakistan has been
implementing a community based renewable
Case study
Solar Home Electrification
Project in Kharan District,
Pakistan
energy project in Kharan District, Pakistan, since
2006. Working in partnership with local government
and a range of community based organisations,
IRP has been able to install solar water pumps and
solar home electrification units (PVC) for over 4,000
households, which are then managed by the local
community themselves.
There are many environmental, economic and
social benefits to this kind of project. Solar power
is a clean energy source that does not pollute
the environment like the available alternatives
- kerosene fuel or charcoal. Solar makes good
economic sense for local people, as it is a
renewable and free source of energy, after the
initial installation costs. It also has health benefits
by ending dangerous exposure to kerosene oil
smoke, which causes respiratory tract disorders.
Electrified pumps provide increased access to safe
clean water, which has also improved people’s
health and strengthened rural livelihoods. There
are many other social benefits of increased access
to electrification, for example allowing students to
study after dark and reducing the domestic burden
on women to fetch water.
“Unavailability of clean drinking water was the
burning issue of our village. We were drinking water
from a water source which was not covered. We used
to fetch water in the morning that took us more than
an hour; besides, it was very hard to collect water for
all domestic usage. Most of my energy was spent on
fetching water and I would get tired and was not able
take part in either social, economic activities, nor I
was able to monitor my children who were studying.”.
Nazia Hakim, 22 years mother of four children
living in Chagai.
Other areas for related to
climate mitigation:
Agriculture: Industrial scale agriculture directly
contributes to carbon emissions through deforestation,
methane from animals and transport activities. The
IPCC estimates this accounts for as much as 40% of
total emissionsxi
. Supporting small scale farmers not
only improves local food security, but is better for local
ecosystems and reduces greenhouse gasses.
Deforestation: The IPCC estimates that 20% of all
global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are caused by
deforestation, as forests store carbon in their leaves,
wood, roots, and soils. 30 million acres of are lost
annually, due to population growth, intensive logging
and the expansion of agricultural landxii
. Vulnerable
communities turn to unsustainable practices such as
firewood cutting, when their agricultural livelihoods
are diminished by climate induced droughtxiii
. Therefore
investing in alternative livelihoods is an effective
mitigation strategy.
Food loss and waste: The FAO estimates that currently
around a third of all food (1.3 billion tonnes) is lost or
wasted annually, which could feed around 2.5 billion
people. This wastes 1.4 billion hectares of land, and
unnecessarily emits 3.3 million metric tonnes of
greenhouse gasses into the atmospherexiv
. Low tech
solutions for storage, such as hermetically sealed bags,
plastic or metal silos, clay containers and granaries
have been shown to significantly reduce post-harvest
food loss by up to 64%xv
.
Unsustainable consumption: Development drives
energy demand, as improvements in wealth and lifestyle
cause increased demand for goods and services. People
in industrialised countries can life more sustainably by
reducing food and energy waste by insulating homes,
turning off lights and using less water. The IPPC
estimates that lifestyle and behavioural changes could
reduce energy demand by up to 20% in the short term
and by up to 50% of present levels by mid-century.
Models of Economic Growth: To support the quest for
economic growth, highly unjust and unstable global
financial and monetary systems have been created and
maintained which are based on debt, compound interest
and the creation of money without a link to tangible
assets. This breeds inequality, depletes resources
and destabilises the ecological balance. Economic
investments must be audited for their environmental
impact to ensure we decouple our economic growth
from environmental degradation.
Common But Differentiated
Responsibility
It is important to remember that there are huge
variations in emissions levels between different
countries. Industrialised and rapidly industrialising
countries are the largest contributors, with China,
USA, European Union and India accounting for 58% of
emissions. However Russia, Iran, South Korea and Saudi
Arabia are all in the top tenxvi
. Least developed countries’
energy consumption is miniscule in comparison; for
example total energy use for Rwanda is the same as a
small power station in Europe xvii
.
The principle of Common But Differentiated
Responsibility, acknowledges that because of
significantly differing level of emissions between
countries, the largest contributors bear the biggest
responsibility for both leading the way in cutting
emissions and providing finance and technological
expertise to support mitigation and adaptation
strategies. This does not mean developing economies
should pursue unsustainable energy policies only to
rectify this later – the earth cannot afford that. It does
mean the wealthier nations should support low carbon
development in emerging economies through technology
transfer, financial support and capacity building.
Climate Mitigation
Climate Change mitigation is concerned with the causes
of climate change, primarily reducing the amount of
greenhouse gasses being pumped into the atmosphere.
This involves reforms across multiple sectors.
Renewable Energy: Energy consumption of fossil fuels
accounts for about 78% of emissions. The good news
is that 13% of all energy used globally is already taken
from renewable sources, but the bad news is that there
has actually been an increase in the use of coal between
2000 and 2010, due to increased industrialisationix
.
Therefore renewable energy like solar, wind, hydro
and geothermal must increase by at least 400% in the
coming decades to meet increased demand.
Islamic Relief has begun a number of small scale
projects to promote renewable energy sources with
local communities. This has the dual benefit of reducing
greenhouse gasses and providing access to electricity
for poor communities, who exist outside national energy
grids. With 1.3 billion people still without access to
electricity such projects demonstrate the link between
environmental and economic justice. There are also
health benefits to the 2.7 billion people who currently
rely on the traditional use of biomass for cooking, which
causes harmful indoor air pollutionx
.
7 8

5. Part 3: Advocacy
Taking action to stop climate change and better respond
to its devastating impact requires a broad range of
measures at international, national and local levels. IRW
is well placed to engage at all levels.
International
What is the UN Framework Convention on
Climate Change?
The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) is the international process through which
all governments make ongoing commitments on
implementing climate mitigation and adaptation
strategies both domestically and through international
cooperation. The UNFCCC mandate began in 1994 after
the Rio Earth Conference in 1992 and is maintained
through a series of international meetings (Cops)
commitments such as the Kyoto Protocol and the Doha
amendmentxviii
. As greenhouse gasses continue to rise
to dangerous levels the need for decisive action to stop
climate change becomes increasingly urgent. This is
why Cop 21 (Paris December 2015) and Cop 22 (Morocco
2016) will be the most important meetings to date. IRW
will be advocating for strong commitments around the
following issues:
Key messages:
°° Ensure the average rise in the surface temperature
of the Earth is less than 2°Celsius (since pre-
industrial period).
°° Urgently reduce of emissions of greenhouse
gases from fossil fuels through reduced energy
consumption and increased energy efficiency
(sustainable consumption and production).
°° Scale up utilisation of sustainable renewable
sources of energy (wind, solar, tidal, geothermal)
through increased investment and research.
°° Ensure links between climate change adaptation
and disaster risk in sustainable development
planning and practice.
°° Improve conservation of forests and other natural
habitats and promote sustainable use of natural
resources (food, water & land).
Other international agreements related to
Climate Change:
2015 is set to be a transformational year for poverty
alleviation and climate change. Governments from
around the world are expected to make commitments
in three global forums that will impact the lives of the 7
billion people on our earth.
°° The Post 2015 process in New York will set new
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to address
poverty alleviation, environmental sustainability,
peace building and economic growth for the next 15
years. Climate Change is a cross cutting theme that
directly impacts most of the new SDGs including
food, energy, ecosystems, oceans, sustainable
consumption and production. For more information
see the Post 2015 policy briefing note on climate
change.
°° The Third International Conference on Financing
for Sustainable Development will agree a new
financing framework for development in July in
Addis Ababa (including issues of trade, debt, ODA,
good governance, domestic and international
resource mobilisation). This will have an impact on
how resources are generated for climate adaption
and migration. IRW has analysed the potential role
for Islamic finance in this process in ‘Lessons from
Islamic Finance’.xix
°° At the World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction
in March in Sendai, Japan governments committed
to the Sendai Framework for Action to better prepare
for and respond to the growing numbers of natural
disasters, including consideration of the role of
climate adaption in disaster risk reduction. IRW
attended this conference to advocate for a range
of issues including the role of indigenous and faith
based knowledge in effective strategies.
National
Every IRW office has the opportunity lobby their
governments to ensure ambitious and transformative
commitments are pledged at international level
and implemented at a national level. This will be
strengthened by the development of nationally specific
targets that draws on current scientific research and the
technical expertise and experience generated through
IRW programmes. Different countries may choose
to focus on different dimensions of adaptation and
mitigation. For example:
°° Pakistan is a middle income country that suffers
for regular climate related natural disasters.
Messages could focus on implementing climate
adaptation strategies to build the resilience of local
communities’ to increased climate induced flooding.
This could draw on programme expertise in food
security and sustainable water management. Targets
could also consider how Pakistan will pursue low
carbon development through renewable energy and
sustainable consumption & production practices.
°° The East Africa Region is comprised of several
country offices that suffer from climate induced
droughts and famine. Building on existing
programme expertise advocacy messages could
usefully focus on community based mitigation
and adaptation strategies such as conservation
agriculture and organic farming. This could also be
linked to analysis of incentives like carbon credits
and explore how to support a stronger enabling
environment for environmental sustainability
through national and international policy structures.
°° The United Kingdom is an industrialised nation and
a high net emitter of Co2. Messages could usefully
focus on time bound and measurable targets for
the UK to replace fossil fuels with clean renewable
sources of energy. As a donor country the UK should
also be lobbied to provide significant levels of
finance to developing countries to implement climate
adaptation programmes and develop low carbon
technologies.
9 10

6. IRW policy and advocacy staff can offer
technical support to national offices by
providing:
°° A framework for national advocacy through approved
policy and international advocacy messages (as
above);
°° Theological resources on environmental principles in
Islam (Eco Islam);
°° Additional research and policy analysis of national
contexts;
°° Political analysis of international negotiations and
high level statements;
°° Networking and coalition building with like minded
NGOs for joint advocacy and campaigning;
°° Sharing best practice and messaging between IRW
partner and field offices.
Local
In addition to supporting local climate mitigation and
adaptation projects IRW offices are well placed to
mobilise supporter and beneficiary communities for
campaigning activities. Campaigning is a valuable tool
for exerting public pressure on national governments
to commit to and implement effective climate change
policies. Campaigning can be achieved through a variety
of methods – including public mobilisation events and
social media campaigns. IRW is well networked with
international climate change groups and is able to
connect IRW offices with national campaigning groups.
11 12

7. References
i. International Panel on Climate Change ‘Fifth Assessment Report (AR5)’, 2014 http://www.ipcc.ch/
ii. Working Group on Climate Change and Development ‘The Physical Science Basis, the contribution to the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment
Report’ 2013, https://www.ipcc-wg1.unibe.ch/
iii. Islamic Relief Worldwide ‘Feeling the Heat – The Human Cost of Poor Preparation for Disasters’, 2013 http://policy.islamic-relief.
com/portfolio/feelingtheheat/
iv. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, ‘Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing; General Synthesis’, 2005 http://www.
millenniumassessment.org/en/Synthesis.html
v. ibid
vi. Islamic Relief Worldwide ’Women Farmer’s Perceptions about Climate Change and Adaptation in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’, 2011, &
‘Livelihoods in the Horn of Africa – research analysis report’, 2012.
vii. Islamic Relief Worldwide, ‘Feeling the Heat – The Human Cost of Poor Preparation for Disasters’, 2013 http://islamic-relief.org/
policy/portfolio/feelingtheheat/ & ‘Greening the Desert’, 2014 http://policy.islamic-relief.com/portfolio/greening-the-desert-water-
solutions-for-west-africa/
viii. Islamic Relief Worldwide ’Women Farmer’s Perceptions about Climate Change and Adaptation in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’, 2011, &
‘Livelihoods in the Horn of Africa – research analysis report’, 2012.
ix. International Panel on Climate Change 14
x. World Energy Outlook, 2014http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment/energyaccessdatabase/#d.en.8609
xi. International Panel on Climate Change Report 14
xii. ibid
xiii. Islamic Relief Worldwide ‘Livelihoods in the Horn of Africa – research analysis report’, 2012.
xiv. WFP Press Release Dec (2013) https://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/rome-based-un-agencies-join-forces-food-losses
xv. World Food Programme, Reducing Food Losses in Sub Saharan Africa, 2014 http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/
documents/special_initiatives/WFP265205.pdf
xvi. Global Carbon Project http://www.globalcarbonproject.org/
xvii. Christian Aid ‘Low Carbon Development in Africa’, 2011, http://www.christianaid.org.uk/images/LowCarbonAfrica.pdf
xviii. http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php
xix. http://policy.islamic-relief.com/portfolio/lessons-from-islamic-finance-for-socially-economically-and-environmentally-just-
outcomes-in-the-financing-for-sustainable-development-process/
13