The document outlines three major theoretical foundations of global governance: liberalism focuses on human progress through cooperation, interdependence, and international institutions; realism emphasizes states' pursuit of power and security in an anarchic system; and Marxist theory views global governance as reflecting the interests of dominant capitalist states and classes that control production.

1. Theoretical Foundations onTheoretical Foundations on
Global GovernanceGlobal Governance
By: Cheunboran Chanborey

2.  What is theory?
 Why we need to study theory?
Introduction

3. 1. Basic Ideas
 Human nature is basically good
 Injustice, aggression and war are products of
inadequate or corrupt social institutions
 These can be eliminated through collective or
multilateral actions and institutional building.
 The expansion of human freedom is a core liberal
belief that can be achieved through democracy and
market capitalism.
I. Liberalism

4. 2. Roots of Liberalism
 Hugo Grotius (1583-1645): Father
of international law
 Enlightenment: Individuals are rational human beings
and have capacity to improve their condition by creating
a just society.
 Immanuel Kant (1724-1804):
perpetual peace among democratic
states
I. Liberalism

5. 2. Roots of Liberalism
 Adam Smith: free trade could create interdependencies
 Woodrow Wilson: collective
security, international institutions
I. Liberalism
Woodrow Wilson, 28th
President
of the US (1913-1921)

6. 3. Sociological Liberalism
 IR is not only about states and states relations, but
about transnational relations (pluralism).
 Karl Deutsch: Interconnecting activities helps create
common values and identities among people from
different state and paves the way for peace.
 James Rosenau: IR have been supplemented by
relations among private individuals, groups, and society,
referred to as mobius-web of global governance.
I. Liberalism

7. 4. Interdependence
 Through trade, investment, people-to-people contact,
interdependence among states is increasingly high.
War is more costly.
 Keohane & Nye:
“even if … anarchy constrains the willingness of
states to cooperate, states nevertheless can work
together and can do, esp. with the assistance of
international institutions”
I. Liberalism

8. 5. Institutional Liberalism
 With a high degree of interdependence, states often set
up international institutions/rules to deal with common
problems.
 Woodrow Wilson: transformation from a jungle of
chaotic power politics to a zoo of regulated and
peaceful intercourse through the building of IGOs.
I. Liberalism

9. 6. Republic Liberalism
 Democracies never go to war with each other due to
three reasons: (1) peaceful conflict resolution (2)
common moral values or ‘pacific union’ and (3)
interdependence.
 Francis Fukuyama: “The End of History and the Last
Man”- the triumph of Western democracies, which is
the final form of government.
I. Liberalism

10. 1. Basic Ideas and Assumptions
 Human nature: bad, selfish, power-seeking
 Actors: Nation-states (rational and unitary)
 International system: anarchic and conflictual
John Mearsheimer: International cooperation is
impossible due to the problems of cheating and
relative gain.
Thucydides: … the standard of justice… is the
fact that the strong do what they have the power to do
and the weak accept what they have to accept…
 International Law and IOs: tools to maximize interests
II. Realism

11. Hans Morgenthau:
IL and IOs are largely weak and ineffective, tool of
states, and reflect the distribution of power.
 Main issues: national security, survival and existence,
balance of power, security dilemma
 Future of IR: no progressive change

12. 2. Neo-realism/Structural Realism
 Kenneth Waltz:
“Theory of International Politics”
 A basic feature of IR is the structure of anarchy.
 State leaders are prisoners of the structure as there is
no room for foreign policymaking.
 All states are equal only in a formal-legal sense; they
are unequal, profoundly in a substantive or material
sense.
 To ensure peace and stability, it is needed to maintain
the balance of power.
 Bipolar system (CW system) is more stable.
II. Realism
Founder of Neorealism (1924)

13. 3. Hegemonic Stability Theory
 It is believed that international economic system is most
likely to be open and stable when there is a single
dominant or hegemonic state, which has a sufficiently
large share of resources and is willing to take a
leadership and provide public goods
 Pax Britannica during 19th
century
 Pax Americana after the WWII
 Pax Sinica???
II. Realism

14.  The evolution of the production process is a basis for
explaining how patterns of social relations develop
between those who control the production and those
who execute the tasks of production.
 Every society divides into two main classes: a small
class of those who own the means of production and a
large class with nothing. Ex. in the Capitalist system:
bourgeoisie ><proletariat.
 So, IL and IOs are just products of a dominant group of
states, dominant ideas, and the interests of the capitalist
class.
 Dependency Theory???
III. Marxist Theory

15. Periphery

16. How the global governance can be seen through
the lenses of the three conceptual
frameworks?

17. Reading:
Chapter 2, International Organizations: the Politics and
Processes of Global Governance, page 35-59