2. Chapter 15
Life Cycle Nutrition:
Pregnancy and Lactation
3. Which of the following is not likely to affect
male fertility?
a) Alcohol
b) Vitamin C
c) Vitamin E
d) Zinc
e) Iron
4. Which of the following is not likely to affect
male fertility?
a) Alcohol
b) Vitamin C
c) Vitamin E
d) Zinc
e) Iron
5. Heavy alcohol use can lower sperm
production, but light to moderate intake
does not appear to have an effect
Vitamin C&E are antioxidants, and men with
diets rich in antioxidant nutrients have
higher sperm counts and motility
6. A deficiency of zinc can impair male fertility
but this can be reversed over time with
supplementation.
Overweight and obesity also can impair
fertility, as obese men have low sperm
counts and hormonal changes that
reduce fertility
7. A fertilized ovum is called a…
a) Blastocyst
b) Zygote
c) Embryo
d) Fetus
8. A fertilized ovum is called a…
a) Blastocyst
b) Zygote
c) Embryo
d) Fetus
9. Egg + Sperm = Zygote
A blastocyst is a fertilized ovum by the
time it is ready to implant
Embryo: 2-8 weeks
Fetus: week 9-delivery
10. Name the three structures that develop
during pregnancy to help protect and
nourish the growing fetus
11. Placenta: metabolically active organ embedded
in the uterine wall; performs the respiratory,
absorptive, and excretory functions that the
fetus’ lungs, digestive system, and kidneys
will provide after birth
Umbilical cord: a ropelike structure containing
fetal blood vessels that extends through the
fetus’s belly button-to-be to the placenta
Amniotic sac: a fluid-filled balloon-like structure
that houses the developing fetus
12. True or False?
Maternal and fetal blood mingles in the
placental villi, allowing oxygen,
nutrients, and waste products to be
exchanged.
14. Organs start developing during which of the
following stages of fetal development?
a) Zygotic stage
b) Embryonic Stage
c) Fetal Stage
15. Organs start developing during which of the
following stages of fetal development?
a) Zygotic stage
b) Embryonic Stage
c) Fetal Stage
16. By the end of 8 weeks, the embryo has
a complete central nervous system, a
beating heart, a digestive system, well-
defined fingers and toes and the
beginnings of facial features
17. Which of the following best characterizes
the fetal stage?
a) It is a critical period for major organs, such as
the central nervous system
b) It is a period of rapid cell division, in which
cells differentiate into fetus and placenta
c) It is a period of rapid growth, in which the fetus
grows significantly larger and heavier
18. Which of the following best characterizes
the fetal stage?
a) It is a critical period for major organs, such as
the central nervous system
b) It is a period of rapid cell division, in which
cells differentiate into fetus and placenta
c) It is a period of rapid growth, in which the fetus
grows significantly larger and heavier
20. • Times of intense development and rapid
cell division
• Window of opportunity: certain cellular
activities can only occur during these
times
• Organ and tissue development most
vulnerable to adverse influences
• Occur in first trimester
• Each organ has its own critical period
21.
22. Name the two most common types of
neural tube defects and explain the
difference between them.
23. Anencephaly:
– Failure of the upper end of the neural tube to
close
– Brain either missing or fails to develop
Spina bifida:
– Incomplete closure of spinal cord and its bony
encasement
– Meninges membranes covering the spinal cord
often protrude as a sac, which can rupture and
lead to meningitis
– Varying degrees of paralysis depending on
damage to spinal cord
26. FOLATE!
• Prevents & reduces severity of neural tube
defects
• Folate status important prior to pregnancy
and during 1st trimester
27. Which of the following has been proven to
cause neural tube defects?
a) Maternal diabetes
b) Maternal obesity
c) Anti-seizure medications
d) Mutations in enzymes
e) Folate deficiency
28. Which of the following has been proven to
cause neural tube defects?
a) Maternal diabetes
b) Maternal obesity
c) Anti-seizure medications
d) Mutations in enzymes
e) Folate deficiency
29. TRICK QUESTION:
We don’t know what causes neural tube
defects!
*It is important to realize that folate
deficiency does not necessarily ‘cause’
neural tube defects.
30. What is the DRI for folate during pregnancy?
a) 200 µg/day
b) 400 µg/day
c) 600 µg/day
d) 800 µg/day
31. What is the DRI for folate during pregnancy?
a) 200 µg/day
b) 400 µg/day
c) 600 µg/day
d) 800 µg/day
33. Infants are considered full term if they are
born between ____ weeks gestation.
a) 30-34
b) 34-38
c) 38-42
d) 42-46
34. Infants are considered full term if they are
born between ____ weeks gestation.
a) 30-34
b) 34-38
c) 38-42
d) 42-46
35. If a baby is born at 38 weeks and
weighs 4lbs, he/she would be
considered:
a) Preterm
b) Small for gestational age
c) Within normal range
36. If a baby is born at 38 weeks and
weighs 4lbs, he/she would be
considered:
a) Preterm
b) Small for gestational age
c) Within normal range
37. Remember…
Preterm infants may be small, but if their
size and weight is appropriate for their
gestational age, they have potential for
catch-up growth given adequate nutritional
support
38. Remember…
Infants who are small for gestational age
(SGA) have suffered growth failure in
utero and do not catch up as well
It’s all about whether the infant’s weight is
appropriate for their gestational age
39. What is the name of the theory which
proposes that maternal nutrition status
may change gene expression in the fetus
in a way that sets the stage for chronic
diseases later in life?
41. How much weight should a healthy-
weight woman carrying a single fetus
gain during pregnancy?
a) 5-15 pounds
b) 15-25 pounds
c) 25-35 pounds
d) 35-45 pounds
42. How much weight should a healthy-
weight woman carrying a single fetus
gain during pregnancy?
a) 5-15 pounds
b) 15-25 pounds
c) 25-35 pounds
d) 35-45 pounds
43. What is the recommendation for
overweight pregnant women?
a) They should try to lose 5-10lbs through diet
alone
b) They should try to lose 5-10lbs through a
combination of diet and exercise
c) They should gain less weight than a normal
weight pregnant woman: about 10-15lbs
d) They should gain less weight than a normal
weight pregnant woman: about 15-25lbs
44. What is the recommendation for
overweight pregnant women?
a) They should try to lose 5-10lbs through diet
alone
b) They should try to lose 5-10lbs through a
combination of diet and exercise
c) They should gain less weight than a normal
weight pregnant woman: about 10-15lbs
d) They should gain less weight than a normal
weight pregnant woman: about 15-25lbs
45. Dieting while pregnant is never a good
idea! A healthy weight should try to be
achieved prior to pregnancy.
Overweight women:15-25lbs
Healthy weight: 25-35lbs
Underweight: 28-40lbs
46. Which of the following is true of exercise
and pregnancy?
a) Pregnant women should exercise very little and
rest as much as possible
b) Pregnant women should get as much exercise
as possible, even if they did not exercise prior to
getting pregnant
c) Pregnant women can continue an exercise
regimen that they had prior to getting pregnant
with some adjustments
47. Which of the following is true of exercise
and pregnancy?
a) Pregnant women should exercise very little and
rest as much as possible
b) Pregnant women should get as much exercise
as possible, even if they did not exercise prior to
getting pregnant
c) Pregnant women can continue an exercise
regimen that they had prior to getting pregnant
with some adjustments
48. True or false:
Pregnant women have little to no
increased caloric need during the first
trimester.
49. TRUE!
Caloric needs during pregnancy
• First trimester: No or little extra
• Second trimester: +340 kcals/day
• Third trimester: +450 kcals/day
Increase in BMR occurs in second and
third trimester
50. Why is adequate carbohydrate intake during
pregnancy so important?
51. *Ample carbohydrate is necessary to fuel
fetal brain
*Also, remember carbohydrate’s protein-
sparing action -> proteins are vital to the
growth and development of fetus
52. Which of the following nutrients should a
woman avoid in supplement form during
pregnancy?
a) Vitamin A
b) Iron
c) Vitamin B12
d) Folate
53. Which of the following nutrients should a
woman avoid in supplement form during
pregnancy?
a) Vitamin A
b) Iron
c) Vitamin B12
d) Folate
54. Pregnant women have increased needs for
all but which of the following nutrients?
a) Vitamin B12
b) Calcium
c) Zinc
d) Iron
55. Pregnant women have increased needs for
all but which of the following nutrients?
a) Vitamin B12
b) Calcium
c) Zinc
d) Iron
56. The AI levels for calcium and vitamin D do
not increase during pregnancy; however
it is important for pregnant women to get
sufficient amounts of these nutrients in
their diet
Vitamin B12: 2.4->2.6 µg/day
Iron: 18->27 mg/day
Zinc: 8->11 mg/day
Folate: 400->600 µg/day
57. What are some nutrient deficiencies
that vegan and vegetarian pregnant
women are particularly at risk for?
59. What are some of the benefits of
breastfeeding for infants?
60. For Infants:
• Immune protection
• Fewer allergies and intolerances
• Fewer respiratory, GI, and ear infections
• Cognitive benefits
• May protect against some chronic diseases later
in life, such as obesity, heart disease, and
diabetes
61. What are some of the benefits of
breastfeeding for mothers?
62. For Mothers:
• Reduced risk of postpartum blood loss
• Possible reduced risk of breast and ovarian
cancers
• Amenorrhea and decreased fertility
• Promotes mother-infant bond
• Weight loss
• Convenience
• Economic benefits
63. List the two hormones involved in human
lactation and describe their functions
64. Prolactin: responsible for the production of
milk; released in response to sucking
stimulus
Oxytocin: responsible for let-down reflex
66. Colostrum:
• First milk
• Thick, yellowish, small amounts
• Rich in immune factors and protein
– Important nutrition for the baby!
• About 20 kcal/oz
• Bifidus flora
68. Lactating women:
– Increased caloric need of 500kcal/day
• Helps with postpartum weight loss
– Increased need for carbohydrate
• Glucose used to make lactose
• Proteins and fats about the same
– Increased fluid needs
69. True or False?
It is safe for a pregnant woman to
consume up to 1 alcoholic drink per day
70. FALSE!
Even one drink a day threatens neurological
development and behaviors of her infant
71. Chapter 16
Life Cycle Nutrition:
Infancy, Childhood, and
Adolescence
72. What are some factors that may influence a
child’s growth pattern
74. The most rapid growth occurs during…
a) Infancy
b) Childhood
c) Adolescence
d) Adulthood
75. The most rapid growth occurs during…
a) Infancy
b) Childhood
c) Adolescence
d) Adulthood
76. Birth weight doubles in the first 4-6 months
and triples in the first year of life. It takes 5
more years to double the weight seen at 1
year. Growth is never again as rapid as it
is during this time.
77. Energy and protein needs are highest during
infancy (proportionately i.e. per kg body
weight) of any life cycle stage
Infants require about 100 kcal/kg of body
weight per day, whereas most adults need
fewer than 40
78. Which of the following nutrients provides
most of the energy in breastmilk and
formula to support the infant’s rapid
growth?
a) Carbohydrate
b) Protein
c) Fat
79. Which of the following nutrients provides
most of the energy in breastmilk and
formula to support the infant’s rapid
growth?
a) Carbohydrate
b) Protein
c) Fat
80. Carbohydrate is important for brain development -
the infant’s brain uses relatively more glucose
than adults (because their brain is relatively
bigger!)
Fat provides most of energy that supports rapid
growth (high energy needs, small stomach!)
Protein is essential to growth, as it is the basic
building material of the body’s tissues; highest
needs of any life cycle
81. Nutrients of special interest for infants:
Vitamins: K, D, B12
Minerals: iron, zinc, fluoride
Water
82. When can parents begin to introduce solid
foods
a) 3-5 months
b) 4-6 months
c) Only after 6 months
d) It doesn’t matter
83. When can parents begin to introduce solid
foods
a) 3-5 months
b) 4-6 months
c) Only after 6 months
d) It doesn’t matter
84. The AAP supports exclusive
breastfeeding for 6 months but
recognizes that infants are often
developmentally ready to accept
complementary foods between
4 and 6 months of age
85. The pincer grasp generally develops when
the infant is how old?
a) 4-6 months
b) 6-8 months
c) 8-10 months
d) 10-12 months
86. The pincer grasp generally develops when
the infant is how old?
a) 4-6 months
b) 6-8 months
c) 8-10 months
d) 10-12 months
87. The loss of the extrusion reflex usually
occurs when the infant is how old?
a) 4-6 months
b) 6-8 months
c) 8-10 months
d) 10-12 months
88. The loss of the extrusion reflex usually
occurs when the infant is how old?
a) 4-6 months
b) 6-8 months
c) 8-10 months
d) 10-12 months
89. The ability to stand alone without support
generally develops when the infant is
how old?
a) 4-6 months
b) 6-8 months
c) 8-10 months
d) 10-12 months
90. The ability to stand alone without support
generally develops when the infant is
how old?
a) 4-6 months
b) 6-8 months
c) 8-10 months
d) 10-12 months
91. The ability to sit with little to no support
generally emerges when the infant is
how old?
a) 4-6 months
b) 6-8 months
c) 8-10 months
d) 10-12 months
92. The ability to sit with little to no support
generally emerges when the infant is
how old?
a) 4-6 months
b) 6-8 months
c) 8-10 months
d) 10-12 months
93. Which of the following is an appropriate
solid food to introduce in the first year of
life?
a) Honey
b) Cow’s milk
c) Chopped meat
d) Hot dogs
94. Which of the following is an appropriate
solid food to introduce in the first year of
life?
a) Honey
b) Cow’s milk
c) Chopped meat
d) Hot dogs
95. Macronutrient needs during childhood
Fat: Higher proportion of total energy intake
for first three years of life (30-40% vs. 25-
35%)
Protein: Needs increase after first three years
of life, but decrease proportionately
Carb: After 1 yr same as adults
96. Macronutrient needs during childhood
Fat: Higher proportion of total energy intake
for first three years of life (30-40% vs. 25-
35%)
Protein: Needs increase after first three years
of life, but decrease proportionately
Carb: After 1 yr same as adults
