3. Which of the following atoms is not a
component of carbohydrate or fat?
a) Hydrogen
b) Nitrogen
c) Oxygen
d) Carbon
4. Which of the following atoms is not a
component of carbohydrate or fat?
a) Hydrogen
b) Nitrogen
c) Oxygen
d) Carbon
5. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are all
composed of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen in various arrangements
But…protein is unique in that it also contains
nitrogen
6. Which of the following differentiates amino
acids from each other?
a) Number of carbon-carbon double bonds
b) The side group
c) The amino group
d) Hydrogenation
7. Which of the following differentiates amino
acids from each other?
a) Number of carbon-carbon double bonds
b) The side group
c) The amino group
d) Hydrogenation
8. There are 20 different amino acids, each
with its own unique side group
9. An amino acid that the body can synthesize
is called:
a) Indispensable
b) Essential
c) Conditionally essential
d) Non-essential
10. An amino acid that the body can synthesize
is called:
a) Indispensable
b) Essential
c) Conditionally essential
d) Non-essential
11. Most amino acids are nonessential, meaning the
body can synthesize them for itself (as long as
building blocks are available)
Essential amino acids must come from the diet,
because the body cannot make these in
sufficient quantities (indispensable)
Conditionally essential: normally nonessential
but must be supplied by diet under special
circumstances (e.g. PKU -> tyrosine)
12. Proteins form when _______ bonds join
amino acids in a ________ reaction.
a) Carbon; hydrolysis
b) Carbon; anabolic
c) Peptide; condensation
d) Peptide; catabolic
13. Proteins form when _______ bonds join
amino acids in a ________ reaction.
a) Carbon; hydrolysis
b) Carbon; anabolic
c) Peptide; condensation
d) Peptide; catabolic
14. Peptide bonds link amino acids through
condensation reactions (anabolic
process) to form proteins
Remember: amino acids are the building
blocks of proteins!
15. Which of the following describes the structure of a
protein that is folded into complex, tangled shapes
such that hydrophilic groups are on the surface
and hydrophobic side groups are tucked inside
a) Primary
b) Secondary
c) Tertiary
d) Quaternary
16. Which of the following describes the structure of a
protein that is folded into complex, tangled shapes
such that hydrophilic groups are on the surface
and hydrophobic side groups are tucked inside
a) Primary
b) Secondary
c) Tertiary
d) Quaternary
21. True or False: the sequence of amino acids
determines the function of a protein
a) True
b) False
22. True or False: the sequence of amino acids
determines the function of a protein
a) True
b) False
23. Sequence -> Shape -> Function
If there is a mutation in the sequence, then
the protein may not function properly (e.g.
sickle cell anemia)
This also explains why proteins that are
denatured (uncoiled) no longer can perform
their functions
24. Which of the following is true about protein
digestion
a) Pepsin in the stomach begins break down of
proteins into amino acids
b) Proteins are only uncoiled in the stomach, but
are not digested
c) Hydrochloric acid in the stomach cleaves
proteins into smaller polypeptides and amino
acids
25. Which of the following is true about protein
digestion
a) Pepsin in the stomach begins break down of
proteins into amino acids
b) Proteins are only uncoiled in the stomach, but
are not digested
c) Hydrochloric acid in the stomach cleaves
proteins into smaller polypeptides and amino
acids
26. In stomach:
Hydrochloric acid denatures proteins
(uncoils them)
Pepsin begins protein digestion by cleaving
denatured proteins into smaller polypeptides
and amino acids (hydrolysis)
In small intestine:
Pancreatic and intestinal proteases and
peptidases complete protein digestion
27. Which of the following is true of protein
absorption?
a) Absorbed amino acids may be used by
intestinal cells for energy
b) Amino acids enter the lymph system and
bypass the liver to enter blood stream
c) Most proteins are absorbed intact and
travel to the cells where they are needed
28. Which of the following is true of protein
absorption?
a) Absorbed amino acids may be used by
intestinal cells for energy
b) Amino acids enter the lymph system and
bypass the liver to enter blood stream
c) Most proteins are absorbed intact and
travel to the cells where they are needed
29. Once absorbed, amino acids may be used
by the intestinal cells for energy or to
synthesize needed compounds
Unused amino acids enter the blood stream
and are transported to the liver
Most proteins are broken down into amino
acids before absorption
30. Which of the following describes how proteins
differ from carbohydrates and lipids
a) Protein is not a macronutrient
b) Protein cannot be used for energy
c) Protein has no specialized storage form
d) Protein is needed in larger amounts
31. Which of the following describes how proteins
differ from carbohydrates and lipids
a) Protein is not a macronutrient
b) Protein cannot be used for energy
c) Protein has no specialized storage form
d) Protein is needed in larger amounts
32. Protein is a macronutrient, meaning it is a nutrient
the body requires in relatively large amounts
(many grams daily).
Protein can be used as a source of energy during
times of starvation or inadequate carbohydrate
intake (gluconeogenesis). Protein yields 4kcal/g
AMDR for protein is 10-35% which is actually the
lowest of macronutrients (recommendation for
fat is 20-35% and for carbohydrate is 45-65%)
33. The body does not make a specialized storage
form of protein as it does for carbohydrate or fat
Glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and fat
as triglycerides in adipose tissue, but protein in
the body is available only from the working and
structural components of the tissues.
Over time, energy deprivation always causes
wasting of lean body tissue
34. Amino acids in the “amino acid pool” of a
cell can be used to make…
a) Protein
b) Energy
c) Fat
d) All of the above
35. Amino acids in the “amino acid pool” of a
cell can be used to make…
a) Protein
b) Energy
c) Fat
d) All of the above
36. The amino acid pool is made up of amino
acids from protein turnover and from the diet
These amino acids can be used to make
body proteins or other nitrogen-containing
compounds, or they can be stripped of their
nitrogen and used for energy (either
immediately or stored as fat for later use)
37. Positive nitrogen balance occurs in which of
the following situations:
a) Healthy adult
b) Starving child
c) Pregnant woman
d) Burn victim
38. Positive nitrogen balance occurs in which of
the following situations:
a) Healthy adult
b) Starving child
c) Pregnant woman
d) Burn victim
39. Nitrogen balance refers to the amount of nitrogen
consumed as compared to the amount of
nitrogen excreted in a given time.
During periods of growth, such as pregnancy,
nitrogen intake > nitrogen output (positive
nitrogen balance)
In people who are starving or suffering other
severe stresses, such as burns, injuries,
infections, and fever, nitrogen intake < nitrogen
output (negative nitrogen balance)
40. Which of the following organs filters urea out
of the blood
a) Pancreas
b) Liver
c) Kidneys
d) Small intestine
41. Which of the following organs filters urea out
of the blood
a) Pancreas
b) Liver
c) Kidneys
d) Small intestine
42. Liver creates urea from the products of
amino acid breakdown (NH3) and
releases it into the bloodstream.
The kidneys filter urea out of the
bloodstream for excretion in the urine
43. So...if you have liver disease, you will
have high levels of ammonia in your
blood (because the liver is not converting
ammonia to urea), but if you have kidney
disease, you will have high levels of urea
circulating in your blood (because the
kidneys are not filtering urea out of the
blood.
44. Which of the following is not a function of
protein in the body?
a) Acid base balance
b) Energy storage
c) Hormones
d) Antibodies
e) All of the above
45. Which of the following is not a function of
protein in the body?
a) Acid base balance
b) Energy storage
c) Hormones
d) Antibodies
e) All of the above
46. The body does not have a specialized storage
form of protein
The following are all functions of protein
- Growth and maintenance
- Enzymes
- Hormones
- Fluid balance
- Acid-base balance
- Transportation
- Antibodies
- Energy and glucose
47. A protein that contains all the essential
amino acids is called a/an…
a) Complementary protein
b) Complete protein
c) Essential protein
48. A protein that contains all the essential
amino acids is called a/an…
a) Complementary protein
b) Complete protein
c) Essential protein
49. A complete protein contains all the essential amino
acids in the amounts we require (e.g. animal
proteins, soy proteins)
An incomplete protein lacks one or more essential
amino acids (e.g. most plant proteins)
Complementary proteins are two or more dietary
proteins whose amino acid assortments
complement each other, such that aa’s missing
from one are supplied by the other
50. Which of the following describes the
condition of chronic, severe protein-
energy malnutrition that is characterized
by muscle wasting
a) Marasmus
b) Kwashiorkor
51. Which of the following describes the
condition of chronic, severe protein-
energy malnutrition that is characterized
by muscle wasting
a) Marasmus
b) Kwashiorkor
52. Kwashiorkor results from acute protein
deficiency and is characterized by
abdominal swelling, edema, and muscle
wasting with subcutaneous fat retention
Kwashiorkor may also result from an
infection or illness
54. The only form of energy that can be used
directly by the cells to do the work they
need to do is called
a) Glucose
b) Pyruvate
c) Acetyl-CoA
d) ATP
55. The only form of energy that can be used
directly by the cells to do the work they
need to do is called
a) Glucose
b) Pyruvate
c) Acetyl-CoA
d) ATP
56. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is one of the
main energy storage molecules and is the
only form of energy that can be used
directly by cells to do work
When the high energy bonds between
phosphate groups in ATP are broken,
energy is released; this energy can fuel
another energy-requiring action (coupled
reactions)
57. Energy released from the breakdown of
carbohydrates, fats and proteins is captured
in the form of ATP
58. TRUE or FALSE:
Anabolic reactions release energy.
a) True
b) False
59. TRUE or FALSE:
Anabolic reactions release energy.
a) True
b) False
60. Anabolic reactions require energy.
ex. Creating bonds between glucose
molecules to form glycogen
Catabolic reactions release energy.
ex. Breaking down glycogen into glucose
molecules
61. The break down of glucose is called:
a) Gluconeogenesis
b) Glycolysis
c) Glycogenolysis
62. The break down of glucose is called:
a) Gluconeogenesis
b) Glycolysis
c) Glycogenolysis
63. Glycolysis is the metabolic breakdown of
glucose, it does not require oxygen
(anaerobic reaction)
Gluconeogenesis is the making of glucose
from a non-carbohydrate source
Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of
glycogen into individual glucose units
64. Glycolysis yields…
a) No energy
b) 2 molecules of glucose
c) 2 molecules of pyruvate
d) 2 molecules of acetyl CoA
65. Glycolysis yields…
a) No energy
b) 2 molecules of glucose
c) 2 molecules of pyruvate
d) 2 molecules of acetyl CoA
66. Glycolysis is the metabolic breakdown of glucose
to pyruvate.
1 glucose -> 2 pyruvate
Net energy yield from glycolysis is 2 ATP (releases
4 ATP, requires 2 ATP)
H atoms and electrons released in the process are
carried by coenzymes (niacin) to the electron
transport chain
67. Which of the following is not true of
coenzymes?
a) They are facilitators of metabolic
reactions
b) They are organic
c) They associate with enzymes
d) They are required for a metabolic
reaction to take place
68. Which of the following is not true of
coenzymes?
a) They are facilitators of metabolic
reactions
b) They are organic
c) They associate with enzymes
d) They are required for a metabolic
reaction to take place
69. While coenzymes themselves are not the
facilitators of metabolic reactions, without
them enzymes cannot function.
We can think of coenzymes as facilitators of
enzymes.
70. Which of the following can be converted
back into glucose
a) Acetyl CoA
b) Pyruvate
c) Fatty acids
71. Which of the following can be converted
back into glucose
a) Acetyl CoA
b) Pyruvate
c) Fatty acids
72. Glycolysis is reversible, so pyruvate can be
converted back to glucose to some extent in
the body (kidneys and liver)
The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is
not reversible, so acetyl CoA cannot be
converted to glucose.
73. Recall that triglycerides are broken down
into a glycerol head and three fatty acid
tails.
Glycerol can be converted to pyruvate,
which can then be converted to glucose
Fatty acids, however, can only be converted
to acetyl CoA, which cannot be converted to
pyruvate. Therefore fatty acids cannot be
converted into glucose
74.
75. In the anaerobic pathway, pyruvate is
converted into
a) Lactate
b) Acetyl CoA
c) Oxaloacetate
d) Glucose
76. In the anaerobic pathway, pyruvate is
converted into
a) Lactate
b) Acetyl CoA
c) Oxaloacetate
d) Glucose
77. When the body needs energy quickly and
not enough oxygen is available, pyruvate
will enter the anaerobic pathway.
The lack of oxygen prevents the ETC from
accepting the hydrogen ions attached to the
coenzymes (from glycolysis).
78. In the anaerobic pathway, pyruvate is able
to accept these hydrogens, becoming
lactate (i.e. lactic acid).
This frees the coenzymes, allowing them to
accept more hydrogens from glycolysis
reactions (allows glycolysis to continue).
Remember glycolysis is an anaerobic rxn.
80. QUESTION:
If the anaerobic breakdown of glucose (to
pyruvate to lactate) cannot be sustained for
long periods of time, then how can runners
sprint for minutes at a time?
81. ANSWER:
Endurance training can actually increase the
number of mitochondria in the muscle cells.
This increases the mitochondrias’ ability to
keep pace with the muscles’ demand for
energy.
82. TRUE or FALSE: Lactic acid can be
converted back to pyruvate
a) True
b) False
83. TRUE or FALSE: Lactic acid can be
converted back to pyruvate
a) True
b) False
Lactic acid can be converted back to
pyruvate in the CORI cycle!
84. In the aerobic pathway, pyruvate is
converted into…
a) Lactate
b) Acetyl CoA
c) Oxaloacetate
d) Glucose
e) None of the above
85. In the aerobic pathway, pyruvate is
converted into…
a) Lactate
b) Acetyl CoA
c) Oxaloacetate
d) Glucose
e) None of the above
86. When oxygen is available, pyruvate will
enter the aerobic pathway.
In this pathway, a carbon is cleaved from
pyruvate and released as CO2
You can’t get that carbon back (you breathe
it out) so this step is irreversible!
87. Which of the following is true about the TCA
cycle?
a) It is the final step in energy metabolism
b) It generates lots of ATP
c) It generates lots of hydrogens and
electrons
d) It requires energy
88. Which of the following is true about the TCA
cycle?
a) It is the final step in energy metabolism
b) It generates lots of ATP
c) It generates lots of hydrogens and
electrons
d) It requires energy
89. (FYI this is probably more difficult of a
question than she would ask you)
The TCA cycle generates a lot of hydrogen
ions and electrons which then enter the
electron transport chain and power the
synthesis of ATP.
90. The TCA cycle does not require any energy
inputs and it does, in fact, yield some energy
(but not much!)
The TCA cycle is not the last step in energy
metabolism. It precedes the ETC which is
the final step.
91. True or false: Increasing protein intake will
not increase muscle development
a) True
b) False
92. True or false: Increasing protein intake will
not increase muscle development
a) True
b) False
93. A person cannot grow muscle simply by
overeating protein, rather they will likely
grow fat!
When a person overeats protein…
1. Surplus used to replace normal daily
losses
2. Increases protein metabolism
(displaces fat in the fuel mix)
3. Additional protein is deaminated,
converted to fatty acids -> stored as fat
94. When excess carbohydrate is consumed…
a) The body uses more glucose for fuel
b) Excess is stored as glycogen
c) Excess is converted to fat directly
d) Both a and b
e) All of the above
95. When excess carbohydrate is consumed…
a) The body uses more glucose for fuel
b) Excess is stored as glycogen
c) Excess is converted to fat directly
d) Both a and b
e) All of the above
96. When excess carbohydrate is consumed,
the excess is stored as glycogen
(limited)
Body uses more glucose for fuel when there
is an excessive diet intake of
carbohydrate (displaces fat in fuel mix)
Glucose can also be converted to fat
directly, but this pathway is relatively
minor and only occurs after glycogen
stores have been filled
97. How glucose can be converted to fat:
Glucose -> Pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA -> fatty acids
Fatty acids -> triglycerides stored in adipose
tissue
98.
99. Some important things to note about this diagram:
• Glycerol can be converted to either glucose and pyruvate BUT neither
glycerol nor fatty acids can be used to make amino acids
• Some amino acids can be converted to pyruvate (reversible), others
can be converted to acetyl CoA (irreversible) -> depends on the AA
• Fatty acids can be converted to acetyl CoA (reversible), but since
acetyl CoA cannot be converted back to pyruvate, fatty acids cannot
generate glucose
100. True or false: Increasing dietary fat intake
will increase fat metabolism
a) True
b) False
101. True or false: Increasing dietary fat intake
will increase fat metabolism
a) True
b) False
102. Unlike excess protein and carbohydrate,
which both enhance their own metabolism,
eating too much fat does not promote fat
metabolism.
Instead, excess dietary fat moves efficiently
into the body’s fat stores
103. Possible short answer question:
Describe what happens when someone
fasts for a short time. Explain where their
body gets energy from and what it is used
for.
104.
105. Possible short answer question:
Describe a few ways in which alcohol can
negatively impact your health.
106. Possible answer:
• Nutrient displacement
– Getting calories from alcohol displaces
calories from healthy foods
– Can lead to nutrient deficiencies
• Interference with nutrient metabolism,
especially the B vitamins (Folate, B6, B12,
Thiamin)
107. Possible short answer question:
What are some of the possible health
benefits of consuming alcohol (within the
recommended limits of 1 drink per day for
women and 1 drink per day for men)?
108. Possible answer :
– Reduce risk of developing heart
disease
– Reduce risk of dying of a heart attack
– Possibly reduce risk of strokes
– Lower risk of gallstones
– Possibly reduce risk of diabetes
109. Chapter 8 & 9
Energy Balance and Weight
Management
110. What I think you should know…
• What are considered normal ranges for
percentage body fat (men vs. women)
• Concept of energy balance as it relates to
weight gain/loss
• Energy outputs: BMR, TEF, exercise
• Hyperplasia vs. hypertrophy
111. Possible short answer questions
• Describe some of the different ways to
measure body composition and list a pro
and con for each
• Explain one problem with using BMI to
measure body fat
• Describe some of the causes of obesity
• Describe some treatment options for obesity
Hinweis der Redaktion
Sequence of amino acids (polypeptide chain) strung together by chemical bonds (peptide bonds)
Polypeptide chain twists into a helix or folds into a pleated sheet. Determined by weak electrical attractions within the polypeptide chain.
Polypeptide chain twists and folds into complex, tangled shapes such that hydrophilic groups are on the surface and hydrophobic side groups are tucked inside
Interactions between two or more polypeptides. Example: Hemoglobin, which is made of four associated polypeptide chains
Although fat cannot be used to make amino acids, amino acids can be converted to tryglycerides which are stored as fat
BMR - the energy required to sustain basic life processes when body at rest (does not include digestion!) TEF - the energy required for digestion Hyperplasia - increasing number Hypertrophy - increasing size
Obesity: abundance of food, high-calorie convenience foods, portion distortion, lack of physical activity, poverty