ICIC 2016: Tutorial: Searching for Information – the Classical Way with Key Words and Classification compared with a Semantic Approach

© 2014 WissensWert Seminare Dr. Kirch-Verfuß© 2016 WissensWert Seminare Dr. Kirch-Verfuß
WissensWert Tutorial
Searching for Information –
The Classical Way with Key Words
and Classification compared with
a Semantic Approach

About WissensWert Consulting
We provide expert support in the field of patent information:
• Patent searching in the field of chemistry, engineering, materials
(metalls, polymers, paper, textiles)
• Consultancy in the selection / implementation of patent information
databases / software
• Training on all issues of patent information in German and English,
as open seminars and webinars as well as inhouse, subjects are
worldwide free patent databases, basic searching, professional
searching, patent classification, legal status, citations, results
processing, and more)
www.wissenswert-seminare.de
Phone 02361-9040-273 Mail g.kirch-verfuss@wissenswert-wm.de
2

How to deliver parcels – past and present
3
parcelauditpros.com
dpaKeystone

How to deliver parcels – past and present
4
parcelauditpros.com
dpa
Shutterstock
DHL

How to deliver parcels – the future
www.starship.xyz
amazon

How to deliver parcels – the future
www.dpdhl.com/de/presse/mediathek/fotos/dhl_paketkopter_strand.html
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/

… The company’s drone program, which many in the tech
press dismissed as a marketing gimmick, is central to its
future; drones could be combined with warehouses manned
by robots and trucks that drive themselves to unlock a
new autonomous future for Amazon.

Google‘s answer on „drone delivery“
About 10.800.000 results (0,62 sec)
• Amazon Prime Air - Amazon.com
We're excited about Prime Air — our future delivery system ...
• Delivery drone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
• The Economics of Drone Delivery – Flexport (global logistics)
Drones currently perform poorly on the economic aspects of
last-mile delivery ...
• Domino's Pizza Is One Step Closer to Drone Delivery – Fortune
… it hopes to be the world's first commercial drone delivery service
• Drone Delivery Canada (technology firm)
We are pioneering drone delivery technology for Canadian retailers …
8

Agenda
• Finding information –
an information specialist‘s task?
• What we get searching with words
• Classification for better findings
• Can we get around search query building?
• What is different with semantic searching?
• Matching the outcome of the approaches
9

The information specialist‘s answer
• Will take a bit longer
• Asking questions
• Working quietly in the back office
• Maybe asking more questions
• Again working quietly in the back office
• Finally coming out with a selection of appropriate
documents, much less than 10 million
10

Specification of the information request
Concepts
1. Drone
2. For transport of payload
3. For delivery of goods by logistics services
4. With a delivery device to lower the payload
and release it
11

1. Drone
3. For deliverying of goods
by logistics services
4. With a delivery device to
lower the payload using
a rope and to release it
1. Not a helicopter
12

A Drone not a helicopter
US 2009146010

1. Drone
1. Not a helicopter
2. Not for military or
emergency purpose
14

Transport of payload
but not life rings
or rescue ladders
US2012152654
WO16159481
Life rings
Rescue
ladder

1. Drone
1. Not a helicopter
emergency purpose
3. Not for carrying a camera
16

Delivering of goods no surveillance services
www.globe-flight.de

1. Drone
1. Not a helicopter
emergency purpose
3. Not for carrying a camera
4. No delivery by dropping
the payload or by using
parachutes
18

Releasing the payload not using a parachute
19
US2016130001

Agenda
20

Free and fee-based information sources
• Free information sources
Search engines, specialized search engines Google patents, Google
scholar, Wikipedia, social media …
• Free patent databases
Espacenet, DEPATISnet …
• Host-based databases
STN, Proquest, WTI …
• Fee-based fulltext patent databases
Patbase, Orbit, TotalPatent, sem-ip, Invention Navigator…
• …

928177
578802
325989
210292
152662
65965
42854 40308 35481 30342 25956 23040 16533 16135
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
900000
1000000
CN US JP KR EP DE IN RU CA BR AU UK FR MX
22
Estimation of patent languages
38%
32%
13%
8%
4%
2%
1%
1%
1%
Chinese
English
Japanese
Korean
German
Russian
Portugese
French
Spanish
Publishing
languages
(estimated)
WIPO 2014

Search query – basis for a comprensive search
Adequate collection of search terms for each concept
of the subject in question – How can this be built up?
• Trial and error – Experience and imagination
• Sample documents
• Support tools: „old-fashioned“ like thesauri or
„modern“ like concept maps
23

Unmanned
aerial vehicles

© 2014 WissensWert Seminare Dr. Kirch-Verfuß© 2016 WissensWert Seminare Dr. Kirch-Verfuß 25
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delivery_drone
Unmanned
aerial vehicles

Word net – a lexical database of English
About WordNet from Princeton University
The main relation among words in WordNet is synonymy.
Synonyms are grouped into unordered sets (synsets),
each expressing a distinct concept.
Each of WordNet’s 117 000 synsets contains a brief
definition and is linked to other synsets by means of a
small number of “conceptual relations”.

http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu

WIPO Pearl – a multilingual terminology
Terminology portal built up by specialists in a controlled
process and comprising
• 29 subject fields
• 17.000 technical concepts
• 115.000 terms offered in up to ten languages:
• English, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese
• Japanese, Chinese, Korean
• Russian, Arabic
www.wipo.int/reference/en/wipopearl/

Concept Map presenting 29 subject fields
Mouse over gives the
complete title of the
field and the
number of
concepts
therein
http://www.wipo.int/reference/en/wipopearl

Subject field Aeronautics &
Aerospace engineering
with its 9 Subfields
30
Aircraft types

Subfield Aircraft types
with its concepts

Questel
Orbit –
Keyword
search
wizard
32

Thesaurus
• A thesaurus is a controlled vocabulary with terms
connected by relations.
• Well known is the
MESH-Thesaurus, a
hierarchically-organized
terminology for
biomedical information.

INSPEC – Engineering database
The Inspec Database holds over 16 million abstracts
centred on the fields of physics, electronics, computing
and engineering.
Users are supported by specialised indexing and
a thesaurus.
34

INSPEC Thesaurus
Inspec Controlled Indexing Terms (Descriptors)
Controlled terms are indexing terms that are applied to
each document in the Inspec Database.
Controlled terms build a dynamic and evolving controlled
vocabulary of over 10,000 scientific terms arranged for
access in the Inspec Thesaurus.
35

INSPEC
Thesaurus
BT – broader term
TT – Top term
NT – narrower term
RT – related term
PT – partial term
CC – Classification
UF – used for
Concept family: Hierarchy:

INSPEC Descriptor search
37

INSPEC Descriptor search – Results

Not available in Google Scholar!
“Google’s project Wing currently takes a
different approach, using drones that take
off vertically, before turning horizontally for
flight. [...] The company has even patented
a delivery receptacle which winches the
parcel down to be stored securely.”

Specification of the information requirement
Concepts
1. Drone
3. For delivery of goods by logistics services
4. With a delivery device to lower the payload and
release it – winch
40

Simple search using Google patents
https://patents.google.com

US 9302770 B2
Payload-Release
Device and
Operation
Thereof
43

Abstract US9302770B2 Part 1
An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is
disclosed that includes a retractable payload
delivery system. The payload delivery
system can lower a payload to the ground
using a delivery device that secures the
payload during descent and releases the
payload upon reaching the ground. […]

Support tools for search term collection
On the basis of a sample document further
search term collection is supported by
• counting words in the document
• depicting concepts from the document
• using third-party abstracts

SIP Invention
Navigator
Word statistics for
US 9302770
46

Orbit – Concepts in US9302770B2
48

Derwent Abstract
ADVANTAGE
[…] The device allows a payload delivery module to
cause a payload-release assembly to ascend/descend at
rates selected to encourage intuitive, safe and efficient
interaction between a payload delivery system and
people on the ground.
49

The concept drone – term collection
50
drone
unmanned
pilotless
robotic
radio-controlled
automated
autonomous
aerial
air
flying
vehicle
aircraft
robot
UAV
The collection might
not be complete and
not all connections
are given.

Results of a fulltext search
performed with Patbase
Concept 1. Step 2. Step 3. Step 4. Step
Drone 24.500
7.900
2.450
1.900
Payload > 1 Mio
Delivery > 1 Mio
Winch > 1 Mio

Search result – example, not relevant
TOWABLE
AIR VEHICLE
US8646719

Results of a fulltext search
Concept 1. Step 2. Step 3. Step 4. Step
Drone 24.500
7.900
2.450
1.900
Payload > 1 Mio
Delivery > 1 Mio
Winch > 1 Mio
Google 23.613 27

„Unmanned aircraft“
56 documents
Keyword
Analysis

B64D
EQUIPMENT FOR
FITTING
IN OR TO AIRCRAFT …
B64C
AEROPLANES;
HELICOPTERS
Classification Analysis

Searching with words – conclusion
• more terms per concept  bigger result
 higher recall, lower precision
• more concepts per query  smaller result
 lower recall, higher precision
• Check results for each single term and each single
concept  better control of final result
• Check final results‘ quality using known documents
and analysis tools

Agenda
58

International Patent Classification (IPC)
The International Patent Classification
• is a patent classification scheme launched in 1968
• is a hierarchical system for grouping patents into
technical fields using 70.000 classification symbols
• is managed by the WIPO
• is subject to a yearly revision
59

45000
50000
55000
60000
65000
70000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
NumberofIPCsymbols
Development of the IPC system over time
2006 Reform des
IPC-Systems
1968 1974 2006 2010

International Patent Classification
B PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
B64 AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
B64D EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT …
B64D1/00 Dropping, ejecting, releasing, or receiving articles,
liquids, or the like, in flight
B64D1/02 . Dropping, ejecting, or releasing articles
B64D1/08 . . the articles being load-carrying devices
B64D1/12 . . . Releasing
62

B64D EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT …
B64D9/00 Equipment for handling freight
63

B64C AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
B64C39/00 Aircraft not otherwise provided for
B64C39/02 . characterised by special use
64

Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC)
The Cooperative Patent Classification
• is a new patent classification scheme launched in 2013
• is jointly managed by the EPO and the USPTO
• is an extension of the IPC with about 260.000 symbols
• is subject to a continuous revision process
• is allocated to about 50 % of all patents
65

Cooperative Patent Classification
B64C39/00 Aircraft not otherwise provided for
B64C39/02 . characterised by special use
B64C39/024 . . of the remote controlled vehicle type, i.e. RPV
B64C39/028 . . Micro-sized aircraft
67

Cooperative Patent Classification
B64C2201/00 Unmanned aerial vehicles; Equipment therefor
B64C2201/12 • adapted for particular use
B64C2201/128 • • for transporting goods other than bombs
68

Results of classification search
Meaning: Aircraft … IPC CPC
B64D1/12 … releasing articles 257 94
B64C39/02 … special use 3.682 344
B64C39/024 … remote controlled vehicle type --- 1.560
B64C39/028 … Micro-sized aircraft --- 126
B64D9/00 … handling freight 1.900 675
B64C2201/128 … UAV transporting goods --- 195
69

Results of a fulltext and classification search
Concept 1. Step 2. Step 3. Step 4. Step 5. Step
Drone 24.500
7.900
2.450
1.900
Payload > 1 Mio
Delivery > 1 Mio
Winch > 1 Mio
Group of
classes
5.800 252

HUMAN INTERACTION WITH UNMANNED
AERIAL VEHICLES (US9459620 – Amazon)
71

Restrictions for classification search
• Often IPC classification is not precise enough.
• Only about 50 % of the patents have a CPC which
might be more precise.
• For most patents only the invention is classified.
Any further technical information that might be
valuable is not regarded.
72

Agenda
73

Searching without query
Use one or several relevant documents and
advanced tools for
• Citation analysis
74

Patbase – Citation explorer – US9302770
75
Long Mission Tethered
Aerostat And Method
Of Accomplishing
(US2012091261)

Patbase – Citation explorer – US9302770
76
GUIDED LIFT SYSTEM
(US2016096623)

Ambercite Cluster Searching
Understand patent similarity by leveraging citations
from ~ 90 million patents to build a ‘network’,
also using indirect citations, …
www.ambercite.com

advanced tools for
• Citation analysis – less applicable for young
technologies
• Similarity search
78

Hover Delivery
of Cabin Payload
in Tilt-Rotor and
Tilt-Wing Aircraft
US20100171001
car

PLUG AND PLAY MULTIFUNCTION KIT FOR
REMOTE ROTORCRAFT (German utility model)
B64C39/024 Aircraft . . of the remote
controlled vehicle type, i.e. RPV

advanced tools for
• Citation analysis – less applicable for young
technologies
• Similarity search
• Semantic search
83

Agenda
84

What is semantic?
Semantic –
a science, dealing with the meaning of linguistic
expressions (words, sentences etc.)
85

Lewis Carroll, “Through the Looking Glass”, Chapter 6 Humpty Dumpty
When I use a word,' Humpty Dumpty said, in
rather a scornful tone, 'it means just what I choose
it to mean — neither more nor less.'
'The question is,' said Alice, 'whether you can
make words mean so many different things.'
'The question is,' said Humpty Dumpty, 'which is
to be master — that's all.‘
86

What is semantic search?
Semantic search –
a search method, focussing on the
meaning of a search input
which is complete text not single search terms
87

A semantic search engine is not just looking for words
in the text of the documents in stock, like with
keyword-based search engines.
It takes into account the meaning of searched text by
using background knowledge.
Semantic search aims at imitation of the human brain
that works with its knowledge and associations.
88

Basis of semantic search is the handling of searched text
taking into account
• Morphological variations (plurals, inflections, etc.)
• Homonyms (different meanings of a term)
• Synonyms (different terms with the same or similar
meaning)
• Generalizations
• …
89

Synonyms, homonyms, generalizations
Drone – some homonyms
• male bee
• pipe of a bagpipe
• unchanging monotone
• aircraft without a pilot
Drone – some synonyms
• unmanned aerial vehicle
• pilotless aircraft
• radio-controlled aircraft
Drone – some generalizations
Craft
. aircraft
.. pilotless aircraft
.. radio-controlled aircraft
Vehicle
. Aerial vehicle
.. Unmanned aerial vehicle
90

Basis of semantic search is the handling of search terms
taking into account
• Morphological variations (plurals, inflections, etc.)
• Homonyms (different meanings of a term)
• Synonyms (different terms with the same or semilar
meaning)
• Generalizations
• Concept matching
• Knowledge matching
• …
91

Disambiguation process
A process
• to resolve ambiguities
• to select the most probable meaning of single
or compound words (terms)
• by using the context of the term
92

Disambiguation by context
• Bagpipe drones (US6476301)
• Trapper and retainer for bee swarms and separator
for drones and queens (US1896925)
• Altitude control system for drones (US4017718)
• Autonomous and automatic landing system for drones
(US2009055038)
93

Disambiguation process
A process
• to resolve ambiguities
• to select the most probable meaning of single or
compound words (terms)
• by using the context of the term
• by recognizing concepts using background knowledge
in form of semantic networks organized on a
conceptual basis, i.e. an ontology
94

Orbit – Concepts in US9302770B2
95

Wordnet
background
knowledge

Vector space model
98
www.innography.com/learn-more/what-you-need-to-know-about-semantic-search

Result of a semantic search using the
abstract of US9302770B2
US9422139
Once the UAV arrives at the delivery site, the UAV is
operated in a hover mode and the payload is lowered
from the UAV towards the delivery site.
100

WO16115574A1
UAVs can be useful assistants such as in package
delivery …
The payload may be suspended by cables or other
structures with a mechanism for releasing said payload.
101

WO15155086A1
The invention relates to an arrangement with an
unmanned transport means to deliver a shipment and
a transfer device.
By means of the transfer device the shipment can be
transferred in a secure manner, in particular by lowering …
102

US6476301
A multi-use emergency descent device for descent of a
payload from an aircraft …
103

octimine technologies
is a young and innovative company in the field of
Intellectual Property Management. […]
“The secret to our success are our self-developed
semantic text analytics methods which enable our
customers to easily retrieve unique quality searches at
a record-breaking speed.”
Octisearch is octimine’s semantic search tool offered
for free at the moment.
104

Octimine octisearch results
octisearch‘s semantic search using the abstract of
Google‘s patent US9302770 results in
1000 patent families (This is the system‘s limit.)
Google‘s patent is #883 in the result set.

Octimine octisearch
106
Text of the abstract of US9302770B2

octimine octiSearch – Result list
Results are ranked by relevance according to the Similarity Index.

Octimine octisearch – Result #883

Infoapp sem-ip
Sem-ip‘s semantic search using the abstract of
about 107 patent families.
Sample patent of Google is #4 in the result set.
At least 80 % of the documents are about
Payload delivery with unmanned aerial vehicles

Infoapp sem-ip – Semantic search

Infoapp sem-ip – Result list

LexisNexis PatentStrategies
PatentStrategies semantic search using the abstract of
about 1500 patent families
With good fit for the higher relevance documents
Sample patent of Google is #1

Infoapp sem-ip – Analysis of results
115
CPC

LexisNexis PatentStrategies – Semantic search
Abstract of
US9302770B2

LexisNexis PatentStrategies – Semantic search

LexisNexis PatentStrategies – Analysis
Text clustering
PatentScape

Questel Orbit
Orbit semantic search using the abstract of Google‘s patent
US9302770 results in
 5.000 patent families (customizable limitation)
 From these about 90 patent families had 99 % relevance.
 Sample patent of Google is #1, also further most relevant
documents are on top.

Questel Orbit – Semantic search

Questel Orbit –
Semantic search
Selection of concepts

Questel
Orbit –
Semantic
search
results
122

Refining of results from semantic search
Because often semantic search results are quiet big
a refining might be necessary – precising semantic
search results by
• Relevance
• Keywords
• Classification
• Concepts

LexisNexis TotalPatent
Semantic search
Refining results by
selected terms (concepts)
generated from the
result set
124

APPARATUS, SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR
UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES (WO16115574A1)
The disclosed invention include Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV's)
and UAV universal docking ports to be incorporated into and/or
attached to headwear, footwear, clothing, …
125

Agenda
126

Using a search query
127
• Searcher maintains control over the search.
• Selecting and deselecting of terms and classes allows
for controlled broadening and precising of results.
• Building the search query
can be complicated.
• Completeness is not
guaranteed.
• An information specialist
is needed.

The information specialist‘s approach
• Ask questions
to specify the information requirements.
• Work quietly in the back office
using the optimum choice of sophisticated tools
and his knowledge and expertise.
• Finally come out with an individual selection
of appropriate documents.
128

Semantic search
• Input is just text describing the technology in question.
• No search query building is needed.
• Results show up in high quality relevance ranking.
• Completeness is not guaranteed.
• Maybe the information specialist is not needed. ???
• Maybe later it will allow for multilingual searching.
129

Social media – Twitter
• Nanette Byrnes @nanettebyrnes 4. Okt.
In the race for drone delivery, the U.K. is way ahead of the U.S.
• 1st In SEO @1stInSEO 4. Okt.
#Drone delivery is still several years away …
• april glaser @aprilaser 4. Okt.
After safety issues, low-altitude air traffic control is the biggest
barrier to opening US skies to drone delivery
• PatentBuddy @patentbuddy 2. Okt.
Delivery Option: Drone. Arrival Estimate: 2020
130

Social media – Twitter
131

Acknowledgements
LexisNexis
Minesoft
Questel
Infoapps
WTI / INSPEC

Thank you for listening!
Contact:
WissensWert Seminare – Beratung
Dr. Gabriele Kirch-Verfuß
g.kirch-verfuss@wissenswert-wm.de
T: +49-2361-9040-273
www.wissenswert-wm.de
Subscribe to our newsletter: info@wissenswert-wm.de

ICIC 2016: Tutorial: Searching for Information – the Classical Way with Key Words and Classification compared with a Semantic Approach

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ICIC 2016: Tutorial: Searching for Information – the Classical Way with Key Words and Classification compared with a Semantic Approach