presentation

1. Pheromones

2. Pheromones
▪ A pheromone is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in
members of the same species.
▪ Pheromones are chemicals capable of acting like hormones outside the body of the
secreting individual, to affect the behavior of the receiving individuals.

3. Forms of Pheromones
Sex Attractant
These Pheromones attract opposite sex of same specie to induce mating behavior.
e.G
Bombykol is a pheromone released by the female silkworm moth to attract mates.

4.  Trail Pheromones
Trail pheromones are used for recruitment, for marking pathways to resources, and for indicating
resource richness. Basically It directs the foraging efforts of other.
e.g
Trail pheromones are also found mostly in social insects, including ants, termites, bees, and wasps.
When a worker locates a resource, she lays down a trail when returning to the colony that other workers
can use to find the resource. Flying insects use trail pheromones to stimulate colony members to enter
the hive.

5. ▪ Alarm Substances
produced and released by an organism, that warn or alert another of the same species of impending
danger.
Warning or a call for help
Example:
Honeybees release an alarm pheromone when they sting an intruder such as a bear intent on robbing
their nest of its honey.

6. Primer Pheromones
Exert effect slowly
It alter physiology and subsequent behavior of the recipient.
 Primer Pheromones in Honey Bee
Primer pheromones coat the queens entire body mostly head and feet. This prevent workers to feed on
larvae and this work as diet to develop them into rival queens.
 Primer Pheromones in Vertebrates
Help to regulate reproductive activities.

7. Touch
▪ Tactile aessages can be send quikly.
▪ Easy to locate sender even in dark.
▪ Also be use by human for communication
Depends on:
How recipient is touched
Where recipient is touched
Frequency and duration of touch
e.G
Honey bee scouts inform food location by dancing. The reqcuits cannot see choreography because hive
is so dark. So they follow dansers movement by touching them with their antennae

8. Electric Fields
Some animals signals or communicate with each other my mean of electric field produce by their specific
organs or movements with environment.
These signals used in both electrolocation and communication.
Eg
Knifefishes of South America and Elephant-rose fishes of Africa.
Generation of electric signals
Generated b electric organs derived by muscle. These modified muscle generates a weak electric
current but their arrangement in stacks enhance electric current.

9. Function of Communitcation
1. Species Recognition
Recognize presence by mutual communication
2. Mate Attraction
Easy to find mate
Reduce time and Energy to find mate

10. 3. Courtship and Mating
Identification of partner
Sometimes selection of partner depend on communication
Eg In songs birds mating occur by social cues like songs
4. Maintaining Social Bonds
Chimpanzees often greet by touching hands
Sea lines rub noses
In mammals, social bonds built by grooming. It called allogrooming.

11. 5. Alarm
Alarm signals warn another animal of danger.
Many alarm signals cause those who hear them flee or take cover
Some species use communication to indicate danger
6. Aggregation
Animals often aggregate for rasons other then alarm call. For Example, they hibernate to share resting
place or a roost or to prepare for migration.
7. Agnostic Encounters
This behavior is action involved in conflict. Animal show agnostic behavior by communication.
Eg, Bighorn sheep butting head, cats hissing etc