1. Liberty Reef Cyprus
Survey & Technical Reef Enhancement Suggestion Report
Prepared by I Dive Technical Team
Project Name: CYPRUS (4) NATIONAL ARTIFICIAL REEFS 2011-2012
Department: In cooperation with CDCA Wrecks & Reefs Committee
Classification: Internal & Official Use Only
Focus Areas: Limassol (2), Paphos, Famagusta Geographic Areas.
Objective/Process: Sinking ships to create habitat in severely depleted marine zones
is a positive green initiative and restores bio-diversity. CDCA does not create reefs
for harvesting purposes; we create them for conservation reasons and for eco-
tourism.
Document Owner(s) Project/Organization Role
Andy Varoshiotis CDCA President Coordinator/Project Sponsor
Nikos Nikolaou Artificial Reef President Coordinator/Project Sponsor
Project Closure Report Version Control
Version Date Author Change Description
1.1 27/12/2011 AV Open Doc Format
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2. Work Breakdown Structure Purpose and Limitations
The purpose of this worksheet is to:
• Identify the work to be done.
• Identify the types of resources required for the work.
• Develop estimates for each work element.
• Identify storage locations.
This worksheet does not address:
• Who will perform the work.
• When the work will be completed.
The creation of a successful human made reef project involves a great deal of
planning and hard work. Extensive bottom and biological surveys and documentation
of proposed sink sites must be completed, consultation with all stake holders, user
groups, municipalities and several government agencies must be conducted and the
ship must be meticulously cleaned to very rigorous standards as outlined by EU
Directives for the Marine Environment and for Artificial Reef Creation of the UN
programs, as well the Barcelona convention Results, UNEP /MED 270/10,
Guidelines for placement at the sea of matter for purpose other than the mere
disposal (Construction of Artificial Reefs).
In addition to the environmental benefits of artificial reefs (ARs) there is also a
benefit to tourism and education. Visiting divers from around the world have come to
explore these reefs and learn by first hand observation about the fantastic diversity
of the marine life.
Sunken vessels in no-take marine reserves could serve a strategic role in
attracting marine life to those protected areas and increasing biomass
production.
The objective of the CDCA is to promote and market the safe and sustainable growth
of the scuba diving industry while protecting and enhancing the underwater
environment. To this effect, the CDCA assists in the creation of programs that affect
the success of the scuba diving industry in Cyprus.
REFORMING THE CYPRUS DIVING INDUSTRY
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3. Cyprus Scuba Diving Industry
Warm, crystal clear sea and gentle currents, combined with an abundance of natural
and man-made dive sites, makes Cyprus a perfect place to experience the thrill of
scuba diving.
Dive schools are located in each of Cyprus’ coastal resorts where you’ll find a variety
of interesting dive sites suitable for all levels of experience and tastes, from sea
caves and fish reserves, to wrecks and undersea islands, all within easy reach of
your holiday base. The ideal time to dive in Cyprus is between May to October when
water temperatures reach around 27° although diving in a dry suit can extend the
C,
season for those divers of a hardier disposition.
Archaeologists are still locating the remains of ancient cargo vessels and battleships
lost at sea thousands of years ago, while many of the island’s modern-day wrecks
offer unique experiences for recreational divers. The greatest attraction for
experienced divers is the wreck of the Zenobia, a Swedish built, 10,000 tonne ferry
which sank off the coast of Cyprus during its maiden voyage in June 1980. Since
then, the Zenobia has become a captivating playground for wreck diving enthusiasts
from all over the world. With so much to discover it’s not surprising that divers return
time and time again to re-explore this fascinating maritime relic.
The diving industry relies on its ability to offer a healthy and sustainable aquatic
environment to attract dive tourists. In recent years Cyprus has begun creating man-
made reefs to add variety to existing dive sites, and to help preserve the 260
recorded fish species found off the island’s coast.
An artificial reef has already been created within a 110 hectare ‘Sea Park’
(Amathounda) off the Limassol coast for the purposes of marine ecology research.
Consisting of two structures composed of purpose-designed concrete blocks placed
at depths of 10 - 33m, the reef provides food and shelter for small fish species which
in turn attract larger marine predators. Fishing is strictly prohibited in the vicinity of
the reef, located close to the submerged remains of the ancient port of Amathus.
Over time, scuba divers will be able to explore a thrilling underwater sea grass
meadow supporting a host of marine life, including pinna nobilis molluscs and rare
sea horses, Mediterranean parrot fish, rainbow wrasse and sea bream.
The Sea Park is Cyprus’ second artificial reef project and follows the sinking of a de-
commissioned cargo ship off the coast of Protaras in 2009. A school of tuna has
already been spotted in the vicinity of the wreck, a sign that the reefs will be effective
in re-establishing the island’s marine species.
These developments present a wealth of new experiences, at the same time
ensuring that Cyprus’ precious undersea world will continue to cast its captivating
spell on divers in the future.
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4. THE ZENOBIA & WRECK DIVING IN CYPRUS
Cyprus has a selection of fascinating wreck dives suitable for newly qualified to
advanced divers. Please contact your local dive school for a full list of sites, tours
and minimum proficiency required to dive each site.
LARNACA REGION
The Zenobia
Cyprus’ best-known dive site is rated as one of the world’s top five wreck dives.
The 172m long ferry sank with its entire cargo during its maiden voyage in June
1980 and lies on the seabed at 42 metres at its deepest point and around 18 metres
at its shallowest. The wreck’s famous features include the remains of articulated
trucks which still hang from its main deck, and the remnants of cargo scattered
across the seabed. Expert divers can penetrate the vessel to explore numerous
cabins and storage rooms.
For those less curious about the Zenobia’s structure, yet passionate about its role as
a marine habitat, an abundance of aquatic life can be observed on and around the
wreck. Sponge corals grow from the rusted vessel, whilst shoals of barracuda, sea
bream, amberjacks and wrasse glide by, often as curious about the interlopers in
their world as the divers are about them. Occasionally, a normally reclusive eel
makes an appearance at this incredible display of nature.
More extraordinary, but highly amusing to divers, is the sight of tourists waving
enthusiastically through the viewing windows of Larnaca’s famous yellow submarine
which cruises around the wreck during the summer season.
Most dive schools offer half day diving excursions to the Zenobia, boarding the
Queen Zenobia at Larnaca for a fifteen minute ride to the dive site. From Paphos or
Limassol packages usually include a diving guide, equipment, hotel transfers, two
dives and a delicious buffet lunch on board. A non-diving package is available for
companions who prefer to snorkel or relax on board to enjoy the sunshine.
HMS Cricket
The Royal Navy gun boat was bombed off the coast of Africa in 1941, stripped in
Alexandria and sunk by RAF pilots during target training in 1944. Lying in 30m of
water, the wreck can be penetrated and explored by experienced divers.
Helicopter Wreck
This unusual 16m dive features the wreck of a British helicopter sunk in 1996.
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5. LIMASSOL REGION
Pharses II
The twin-hatched cargo ship lies at a depth of 21m close to Limassol harbour. Since
its accidental sinking thirty years ago it has become home to an abundance of
marine life.
The Three Stars
Lying at a depth of 7m off Akrotiri Bay, the interior of this wreck can be explored by
qualified open water divers.
M/Y Diana
Resting upright on the seabed at 21m, this ill-fated yacht is popular for night dives
and photography, and features its own resident moray eel.
PAPHOS & THE WEST
Vera K
Lying in four sections and home to a giant grouper fish nicknamed ‘Big George,’ the
Lebanese freighter lies close to two natural archways at 11m depth, 25 minutes from
Paphos.
White Star
The old fishing vessel sank three years ago on her way to Limassol scrap yard and
is coming back to life as a living reef close to Paphos harbour.
Achilleas
According to local legend this Greek ship ‘mysteriously’ exploded before sinking
close to the coast in 1975. Lying upside down in just 12m of water the wreck features
a large bronze propeller, sea sponges, moray and grouper fish.
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6. AGIA NAPA & PROTARAS
The Liberty Wreck
The 37m long Russian cargo vessel lies a kilometre off Cyprus’ eastern coast at
Protaras and is the first of the island’s artificial reef projects. The Cyprus’ Fisheries
Department is expected to give the go-ahead for diving on the wreck in the near
future.
LIBERTY WRECK – PROTARAS 29.5.2009
The Liberty
The 37m long Russian cargo vessel lies a kilometre off Cyprus’ eastern coast at
Protaras and is the first of the island’s artificial reef projects with the use of vessels.
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19. Obvious Aquatic and Marine Life Improvement
Libert Wreck Turns into a Successful Artificial Reef June 2011
Following successional stages on the reef structure over a 2-year period:
1. Algae - bacteria
2. Barnacle - hydroid
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27. Function
This criterion is related to how well a specific material functions in attracting and
holding aquatic organisms. It is important that a material provide habitat for small
organisms, attaching avifauna, and larger species that are important to recreational
and commercial fisheries. If it is known that specific materials do not provide suitable
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28. habitat for the establishment of marine communities, or do not support the goal for
which an artificial reef is being developed, the function of that material should be
evaluated and alternatives considered.
Compatibility
Compatibility of materials with the marine environment is essential to developing a
successful artificial reef. If there are environmental risks associated with using a
specific material, that risk should be known and steps to minimize that risk should be
taken if such a material is to be used. If the risks outweigh the other criteria, or
minimizing the risks becomes too expensive, alternative materials should be
considered.
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33. Artificial Reef Design
There are a many different strategies and options for building artificial reefs
depending upon the ocean bottom and purpose of the reef (see Artificial Reef Site
Selection), the type of reef material (see Artificial Reef Materials) and many other
factors.
The diagram below represents one popular way of developing artificial reefs that
serve as Essential Fish Habitat, or EFH, which is defined as "those waters and
substrate necessary to fish for spawning, breeding, feeding, or growth to maturity." In
fact, this design was used in the Reef System.
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37. Benefits
• Artificial reef projects using bridge rubble can be financed directly by the
Department of Fisheries as a cost-effective way to manage the material.
• Concrete materials are extremely compatible with the marine environment.
• Concrete is highly durable, stable, and readily available.
• The flexibility to cast concrete into a great variety of forms makes the material ideal
for developing prefabricated units.
• Concrete provides excellent surfaces and habitat for the settlement and growth of
encrusting or fouling organisms, which in turn provide forage and refuge for other
invertebrates and fish.
Drawbacks.
• A major drawback with the use of concrete material is its heavy weight, and the
consequent need for heavy equipment to handle it. This increases the costs both at
the landside transportation stage and loading and transport at sea.
• Deployment of large concrete pieces or prefabricated units requires heavy
equipment at sea, which is hazardous and expensive. Another drawback related to
the weight of concrete materials is the potential for subsidence into the bottom.
LITERATURE CITED
Carlisle, J. Jr., C.H. Turner, and E.E. Ebert. 1964. Artificial Habitat in the Marine
Environment. In California Department of Fish and Game, Fish Bulletin 124:40-42.
Ecosystems Management Associates, Inc. 1999. Mission Beach and Pacific Beach
Artificial Reef Surveys, 1998-1999. Southern California Edison Company.
Federal Highway Administration. 1995. Fly ash facts for highway engineers. FHWA-
SA-94-081. 70pp.
Martinez, R. 1964. Rebuilding, or supplementing of artificial fishing reefs in the Gulf
of Mexico.
Developmental Activities in Region V, January 1, 1963 to December 31, 1963.
Project Report MV-D-2. pp. 501-502.
Stark, D., 1995, Long-Time Performance of Concrete in a Seawater exposure.
Portland Cement Association Research and Development Report RP337. 55 p
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38. Benefits
• Vessels make interesting diving locations for both recreational divers and technical
deep diving mixed-gas users. Vessels are also regularly utilized as angling sites by
recreational fishermen and the charter fishing industry.
• Vessels used as artificial reefs, can, alone, or in conjunction with other types of
artificial reefs, generate reef-related economic contributions to coastal counties.
Economic contributions from artificial reef systems can be high.
Steel-hulled vessels, when selected for sound hull integrity, are considered durable
artificial reef material when placed at depths and orientations that insure stability in
major storm events. Large vessels have life spans as artificial reefs that may exceed
60 years, depending on vessel type, physical condition, location of deployment, and
storm severity.
• Reuse of large steel-hulled vessels as artificial reefs may be more economical than
scrapping the vessels domestically.
Vessels, due to high vertical profile, attract both pelagic and demersal fishes. Vertical
surfaces produce upwelling conditions, current shadows, and other current speed
and direction alterations that are attractive to schooling forage fishes, which in turn
attract species of commercial and recreational importance, resulting in increased
catch rates for fishermen.
• Vessels, like other artificial reef material, can augment benthic structure which
locally increases shelter opportunities and reef fish carrying capacity in locations
where natural structure is sparse, or create structure which is more preferable or
attractive to certain fish species than locally less complex hard bottom (Barnette
2001).
Steel-hulled vessel reefs that are not well publicized, located far offshore, or
otherwise difficult to access for fishing and diving because of depth and currents
may, if properly sited, provide important refuge for reef fish species. Such vessels
can provide important aggregation, shelter, and residence sites for reef fish species
that have been traditionally over-fished such as warsaw, black, goliath grouper, red
snapper, amberjack, and others.
Vessels may provide extensive surface area for epibenthic colonization. This
colonization re Vessels may reduce anchor damage and other physical damage by
directing a proportion of the reef users away from nearby natural reefs.sults in the
enhancement of lower trophic level biomass at the vessel site.
•Sinking a vessel often creates a media event, providing reef managers with
promotional opportunities for their reef programs.
• Sinking steel-hulled vessels as artificial reefs, properly cleaned and under
appropriate conditions may assist other agencies and programs.
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39. Drawbacks
• Providing accessibility to both diving and fishing groups while still maintaining
adequate navigational clearance above vessels often limits placement of vessels
(particularly large ships) within a relatively narrow depth range.
Good water clarity is also preferred, primarily to enhance diver observations, and this
may further limit vessel placement.
The cost to safely place a vessel in the ocean as an artificial reef increases as the
size of the vessel, number of compartments, void spaces, and overall complexity
increases.
With the rapid increase in recreational sport diving activities in some areas, ship
deployment in certain areas may have greater value to the diving industry than to the
recreational hook and- line fishery. Vessels deployed in shallow water (60 to 100
feet) are especially attractive to recreational SCUBA divers.
Consider using only those steel hulled vessels which are designed for operating in
heavy sea conditions, such as ocean going tugs, oil rig re-supply vessels, trawlers,
and small freighters, which are all structurally sound The focus should be on
structural and habitat complexity of vessels, rather than strictly vertical height or
sheer overall length.
Recommend a buffer zone of 1/4 nm (about 450 m) between any natural hard
bottom community and vessels deployed as artificial reef material in depths less than
50 m. This safety buffer is based upon documented movement of vessels, or parts
thereof, in hurricane events. At depths below 50 m but less than 100 m, a distance
buffer of a least 100 m is recommended.
Reassess all constraints that may be placed on sinking a ship (i.e. minimum depth,
distance from shore, complexity of vessel that may require additional technical
assistance, stability requirements, vessel orientation, cost, time involved in project,
etc.), and decide early on whether one or more of these constraints will result in a
final outcome that will not be successful in achieving the project’s objectives.
LITERATURE CITED
Arnold, J.B., Goloboy, J.L., Hall, A.W., and Shively, D., 1998. Texas Liberty Ships.
From WWII working-class heroes to artificial reefs. Texas Parks and Wildlife Coastal
Fisheries, 4200
Smith School Road, Austin, TX 78744. Bulletin 99-1. 136 pp.
Auerbach, J. 1991. Dive Miami. Scuba Publications, Inc. North Miami Beach, FL
33160. 71pp.
Barnette, M.C. 2001. Artificial reefs: source or sink? Unpublished white paper. 4pp.
Internet Address: www.mikey.net/ave/artreef.html.
Baynes, T. W. And A. M. Szmant. 1989. Effects of current on the sessile benthic
community structure of an artificial reef. Bulletin of Marine Science. 44(2): 545-566.
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40. Military Fighter, Training Aircraft, and Helicopters
There are some records of aircraft placed in less than 100 feet of water that have
survived at least a decade. F-101 and F-102 jets, a navy T-33 trainer, and a Sikorsky
helicopter, all placed off Bay County, Florida in 60 to 70 feet of water, survived as
fishing and diving sites at least 10 years (Danny Grizzard, personal communication).
The current status (2002) of the T-33 trainer and the F-102 is uncertain. The F101
fighter, mentioned above and deployed in 1982, was reportedly still Intact as of 1997
(Frank Mancinelli, personal communication). As of 2001, the Sikorsky helicopter
remnants had degraded to the point where they are no longer recognizable as a
helicopter (Mille and Horn 2001). Another privately placed helicopter performed
effectively as a fishing and diving reef off Escambia for several years in the early
1990s, until it was destroyed by Hurricane Opal (1995) Edwin Roberts, personal
communication).
First-hand accounts are currently unavailable on the status of two F-4 Phantom
fighter jet fuselages sunk in 80 feet of water off Miami-Dade County, Florida in 1981.
Technically, the status of these planes is unknown. However, second-hand
information received by Miami-Dade County Environmental Resources staff, but
unconfirmed by the County, suggests that the planes still exist, and may have shifted
location during a storm event. They reportedly are being utilized as private fishing
and diving sites, but no longer can be located at the publicly advertised coordinates
(Tim McIntosh, personal communication).
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41. Two F-4 Phantom aircraft, sunk in April 1992, offshore of North Carolina at depths of
53 feet and 65 feet respectively, are still attracting fish. One F-4, still supported on its
landing gear, sheltered several gag grouper under its wings, when observed in June
1995. An additional two A-4 fighters were deployed during the same time frame in 53
feet of water. One A-4 North Carolina aircraft was substantially damaged when a
load of concrete material was deployed on top of it (Kurtis Gregg, personal
communication). As of summer 2001, both remaining undamaged aircraft types have
maintained their position and remain in good condition despite exposure to several
hurricanes during the decade of the 1990s (James Francesconi, personal
communication).
One A-7 fighter aircraft was deployed in June 1995 approximately 10 miles offshore
of South Carolina at a depth of 50 ft. The small fighter plane was filled with concrete
and deployed with the wings attached. Subsequent observations found that the
aircraft has remained in place. Minimal benthic fouling has occurred on the aircraft
surface.
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42. Thirty Navy A-6 Intruder fighter aircraft fuselage sections were deployed off St.
Johns County in 104 feet of water in June 1995. A review of video footage taken one
month post-deployment indicated that the majority of the aircraft components were
sunk within a 250 foot diameter circle.
The video confirmed that plexiglass canopies were left in place, and on at least one
aircraft, fish were getting inside the cockpit canopy and unable to escape. Fish
species documented in the video included barracuda, amberjack, and round scad.
Like sunken ships, aircraft, especially if intact, have a recreational diver novelty
appeal greater than some other artificial structures.
• The cost to transport aircraft overland from a distant site combined with proper
cleaning, preparation, offshore deployment, and anchoring/ballasting costs may
render aircraft less cost effective than other available, more stable materials which
could provide the same degree of structure and habitat benefit.
• Synthetic lightweight components such as carbon fiber materials in portions of
more modern military aircraft fuselages, wings, and tail sections may outlast the
aluminum or metal alloy structures and disassociate into the marine environment
decades later. This lightweight but high strength material is bonded to become an
integral part of the airframe or wings in some aircraft types so it cannot be removed
without partially dismantling the aircraft.
• Aircraft topcoat or undercoat paints containing chromium compounds present an
environmental concern whose level of risk should be evaluated by the Environmental
Protection Agency.
• Jagged metal edges and instability of aircraft following damage or breakup in storm
events may present a diver hazard.
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43. Considerations
• A decision to use aircraft as artificial reef material should be based on ready
availability from a military facility and low or no costs. The donor of the aircraft should
be required to clean them to environmental specifications, and their use must be
allowed by the active permit specifications. Historically, the most successful aircraft
projects have involved fighter aircraft donations from military facilities who provided
assistance and expertise in demilitarizing, cleaning, preparing, and transporting the
aircraft in return for positive
Publicity.
Small, heavily built, combat fighter aircraft are likely to be more stable and durable in
an exposed marine environment at depths greater than 150 feet than larger military
cargo, bomber, or commercial passenger aircraft. Military aircraft, such as those
formerly operating off aircraft carriers, when placed in deep water can be expected to
have a longer life expectancy as artificial reef habitat, based upon reports of the
existence of 35 to 55 year old deeper water military plane wrecks still functioning as
reefs.
Natural Materials -Wood
Overview
In the United States the first documentation of the use of wood as artificial reef
material in the marine environment was the deployment of log hut structures in the
coastal waters of South Carolina to attract and provide habitat for sheepshead
(Holbrook 1860). Wood, including bamboo, log cribs, and palm fronds, is used in
many parts of the world as reef material for fish attraction devices (FADs),
particularly in local traditional fisheries (Grove et al 1991). On the Gulf Coast of
Mississippi and Louisiana, willow and wax myrtle branches have been tied in
bundles and set on lines to attract peeler crabs for harvest (Jaworski 1979).
Other references to wood, other than wooden vessels, for artificial reef development
in the United States are rare. In Mississippi, and probably most other coastal states,
there is anecdotal information about placing Christmas trees or brush in nearshore
waters to serve as FADs.
• One of the benefits of using trees, limbs, brush or other forms of wood is
availability.
• Shinn and Wichlund (1989) found that the riddling effect of ship worms, a
boring mollusk, in wood increases habitat complexity and provides space for
other organisms which are consumed by fish.
• It was observed that the large amounts of food and the complex structure provided
by the breakdown of wood reefs attracted large concentrations of fish even though in
one case the reef was located in deeper and colder waters than many of these
species of fish normally inhabit. It should be noted that Shinn and Wichlund (1989)
were examining wooden vessels.
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