The document discusses the evolution of microprocessors from the Intel 4004 to the Intel Pentium IV. It begins with the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004 from 1971, and progresses through early 4-bit and 8-bit microprocessors like the 8008, 8080, and 8085. It then covers the introduction of 16-bit microprocessors like the 8086 and 32-bit processors such as the 80386, 80486, and various Pentium models. The document also includes block diagrams and descriptions of the architecture and features of the 8085 microprocessor.

2. A typical programmable machine

3. 1st Micro-processor: Intel 4004

4. Basics of Microprocessor
1.1 Evolution of Microprocessor and types
1.2 Salient features of 8085 Microprocessor,
Architecture of 8085 (block diagram), Register
organization, Limitations of 8-bit
Microprocessor

5. Intel 4004
•First commercially
available
microprocessor
produced in 1971.
•A 4 bit
microprocessor with
45 instructions and a
speed of 50K
instructions per
second (< ENIAC)
•Contained 2300
PMOS transistors.
•It was a 4 bit device
used with some other
devices to use it as a
calculator.

6. Intel 8008
•In 1972, Intel
designed 8008
microprocessor
working with 8 bit
words and
Motorola 6800.
•This required 20 or
more additional
devices to form a
functional CPU.

7. Intel 8080
•Designed in
1973, 8080 had a
larger instruction
set and required
only 2 additional
devices to form a
functional CPU.
•NMOS transistors
were used in this
for faster
operations.

8. Intel 8085
•In 1977, Intel
developed 8085
microprocessor
with internal clock
generator having
higher frequency
at reduced cost
and integration.
•It was a single
NMOS device
implemented with
6200 transistors

9. Intel 8086
•.
•This is the first
actual processor
designed in 1978
•Object code
programs created for
these processors still
can be executed on
the latest members of
Intel Architecture (IA)
family.
•8086 has 16 bit
registers and 16 bit
external data bus
with 20-bit
addressing giving
1MB address space.

10. Intel 8088
•8088 was identical to
8086, except for a smaller
external data bus of 8-bits.
•These processors
introduced IA
segmentation, but only in
real mode.
•16-bit registers could be
used as pointers to address
into segments of up to
64Kbytes in size

11. Intel 80186
•Was never used

12. Intel 80286
•In this processor,
Protected Mode was
introduced, in which
segment register
contents are selectors or
pointers to descriptor
tables.
•The descriptor provides
24 bit base addresses,
allowing a maximum
physical memory size of
up to 16 Mbytes,
support for virtual
memory management
on a segment swapping
basis, and various
protection mechanisms.

13. Intel 80386
•This introduced 32 bit registers (
for operands) into the architecture,
for both calculation & addressing
•The lower half of each 32 bit
register retained the properties of
one of the 16 bit registers of the
earlier two generations, to provide
complete upward compatibility.
•A new Virtual 8086 mode was
provided to yield greater efficiency
when executing programs created
for the 8086 and 8088 processors
on the new 32 bit machine.
•The 32 bit addressing was
supported with an external 32 bit
address bus giving a 4GBytes
address space and also allowed
each segment to be as large as 4
Gbytes

14. Intel 80486
•8 KB unified level 1 cache for code and data
was added to the CPU.
• In later versions of the 80486 the size of
level 1 cache was increased to 16 KB.
•Intel 486 featured much faster bus transfers -
1 CPU cycle as opposed to two or more CPU
cycles for the 80386 bus.
•Floating-point unit was integrated into
80486DX CPUs.
•This eliminated delay in communications
between the CPU and FPU.
•Clock-doubling and clock-tripling technology
was introduced in faster versions of Intel
80486 CPU.
•80486SX2 and 80486DX2 were clock-doubled
version, and 80486DX4 was a clock-tripled
version.
•Power management features and System
Management Mode (SMM) became a
standard feature of the processor.

15. Intel Pentium
•Introduced in Mar 1993( First
gen) and Mar 1994 .
•Maximum rated speeds :
60/66 MHz ( First gen)
;75/90/100/120/133/150/166
/200 MHz ( Second gen.)
•CPU Clock multiplier : 1x(1st
gen);1.5x -3x(2nd gen)
•Register size : 32 bit
•External Data bus : 64 bit
•Memory address bus : 32 bit
•Maximum memory : 4 GB

16. Intel Pentium II
•Bus speeds : 66 MHz; 100 MHz
•CPU clock multiplier: 3.5x, 4x,
4.5x, 5x
•CPU Speeds : 233 MHz, 266
MHz,300 MHz,333 MHz, 350 MHz,
400 MHz, 450 MHz
•Cache memory : 16K x 2( 32KB)
L1,512KB – ½ speed L2
•Internal registers: 32 bit
•External data bus: 64 bit system
bus
•Memory address bus : 36 bit
•Addressable memory : 64 GB
•Virtual memory : 64 TB

17. Intel Pentium III
•The first Pentium III core,
featured SSE instruction set,
which allowed SSE-enabled
applications to process up to
four single-precision floating
point numbers at once.
•Other Pentium 3 cores added
other features, like 256 and 512
KB on-die L2 cache memory and
smaller package size.
•During its lifetime, the core of
Pentium III microprocessors was
shrunk twice - from 0.25 micron
to 0.18 micron, and then to 0.13
micron.

18. Intel Pentium IV
•Speeds range from 1.3
GHz – 3.8 GHz
•FSB speed : 400 MHz,
533 MHz, 800 MHZ, 1066
MHz
•Hyper pipelined/ hyper
threading technology
•L2 cache can handle upto
4GB RAM
•Bus width is 64 bits

19. Block diagram/ Architecture of 8085

21. 8085 Functional blocks
1. Arithmetic and Logic Unit
2. Register Array
3. Instruction Register and Decoder
4. Timing and Control Unit
5. Interrupt Control
6. Serial I/O Control
7. Address/Data Buffer

22. Register Organization
• Temporary registers
– Temporary data register
– W and Z register
• General purpose registers
• Special registers : PC, SP
• Accumulator(A)
• Instruction register and decoder
• Flag register D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
S Z AC P CY

23. Features of 8085
• 8-bit microprocessor
• 16-bit address bus, so max. 64KB of memory
• 8-bit data bus
• Generates 8-bit I/O device address, so can access 256
I/O devices
• Requires +5V supply
• On-chip clock generator
• Has 5 h/w interrupts
• Has serial I/O lines
• Has accumulator, flag register, 6 GPR, 2 SPR, 3 TR
• Has 74 instructions, 4 addressing modes

24. 8085 Pinout: 40 pin IC
1. Address Bus (A8-A15)
2. Data Bus (AD0-AD7)
3. Control and Status
signals (6)
4. Power Supply and clock
signals (5)
5. Externally initiated
signals (11)
6. Serial I/O port (2)

25. Interrupt Structure of 8085
Interrupt Priority Triggering Masking Vector Location
TRAP 1 Edge & Level Non-maskable 0024H
RST 7.5 2 Edge Maskable 003CH
RST 6.5 3 Level Maskable 0034H
RST 5.5 4 Level Maskable 002CH
INTR 5 Level Maskable Supplied by the
interrupting device
Hardware interrupts
Software interrupts

26. Limitations of 8085
• Can not process 16-bit data
• Limited instruction set
• No pipelining concept
• Processing speed is less
• Address bus is 16-bit, so can not access more than
64KB memory
• Can not process floating point data
• Not suitable for multiprocessor system
• Does not support memory segmentation
• Not suitable for workstation and server