information on windows (types),stairs(materials,types)

1. WINDOWS AND STAIRCASE
HARPREET KAUR
A2180315058

2. WINDOWS

A window is a transparent or a translucent opening in a wall
or door that allows the passage of light and, if not closed or
sealed, air and sound.

Windows are held in place by frames, which prevent them
from collapsing in.

3. TYPES OF WINDOW

Pivoted window

Dormer window

Skylight

PVC window

4. PIVOTED WINDOW

A window having a section
which is pivoted near the center
so that the top of the section
swings in and the bottom swings
out.

A window that opens by
pivoting either horizontally or
vertically.

The frame has no rebate.

5. DORMER WINDOW

Such types of windows are provided on the inclined roofs of
the buildings.

They provide air and light to the room constructed within
the space of the roof slopes.

6. SKYLIGHT

This type of window is fixed on
the sloping surface of an inclined
roof.

It is meant to admit light into the
room and generally fixed glass
pans to cover it.

Reinforced or ribbed glass is
preferred.

A curb frame is provided with the
common rafter to support the
windows.

7. CLERE STOREY WINDOW

These are provided in a room
which has greater ceiling
height than the surrounding
rooms.

8. PVC WINDOW

PVC windows are relatively new, having only been
introduced during the last 25 years. These windows are
extruded from high-impact resistant polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

PVC windows have excellent weathering characteristics,
are almost maintenance-free
and have excellent resistance
to heat loss.

9. 
Originally used primarily in renovation because PVC lends itself
to non-standard size production, PVC windows are rapidly
increasing in the new construction market as well.

PVC is available in several extruded colours. Special painted
coatings have been developed to expand the range of colours
available.

10. WINDOW MATERIALS
Windows are made from wood, aluminum, PVC,
fiberglass, or from a combination of these materials.

11. WOOD WINDOWS

Wood windows are warm, traditional and aesthetically
pleasing.

Because it is a good insulator, wood does not become
cold like metal and glass.

Wood is treated with preservatives to prevent rotting.

Wood windows can be painted on
the exterior, or clad with aluminum
or PVC profiles for better weathering
and reduced maintenance.

12. ALUMINUM WINDOWS

Aluminum windows are more
durable than wood, and are
thinner, lighter, and easier to
handle.

But aluminum is a poor
insulator and in cold weather,
and loses more heat to the
exterior than wood.

13. FIBERGLASS WINDOWS

Fiberglass windows are the latest window
products to be developed.

The shapes are formed by special technique
called pultrusion,whereby the glass fibers are
pulled through dies rather than pushed through
an extruder (as PVC is extruded).

Fiberglass and PVC lineals look
similar a first glance,
however, fiberglass
is much more rigid than PVC.

14. STAIRCASE

15. 
Medium of travel which connects two consecutive
horizontal surfaces.

A complete arrangement of steps, stringers, newel posts,
hand rails, balusters, etc.

Easy and quick access to
different floors with
comfort and safety.

16. CLASSIFICATION OF STAIRCASE
STRAIGHT STAIRS

17. DOG LEGGED STAIRS

18. QUARTER TURN NEWEL STAIRS

19. BIFURCATED STAIRS
SPIRAL STAIRS

20. Staircase made up of:

Wooden staircase

Stone staircase

Metal staircase

Reinforced concrete staircase(RCC)

21. WOODEN STAIRS

An extremely popular and
evergreen staircase material
is wood

The beauty of wooden
staircase is that it can adapt
to any style of interiors; be it
traditional, contemporary,
rustic, or any other.

22. STONE STAIRS

One of the most common staircase
materials is stone. Stone offers
variety in color and texture; and
looks amazing as a staircase
material.

For interiors, stones like marble
and granite are widely used as a
cladding material for concrete
and brick staircase.

It lends the interiors a touch of
luxury.

23. METAL STAIRS

Though not very popular, metal staircase is a great option for
space constrained interiors.

It is strong and hard
wearing but scores
low on aesthetics.

24. REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRCASE (RCC)
Reinforced concrete is perhaps the most suitable of all the
said materials for the construction of stairs.
The various advantages of reinforced
concrete stairs are given below -

They have requisite fire resisting
qualities to a great extent .

They are durable strong pleasing
in appearance and can be easily
rendered non-slippery.

25. 
They can be designed for greater widths, longer spans and
any height.

They can be moulded in any desired form to suit the
requirements of the architect.

They can be easily cleaned.