This document defines key concepts related to programming languages. It discusses programs, programming, and programming languages. It describes different types of programming languages including low-level languages like machine language and assembly language, and high-level languages like procedural, problem-oriented, and natural languages. It provides details on machine language, assembly language, procedural languages like COBOL and C, and problem-oriented languages like Visual Basic. It also defines language translators like assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.
2. Program, Programming and
Programming Language
Program: The set of instructions which instructs the
computer to perform certain particular operations is
called a program.
Programming: It is the process of writing a program
following the grammar of the programming language.
Programming Language: It is simply the coded
language used by programmers to write instructions
that a computer can understand to do what the
programmer wants.
3. Types of Programming Language
Low level language:
Machine level language
Assembly level language
High level language:
Procedural oriented language
Problem oriented language
Natural language
4. Machine Level Language
Machine language consist of string of binary numbers
and it is the only one language, the processor directly
understand.
Language translator is not required.
Execution speed of the program developed in this
language is faster.
It is difficult and time consuming to develop and
debug program.
It is machine dependent language, so program
developed for a system may not be used in another
without modification.
5. Assembly Level Language
Assembly language use mnemonics code(symbolic
operation code like ADD, SUB) in place of 0 and 1.
The program is converted into machine code by
assembler.
It is easier to develop and debug program compared to
machine language.
Execution speed of the program developed in this
language is faster than high level language.
6. Procedural Oriented Language
This language uses simple English and mathematical
statements to develop program.
It is easier to develop and debug program compared to low
level language.
More advance and user friendly software can be developed.
An additional software compiler or interpreter is required
to translate program
Program execution will be slower
It includes languages such as Pascal, COBOL, C, FORTAN
etc.
7. Problem Oriented language
It allows the users to specify what the output should be, without
describing all the details of how the data should be manipulated
to produce the result
Programmer need not to think about the procedure of the
program. So, programming is much easier.
Increase the speed of developing programs.
Minimize user’s effort to obtain information from computer.
Reduce errors while writing programs.
It is easier but needs higher processor and larger memory.
It needs to be translated therefore its execution time is more.
Eg: Visual Basic, C#, PHP, etc.
8. Natural Language
Natural language are still in developing stage where we
could write statements that would look like normal
sentences.
Easy to program.
Since, the program uses normal sentences, they are
easy to understand.
The programs designed using 5GL will have artificial
intelligence (AI).
9. Language Translator
The translator is a programming language processor
that converts a high-level or assembly language
program to machine-understandable low-level
machine language without sacrificing the code's
functionality.
Different type of language translators are:
Assembler
Compiler
Interpreter
10. Language Translator
Assembler: It is a translator that converts code of
assembly language into the machine language.
Compiler: It is a translator which translates high level
program into machine instruction at once. It provides
fastest method of translating a program. Programming
languages like C, C++, Java use a compiler.
Interpreter: It translates one line or single statement of
a program at a time. The translating process is slower.
Example of interpreter based programming language
are BASIC, Visual Basic, C#, PHP etc.
