2. CASE
Baby Azma, an 8th mth old female child, a second
product of non consanguinous marriage came with
complaints of
Recurrent cold, cough since birth
Loose motions since 4 days
Rapid breathing since 1 day
Maternal history- 2nd gravida, aged 24 yrs.
1st child, female 2 ½ yrs, thriving
Positive TORCH screen, details not
known
3. Birth history
delivered at term by elective LSCS in view of previous
LSCS
Baby cried immediately after birth, birth wt- 3.5 kgs
Developed icterus on 3rd day of life, found to have
high TSB (16, INDIRECT COMPONENT 15.2), referred
to higher centre for evaluation, neonatologist noticed
dysmorphic facies, advised karyotyping.
4. Family history
No history of similar complaints/ features in family
(evaluated for 3 generations)
5. Developmental milestones
Gross motor- Rolling over – 7mths (5mths)
Sitting without support-not achieved (6)
• Fine motor- Reaching for objects-6mths (4mths)
Thumb finger grasp-not achieved (8mth)
• Communication & language- social smile- 1mth
babbling- 6mths
• Cognitive- bangs 2 cubes- not achieved- 8mths
8. Genetics
Trisomy 21 (47, +21), - 94 %, The frequency of trisomy
increases with increasing maternal age.
Robertsonian translocation involving chromosome 21-
Approx. 3-4 %, not related to maternal age.
Trisomy 21 mosaicism – 2 to 3 % cases
9.
10.
11. Clinical Features
Head and neck
Brachycephaly with flat occiput
Flat face
Up-slanting palpebral fissures
Epicanthal folds
Three fontanels
Delayed fontanel closure- pf not closed completely (2mths)
Frontal sinus and midfacial hypoplasia
Brushfield spots
Mild microcephaly
Short hard palate
Flat nasal bridge
Folded or dysplastic ears
Open mouth
Protruding tongue
Short neck
Excessive skin at the nape of neck
Small dysplastic ears
12. Extremities
Short broad hands
Short fifth finger
Incurved fifth finger
Transverse palmer crease
Space between first and second toe
Hyper flexibility of joints
13.
14.
15. Neonatal features
Flat facial profile Dysplasia of pelvis
Poor Moro reflex Anomalous ears
Excessive skin at the Dysplasia of
nape of neck midphalanx of fifth
Slanted palpebral finger
fissures
Transverse palmer
Hypotonia , dec DTR
crease
Hyper flexibility of
joints
16.
17. Mental Retardation
Almost all DS babies have MR.
Mildly to moderately retarded .
Starts in the first year of life.
Average age of sitting(11 mon), and walking (26
mon) is twice the typical age.
First words at 18 months.
IQ declines through the first 10 years of age,
reaching a plateau in adolescence that continues
into adulthood.
18. Heart Disease
50 % of Down Syndrome pts have heart disease
Atrioventricular septal defect
VSD
Secundum ASD
PDA
Tetrology of Fallot
Mitral valve prolapse
AR, MR
Abarrant subclavian artery
Endocarditis
Pulmonary hypertension
19. GI abnormalities
5% of cases
Duodenal atresia or stenosis, sometimes assoc
with annular pancreas in 2.5 % of cases
Annular pancreas
Imperforate anus
Esophageal atresia with TE fistula is less common
Hirschsprung’s disease
Strong assoc with celiac disease b/w 5 – 16 % , 5 –
16 fold increase as compared to general population
Delayed tooth eruption- 6 to 8 mths
20. Growth
BW, length and HC are less in DS
Reduced growth rate
Prevalence of obesity is greater in DS
Weight is less than expected for length in infants with
DS, and then increases disproportionally so that they
are obese by age 3-4 yrs
21.
22. MUSCULO SKELETAL
Joint hyperflexibility
Short neck, redundant skin
Short metacarpals and phalanges
Short 5th digit and clinodactyly
Single transverse palmar creases
Wide gap between first and second toes
Pelvic dysplasia
Short sternum
Two sternal/ manubrium ossification centres
Atlantoaxial instability
Hip dysplasia
Slipped capital femoral epiphyses
Avascular hip necrosis
Recurrent joint dislocations (shoulder, elbow, knee, thumb)
24. Eye problems
Most common disorders are
Refractory error – 35 to 76 percent
Strabismus – 25 to 57 percent
Nystagmus – 18 to 22 percent
Cataract occur in 5 % of newborns.
Glaucoma
Frequency increases with age.
25. Hearing loss
Unilateral or bilateral
Conductive, sensorineural or mixed
Otitis media is a frequent problem
26. Hematologic disorders
The risk of leukemia is 1 to 1.5 percent.
65% of newborn have polycythemia resulting in
hypoglycemia.
Risk of AML and ALL is also much higher than the
general population.
Transient leukemia – exclusively affects NB.
- It is asymptomatic with spontaneous resolution
in 2-3 months.
- Vesiculopustular skin eruptions are common and
resolve with disorder.
27. Endocrine disorder
Thyroid disease – Hypothyroidism occurs more
frequently than hyperthyroidism.
Diabetes – The risk of type 1 diabetes is three
times greater than that of the general population.
Infertility
Obesity
28. Reproduction
Women with DS are fertile and may become
pregnant.
Nearly all males with DS are infertile. The
mechanism is impairment of spermatogenesis
31. HALL CRITERIA
Flat face
Upward slanted palpebral fissures
Small dysplastic ears
Joint hyperflexibility
Short neck, redundant skin
Short 5th digit with clinodactyly
Single transverse palmar crease
Pelvic dysplasia
hypotonia
32. Diagnosis
Prenatal screening- Nuchal translucency (1st trimester)
Triple test-70%
Quad test-80%
FISH- 100%
If no screening – It is recognized from the
characteristic phenotypic features.
Confirmed by Karyotype.
33. Management
1. Growth – Measurements should be plotted on the
appropriate growth chart for children with DS.
This will help in prevention of obesity and early
diagnosis of celiac disease and hypothyroidism.
2. Cardiac disease – All newborns should be
evaluated by cardiac ECHO for CHD in
consultation with pediatric cardiologist.
3. Hearing – Screening to be done in the newborn
period, every 6 months until 3 yrs of age and then
annually.
34. Management (cont.)
4. Eye disorders - An eye exam should be
performed in the newborn period or at least
before 6 months of age to detect strabismus,
nystagmus, and cataracts.
5. Thyroid Function – Should be done in
newborn period and should be repeated at six
and 12 months , and then annually.
6. Celiac Disease – Screening should begin at 2
yrs. Repeat screening if signs/Sx develop.
35. Management ( cont)
7. Hematology – CBC with differential at birth
to evaluate for polycythemia as well as WBC.
8. Atlanto-axial instability – X ray for evidence
of AAI or sub-luxation at 3 to 5 years of age.
9. Alzheimer’s disease – Adult with a Down
Syndrome has earlier onset of symptoms.
When diagnosis is considered, thyroid
disease and possible depression should be
excluded.
36. Mortality
Median age of death has increased from 25
yrs in 1983 to 49 yrs in 1997, an average of 1.7
yrs increase per year.
Most likely cause of death is CHD, Dementia,
Hypothyroidism and Leukemia.
Improved survival is because of increased
placements of infants in homes and
changes in treatment for common causes of
death.
Survival is better for males and blacks.
37. Counseling
May begin when a prenatal diagnosis is made.
Discuss the wide range of variability in
manifestation and prognosis.
Medical and educational treatments and
interventions should be discussed.
Initial referrals for early intervention, informative
publications, parent groups, and advocacy groups.