1. ProsPER.NET
2019 Leadership Programme
Engineering Approaches to Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Towards Sustainable Development
in the Asia-Pacific Region
Sustainable & Resilient Energy Systems
Rizalinda L. de Leon, PhD
Department of Chemical Engineering
Energy Engineering Program
College of Engineering
University of the Philippines Diliman
2. How important is energy to you
and to your community?
(What is it used for? What benefits does it bring?)
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licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
3. What is an energy system?
Delivery
of Energy
Services
Technologies
Physical
Infrastructure
Institutions
Policies &
Practices
6. Primary Energy
Resources
Conversion/Distribut
ion Technologies
Directly Useable
Energy Forms
Crude Oil
Refining/ Pipeline or
Trucks
Liquid fuels
(gasoline, diesel,
kerosene, aviation
fuel)
Coal/Nat
Gas/Biomass
Combustion/
transmission cables
Power & Heat
Wind, Hydro, Ocean
Mechanical/
transmission cables
Power
Solar
PV or Solar Thermal/
electric cables or
insulated pipes
Power or Heat
Geothermal
Turbine/
transmission cables,
pipelines
Power & Heat
8. Some Philippine Policies related
to Energy
• RA 7638 Act creating the Department of Energy
• RA 9136 Act to promote competition, encourage market
development, ensure consumer choice in electric industry
• RA 9513 Act promoting the Development, Utilization and
Commercialization of Renewable Energy Resources
• RA 9367 Act directing the use of biofuels
• RA 11285 Act institutionalizing policies on energy efficiency
and conservation
• DOE DC 2018-01-0001 Adoption of energy resiliency in
planning and programming of the energy sector
• RA 10121 act to strengthen disaster management
• Senate Bill 175 promoting the development of microgrid
systems
9. What is a sustainable energy
system?
Synonyms of “sustain”
Endure, hold up, bear,
carry, keep up
Support, assist
Continue, carry on, keep
going
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10. What is a sustainable energy
system?
• Energy resource is
virtually inexhaustible
or can be replenished
within a human lifetime
(decarbonization)
• Lower energy
requirements for
providing energy
services
• Integrated grid
structures
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
Source: Koppl and Schleicher, 2018
11. What is a resilient energy system?
Resilience (etymology)
Latin verb resilire
“to jump back”
“to recoil”
“to rebound”
-www.etymoline.com
“to overcome, resist, reduce,
minimize internal and
environmental pressures”
-Psychological Bulletin, 1987
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12. What is a resilient energy system?
A resilient energy system has “the capacity to
tolerate disturbance and to continue to deliver
affordable energy services to consumers”.
It “can speedily recover from shocks and can
provide alternative means of satisfying energy
service needs in the event of changed external
circumstances.”
-UK Energy Research Center, 2009*
* Working definition of energy system
resilience, drawing heavily on the ecological
sciences
14. Resilience against what?
• Technical equipment failure/ unplanned outages
• Temporary disabling energy service due to
disaster
• Energy price volatility
• Increasing energy cost
• Energy demand and supply fluctuations
• Energy source disruption
• Attack on energy infrastructure
15. Pin-pointing the areas of
vulnerability
• Availability
• Cost
• Transformation / Conversion
(resource energy)
• Storage
• Transmission/Distribution
• Disruptions to supply
• Fluctuating prices
16. Vulnerabilities of Some Energy
Primary Energy Supplies
Fossil Fuel Resources
• Availability and cost are
typically influenced by
geo-politics
• Prices may further be
influenced by perceived
depletion, and
• increased cost due to
increased difficulty of
extraction
Renewable Energy Resources
• Cost is usually zero
(except biomass)
• Availability affected by
climate changes
• Wind & Solar –
vulnerable to typhoon
damage
17. Vulnerabilities of Generation
Technologies
Wind Power
• Shifting geographical
distribution
• variability of wind
speed
Hydropower
• Changing hydrological
cycle lower
precipitation
Biofuels
• Effect of climate change
on temperature, rainfall,
CO2-level on crops
• desertification
Solar
• Changes in atmospheric
water vapor content,
cloudiness, cloud
characteristics
atmospheric
transmittance
18. Vulnerabilities of Generation
Technologies
Marine energy
• Changes in wave
formation due to shifting
wind location and speed.
Oil and Nat GAs
• Facilitating access to
previously unreached
systems due to melting of
Arctic ice
Coal
• Flooding that affects
coal quality and coal-
handling
19. Vulnerabilities of Storage and
Transmission Technologies
Power Lines
• Extreme winds
• Ice loads
• Lightning strikes
• Conductor vibrations and
galloping
• Avalanches
• Landslides
• Flooding
• wildfires
Gas Transmission Systems
• Mud flows
• Floods
• Landslides
• Permafrost thawing
• Earthquakes
• rockslides
20. Vulnerabilities of Demand side
Heating & Cooling in
Buildings
• Global warming
increased cooling loads,
decreased heating
loads
Transport
• Increased cooling load
(use of airconditioning
reduces efficiency of
vehicles by around 12%
at highway speeds)
Other
• Global warming
increased cooling loads,
decreased heating
loads
21. Two Types of Stressors &
Responses
Stressor Known or Expected Unknown
Creeping Adapt Innovate
Abrupt Build up resistance/
robustness
Improvise
22. Effect of Creeping Stressors
Creeping Stressors
Effect on
Global
Warming
Urbanization &
Population
Increase
Technology
Changes
Energy
Demand
Reduced
heating load in
buildings &
increased
cooling loads
Increased
energy
consumption
for transport,
commerce &
manufacture
Increased
efficiency,
increased
power
requirements
Renewable
Energy Systems
Availability of
resource,
reduced
efficiency &/or
generation
Stressed
capacities
Increased
efficiency,
lower cost
23. Effect of Abrupt Stressors
Effect/
Demand
Isolated, hard-to-reach,
communication cut-off
Renewable Energy
Systems
Structural damage, disconnected
grid
24. Give one example of a creeping stressor that is a
concern to your community and how these are
affecting the people,
or
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licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
Give one example of an abrupt stressor that has
challenged your community and how these have
affected the people.
25. Indications of energy system
resilience
Preparedness &
Planning
Recovery &
Rebuilding
Improved resistance and resiliency
of energy systems
(e.g. microgrids, building efficiency,
islanding, etc…
Plan for secure, sustainable, safe
communities
Establish policies & codes that
support sustainability, security &
safety
Deploy on-site technology
demonstrations (emergency back-up
power)
Incorporate energy efficiency,
sustainability, and RE measures into
disaster recovery efforts
Design sustainable, resilient buildings
26. Case Study: Integrated Energy
System for a Hospital
• Combined heat and power (CHP) only
• Photovoltaics (PV) with Battery Storage only
• Integrated CHP-PV-Battery
27. Integrated Energy System for a
Hospital
Lower Life
Cycle Energy
Costs
Increased
Resilience
Reduced GHG Can provide
back-up elec
& heat
CHP*
PV + Battery
storage**
& zero
emissions
Integrated*** 7% lower
than CHP only,
22% lower
than PV+
24% less
than CHP only,
17% increase
than PV+only
* Compared to procurement of electricity and separate heating with natural gas
in conventional boiler; vulnerable to disruptions in imported fuel supply
** limited by reliance on variable solar energy, energy-limited storage, typically
only support electric loads (not heat)
*** CHP provides baseload and heat, PV reduces GHG emissions and offsets risk
of disruption in CHP fuel supply
28. Possible scenario (CHP-PV-
Battery): Electric Load
Source: Becker, et al, Reopt: Enabling Renewable Energy, Storage, and Combined Heat &
Power , NREL. https://2019aceee.conferencespot.org/#/paper/event-data/f038
29. Possible scenario (CHP-PV-
Battery): Thermal Load
Source: Becker, et al, Reopt: Enabling Renewable Energy, Storage, and Combined Heat &
Power , NREL. https://2019aceee.conferencespot.org/#/paper/event-data/f038
30. Preparing for
Natural Disasters
• Risk Assessment &
Policy
• Emergency exercises
& Community
Mobilization
• Grid Resilience
• Redundancy &
Felixibility
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31. Risk Assessment &
Policies
• Hazard maps ID areas
where prioirity measures and
resources can be allocated
• Geographic prioritization
• Zoning, location of key assets
(substations, distribution
lines, etc…)
• Formulate local ordinances &
initiate local action
Source: Guidelines to Develop Energy Resiliency in APEC Off-
Grid Areas, Energy Working Group, February 2017.
https://images.app.goo.gl/GJRKNp
VaZ44qvRSo8
32. Emergency Exercises &
Community Mobilization
• simulations of
outages
• Funding provision
• Capacity building
(tech skills &
business mgt) for
key community
leaders
• Facile community
consultation and
consensus
building
Task Force Kapatid of the Philippines’ National
Electrification Administration. Aftermath of
typhoon Haiyan November 2013.
33. Grid Resilience
• Smarter Grid
• Reinforced Grid (Higher
design standards)
• Distributed Generation,
microgrids
• Resilient Demand
Source: Guidelines to Develop Energy Resiliency in APEC Off-Grid Areas,
Energy Working Group, February 2017.
This Photo by Unknown
Author is licensed under
CC BY-NC
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
34. Redundancy &
Flexibility
• Alternative Fuel Storage
• Fuel Flexibility in critical
services
• Microgeneration with
renewable Energy
Technologies
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC
BY-SA
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC
BY-NC-ND
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under
CC BY-SA
35. Share some practices in your community/country
that contribute to energy resilience.
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licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
Hinweis der Redaktion
Crude Oil converted to gasoline, diesel, kerosene, aviation fuel
Coal, Nat Gas converted to power, heat
Wind, Hydro, Ocean power
Solar, Biomass. Geothermal Power and heat
Operators include generators, transmission and distribution companies
Technology providers include – Engg-Procurement-Costruction companies and manufacturers of components, including maintenance service providers
Policy-makers & regulators – include national and local government agencies
Sundial symbolizes the passage of time… a long time…generations
Buildings – improved thermal structures, heat recovery from mechanical energy generation (co-generation of heat and power)
Transport – strategies that reduce the need for transport (e.g. localization of production, application of communication technologies)
Industry & Manufacturing - low-energy and low-emission technologies for cement, steel, pulp and paper
INTEGRATED GRID STRUCTURES:
Buildings – not only en energy consumer, but a supplier and storage as well
Transport – focus on services (is transport really needed?); zoning concepts (low distances for all activities related to work, personal needs and leisure)
Industry and Manufacture - Integrated grids linking electricity, heating/cooling, gas.
For fossil fuel resources: availability and cost are typically influenced by geo-politics; cost may further be influenced by perceived depletion and cost of extraction (as extraction becomes more difficult)
For renewable energy resources: while cost is usually zero (except biomass which may become a commodity),, availability may be affected by climate changes
Vulnerability of technologies are typically climate-related (e.g., floods, typhoons) and/or geological event-related (e.g. earthquakes, tsunamis).
For fossil fuel resources: availability and cost are typically influenced by geo-politics; cost may further be influenced by perceived depletion and cost of extraction (as extraction becomes more difficult)
For renewable energy resources: while cost is usually zero (except biomass which may become a commodity),, availability may be affected by climate changes
Vulnerability of technologies are typically climate-related (e.g., floods, typhoons) and/or geological event-related (e.g. earthquakes, tsunamis).
Changing hydrological cycle maube
Changing hydrological cycle maube
Changing hydrological cycle maube
The effect of Creeping stressors (e.g. Global warming; urbanization & population increase; technology changes) can be anticipated and mitigated by adapting and innovating existing structures, components and organizations to enable communities to better cope with and recover.
For Abrupt or Sudden stressors (floods, typhoons, storm-surges, earthquakes, tsunamis, wildfires) that may be expected but its occurrence cannot be accurately predicted or prediction leaves little time to respond, the system will not have time to innovate, but will need to increase the resistance and robustness of its structures to prepare for such events, and will require the ability to improvise.
Case study done by NREL, optimizing the technical and economic viability of integrated CHP, PV and battery systems compared to CHP only or PV-battery only.
SOC = state of charge
Case study done by NREL, optimizing the technical and economic viability of integrated CHP, PV and battery systems compared to CHP only or PV-battery only.
Risk Assessment & Policy -
Emergency exercises – simulations of outages involving key government agencies, energy companies, and communities
Investment in grid resilience – (1) review previous outages & adopt technologies and operational arrangements toward a smarter grid, (2) reinforce grid (e.g. raise seawalls around key assets, restore natural coastal protections, relocate key assets, underground powerlines, improved cable materials …), (3) distribute generation & diversified fuel types limit risk of outages, allow faster service restoration; (4) build resilience into the demand (e.g., better thermal design of buildings…passively habitable under extreme weather conditions; battery storage.
Design for robust energy systems – alternative fuel storage that can withstand anticipated disasters; integrate flexibility and redundancy for critical services. (e.g. trucks that can run on both gasoline and nat gas)
NEA and 34 Electric Cooperatives in Luzon and Mindanao deployed 9 task force teams composed of 226 engineers and linemen to assist nine cooperatives in the Visayas region affected by Typhoon Haiyan.
Investment in grid resilience –
(1) Smarter Grid - review previous outages & adopt technologies and operational arrangements toward a smarter grid (communications and remote control for quick adjustments to demand, gap),
(2) reinforce grid (e.g. raise seawalls around key assets, restore natural coastal protections, relocate key assets, underground powerlines, improved cable materials …),
(3) distribute generation & diversified energy sources limit risk of outages, allow faster service restoration; microgrid is an electrical system that includes multiple loads and distributed energy resources that can be operated in parallel with larger utility grid or as a small, independent power system;
(4) Resilient demand - build resilience into the demand (e.g., better thermal design of buildings…passively habitable under extreme weather conditions; battery storage.
Design for robust energy systems –
alternative fuel storage that can withstand anticipated disasters;
(2) integrate flexibility and redundancy for critical services. (e.g. back-up systems for hospitals, emergency trucks that can run on both gasoline and nat gas)
(3) Microgeneration – small-scale generation of heat/electric power by individuals, small businesses and communites to meet their own needs as alternatives or supplements to traditional centralized grid-connected power