4. Agenda Setting
• In agenda setting
- Could be contained in global agenda,
national development plans, and
translated into local policy and actions
• Issue definition influenced by our values,
world viewpoints, and what we consider to be
a government responsibility
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5. Policy Formulation
• Policy formulation where formal plans are
developed and authorities decide about
adoption
– Occurs through multi-stakeholder consultations
– May occur in various levels of government
– May be reformative or incremental
– Proposals not always enacted
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6. Forms of Multi-stakeholder
Engagements
• Policy dialogue
• Policy research
• Consultative technical opinion and advice on
policy options
• Policy documentation
• Policy formulation
• Etc.
7. Levels of Multi-stakeholder
Engagements
• International (through international
sustainability processes)
• Regional (multi-country)
• National
• Sub-national
• Local
• Organizational
9. Policy Monitoring & Evaluation
• Policy evaluation - the analysis of a policy’s results
– Measurement of program outcomes
– Sustainability analysis on impacts
• Evaluation provides feedback on policies
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10. Fragmentation and Coordination
• Separation of powers can result in a
fragmented approach to solving policy
problems
– Different interest groups may try to influence
different parts of government
• Sometimes more than one agency responds
to a problem and there needs to be
coordination across the board
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11. Government by Policy Area
• When policies developed, participants from many
areas must develop working relationships
– Participate at all stages of policy formulation
• Various individuals and organizations working in a
particular policy area constitute a network
– Conflict within a network common and to be
settled in a rational manner
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12. Discussion Questions
In the context of GAP and SDGs, how can RCEs
be engaged in the policymaking and policy
implementation?
• Policymaking process
• Education policies
• Sustainable development policies.
• International cooperation agreements
