Medical informatics

Medical informatics
By
Sarah Bolbol
Assistant lecturer
Industrial medicine & occupational hygiene

Browser Also known as Internet or Web browser. Software that allows
users to access and navigate the Internet.
Database A collection of information that is organized and stored so it
can be search easily.
Homepage The first document World Wide Web users see when
connecting to a Web server
It usually provides a table of contents or index to the
contents of the item.
HTML (Hypertext
Markup Language)
The standard language used for creating documents on the
World Wide Web.
HTTP (Hypertext
Transmission
Protocol)
The standard language that World Wide Web clients and
servers use to communicate.

search engine software system that is designed to search for information
on the World Wide Web. Has three components:
 Spider: Program that traverses the Web from link to link, identifying
and reading pages
 Index: Database containing a copy of each Web page or other file
gathered by the spider
 Search and retrieval mechanism: Technology that enables you to
search the index and that returns results in a relevancy-ranked order
Subject
Directories
A collection of links to Internet resources organized in subject
categories.(Dmoz, Infomine)
Subject Directories are the web organized by human beings.
Deep /
Invisible Web
 part of the Web that cannot be crawled or indexed by
traditional search engines
 Store their content in searchable databases that only produce
results dynamically in response to a direct request.
 Largest Deep Web contain data of about 40 times the size of
the known surface Web.

Internet Directory Listing of sites by categories and sub categories based on
site listings selected by the directory's team of editors.
Yahoo! Is the most popular Net directory.
Internet Server A computer that stores data that can be accessed via the
Internet. Each server has its own unique domain name and
IP address.
Meta Search Engine Meta Search Engines search multiple search
engines for you (such as Google, Bing, Yahoo, etc)
and display the results for you on one page.
Meta engines speed and simplify searches.(Dogpile- Clusty)
Netiquette The rules of conduct for Internet users. Violating netiquette
could result in flaming for removal from a mailing list or
Usenet newsgroup. Some service providers will even cancel a
user's Internet account, denying access of the Net, if the
violation is severe.

keyword a significant term that identify the information described in an online
search tool.
Stop words words that many search engines DON'T stop for when searching texts and
titles on the web. Engines routinely ignore stop words, i.e., small and
common words, such as parts of speech (adverbs, conjunctions,
prepositions, or forms of "to be").
Blog A blog is a publicly available Web site that serves as a personal journal
as an information tool for an organization.
Entries or messages are displayed in reverse chronological order and
the site is usually updated daily.
Wiki a multi-authored or collaborative Web site that permits users to create
additional content for the site and to edit existing content.
The term wiki is derived from the Hawaiian "wiki wiki", which means
quick.

II.How to decode
URL
Anatomy of URL

http://www.wmich.edu/registrar/registrati
on.html

SKILL
 Summarize your topic in one or two
sentences
 Keywords and phrases highlighted
 Identify synonyms, alternate terms
 Link keywords and terms
 Locate your information

 A keyword search allows you to enter one
or more terms that represent a
concept/topic to search.
 Example: Human cloning

Using AND
 Use AND in a search to:
 narrow your results
 tell the database that ALL search terms
must be present in the resulting records
 Example: cloning AND humans AND
ethics

Using OR
 Use OR in a search to:
 connect two or more similar concepts
(synonyms)
 broaden your results, telling the database
that ANY of your search terms can be
present in the resulting records
 Example: cloning OR genetics OR
reproduction

Using NOT
 Use NOT in a search to:
 exclude words from your search
 narrow your search, telling the database
to ignore concepts that may be implied by
your search terms
 Example: cloning NOT sheep

 A phrase search is one of the most efficient
and effective ways to narrow down results.
 Enclose a phrase or words in double
quotations (" ") when exact word order is
required.
 "Mexican American"

 Truncation is searching by the root of a
word. Truncation finds variations of the
ending of a word (plurals, different
spellings, multiple suffixes).
 The * asterisk is a common truncation
symbol to place at the ending.
 Example:
 comput* = compute, computer,
computers, computerization

 Nesting is a method of combining Boolean
operators in a logical order.
 When using Boolean Operators in
combination, however, it is important to
"nest" them.
 Nesting means putting operators in
parentheses in order to tell the library
catalog, database, or Internet search
engine how it should search for your
terms.

 Examples of Nesting:
 ( treatment or outcomes ) AND ( anorexia
not bulimia )
 this search finds the treatment or outcomes
for anorexia but not for bulimia

 Many bibliographic databases use what is
known as a “controlled vocabulary‟ to index
articles.
 Each common medical concept is given a
single subject heading which covers all the
words and phrases used to describe that
concept
 For example, ―Cerebral vascular accident‖ is a
subject heading which covers all the words and
phrases used for the concept of ―stroke‖.

 Using a thesaurus also helps overcome
problems of inconsistent terminology
and alternative terms or spellings.
 If you type in the word “paediatric‟ as a
keyword in a search you should also carry out
a search for “pediatric‟ as well, as
databases can use both spellings.
 Using the thesaurus will label articles with
either spelling under one subject heading
– so you would only need then to do one
search.

 Each database uses a different list of
subject headings i.e. the BNI thesaurus
will have different subject headings to the
Medline thesaurus.
 For this reason, you can only use a
thesaurus if you are searching in one
database only in Advanced Search.

 Subject headings are normally arranged in
a hierarchy or tree structure, where
broad subjects are subdivided into more
specific topics.

G. Snowballing
Reference
harvesting or pearl
growing

Snowball method
 If you wish to obtain detailed information
about a subject or find lots of information, you
can use the snowball method.
 With this method you start your search with a
key document. This could be a well-known work
or a highly-praised article. A key document
contains citations or references to other
sources about the same subject. This leads to
other documents that, in turn, include references

Citation Format for Books - single
author
 Title: Knossos Mythology-History Guide to
the Archaeological Site
 Author: Antonis Vassilakis
 Publisher: Adam Editions
 City Published: Athens
 Editor: Costas Adam
 Date Published: 2002

 a) Antonis Vassilakis. Knossos Mythology-
History Guide to the Archaeological Site.
Athens: Adam Editions, 2002. Print.
 b) Adam, Costas. "Knossos Mythology-
History Guide to the Archaeological Site".
 c) Vassilakis, Antonis. Knossos Mythology-
History Guide to the Archaeological Site.

Citation Format for a Book with
Multiple Authors
 Title: Aegean Art and Architecture
 Author: Donald Preziosi, Louise A.
Hitchcock
 Publisher: Oxford University Press
 City Published: Oxford
 Editor: Costas Adam
 Date Published: 1999

 a) Preziosi, Donald, Hitchcock, Louise.
Aegean Art and Architecture. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1999. Print.
 b) Preziosi, Donald and Louise A.Hitchcock.
Aegean Art and Architecture. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1999. Print.
 c) Preziosi, Donald and Louise A.Hitchcock.
Aegean Art and Architecture. Oxford
University Press,1999: Oxford. Print.

Book with an Editors Rather Than
an Author
 Title: Atlas of Classical Archaeology
 Author: --
 Publisher: McGraw-Hill
 City Published: New York
 Editor: M. I Finley
 Date Publisher: 1977

 a) Finley, M. I., ed. Atlas of Classical
Archaeology . New York: McGraw-Hill,
1977. Print.
 b) Unknown, Atlas of Classical
Archaeology, ed. M.I. Finley, ed. New
York: McGraw-Hill, 1977. Print.
 c) Atlas of Classical Archaeology , M.
I.Finley, ed. New York : McGraw-Hill,
1977. Print.

Magazine Article
 Title: Palo Alto Idea House
 Author: Ann Bertelsen and Daniel Gregory
 Magazine name: Sunset
 City Published: --
 Volume: --
 Date Published: September 2002
 URL: www.sunset.com

 a) Bertelsen, Ann "Palo Alto Idea House."
Sept 2002: 107. Print.
 b) Bertelsen, Ann and Gregory,
Daniel."Palo Alto Idea House." Sunset ,
Sept 2002: 107. Print.
 c) Bertelsen, Ann and Daniel Gregory.
Sunset "Palo Alto Idea House." Sept 2002:
107. Print.

Journal Article
 Title: Defying death after DNA damage
 Author: Tina Rich, Rachel L. Allen & Andrew
H. Wyllie
 Associated Institution: Dept. of Pathology,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.
 Publisher: Nature
 City Published: --
 Volume: Vol. 407
 Date Published: 12 October 2000
 URL: www.nature.com

 a) Rich, Tina, Rachel L. Allen and Andrew H.
Wyllie."Defying death after DNA damage."
Nature (12 Oct. 2000): Vol. 407, 777-783.
Print.
 b) Rich, Tina, Rachel L. Allen and Andrew H.
Wyllie.; Nature 407 "Defying death after DNA
damage." (2000): 777-783. Print.
 c) Rich, Tina, Allen Rachel L. and Wyllie
Andrew H. "Defying death after DNA
damage." Nature 407 (2000): 777-783. Print.

A Wiki
 Title: Amaranth
 Author:
 Web site Name: Wikipedia: the free
encyclopedia
 Associated Institution: Wikimedia Foundation
 City Published: —
 Date Last Modified: September 11, 2008
 Year Visited:September 12, 2010
 URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaranth

 a) "Amaranth." Wikipedia, The Free
Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.11
Sept 2008. Web.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaranth > 12
Sept 2010. <
 b) Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.
Wikimedia Foundation. 11 Sept 2008. Web.
Sept 2010.
 c) None, "Amaranth." Wikipedia, The Free
Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. 11 Sept
2008. Web.
Sept 2010.

Academic Site
 Title: Introduction to Information Research
 Author: Eric Brenner
 Associated Institution: San Mateo Community
College District
 Location: Skyline, CA
 Date Last Modified: 2009
 Date Visited: May 2010
 URL:
http://www.smccd.net/accounts/skylib/l100/

 a) Brenner, Eric. "Introduction to Information
Research." 2009. San Mateo Community College
District,
<http://www.smccd.edu/accounts/skylib/l100/>
May 2010. Web.
 b) Brenner, Eric. "Introduction to Information
Research." Skyline, CA, 2009. Web.
May 2010.
 c) Brenner, Eric. "Introduction to Information
Research." San Mateo Community College District,
2009. Web.
May 2010.

Example
 AMA: helping doctors help patients
[homepage on the Internet]. Chicago:
American Medical Association; c1995-
2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from:
http://www.ama-assn.org/.

The MiraCosta Library
homepage [internet].
Retrieved from:
http://library.miracosta.e
du/homepage

A specific page within a
Web site

Merriam-Webster’s online
dictionary (n.d) . Heuristic
[internet]. Retrieved from
http://www.m-
w.com/dictionary/heuristic

Sea Turtle Restoration
Project (n.d). Threats to
sea turtles [internet].
Retrieved from
http://seaturtles.org/sec
tion.php?id=104

5 main items
 Authority
 Accuracy
 Currency
 Objectivity
 Coverage

Authority
 Author of site: Is there an author named on
the page? Is the author qualified?
 Sponsor of site :-- Is there a sponsor? Is
the sponsor qualified? (i.e. Is there an "about
us" or "our mission" link?)
 Link or contact Information: -- Is the
author or sponsor's name, e-mail, postal
address listed?
 Answer : No. The page appears to be a joke.
The author belongs to a factious university.
Look at the bottom of the page to discover
the true author.

Accuracy
 Factual -- Does the author give factual information?
 Documented / well-researched -- Does the author
cite his/her sources? Is the research methodology
explained?
 Subject to verification -- Can the information be
verified by additional resources in print on on the Web?
 Corroborated -- Are links and resource citations
included (possibly using MLA citation format.)
 Collaborative -- Is a committee or editor named who
reviews the content or verifies facts
 Answer: No. This information is not corroborated
(backed up) by data in the mainstream medical
community.

Currency
 Date-stamped -- Is there a "last updated"
notation or evidence of recent changes?
 Seemingly current -- Does the information
seem current to you? Do news events,
conference events or any bits information
lead you to believe the page has been
updated recently?
 Linked currently -- Are the links still
working? Do pages turn up with "this site has
moved" or "page not found―
 Answer: The page is current. However, no
links are included.

Objectivity
 Bias -- Does the page/site show minimal signs
of bias: political, ideological, personal, or
cultural?
 Intent -- Does the page present factual
information or is it designed to sway opinion?
 Influence -- Is the site is sponsored or
underwritten by advertising, is the writing free
of bias supporting the sponsor?
 Answer: No. The page content is opinion and
imagination.

Coverage
 Relevant -- Do the topics covered include your
topic? Does the page cover a variety of (too
many) topics or is it focused on one relevant
topic?
 Adequate -- Does the page information
adequately cover your topic: is it too general or
too detailed?
 Audience appropriate -- Is the content
intended for children, scholars, general public?
Was the page written to inform, educate,
entertain (parody).
 Answer: No. The page does not cover this topic.
It is a spoof intended to teach the importance of
critical thinking when evaluating a web page.

Authority
 Author of site Is there an author named on
the page? Is the author qualified?
 Sponsor of site -- Is there a sponsor? Is the
sponsor qualified? (i.e. Is there an "about us"
or "our mission" link?)
 Link or contact Information -- Is the
author or sponsor's name, e-mail, postal
address listed?
 Answer: Yes. The author is not named;
however, UNICEF is a well-known
international, collaborative organization.

Accuracy
 Factual -- Does the author give factual
information?
 Documented / well-researched -- Does the
author cite his/her sources? Is the research
methodology explained?
 Subject to verification -- Can the information be
verified by additional resources in print on on the
Web?
 Collaborative -- Is a committee or editor named
who reviews the content or verifies facts
 Answer: Yes. This information is backed up by
data (statistics link) and other resources links.

Currency
conference events or any bits information lead
you to believe the page has been updated
recently?
 Answer: Yes The page is current.

Objectivity
 Bias -- Does the page/site show minimal
signs of bias: political, ideological, personal,
or cultural?
 Intent -- Does the page present factual
information or is it designed to sway opinion?
 Influence -- Is the site is sponsored or
underwritten by advertising, is the writing
free of bias supporting the sponsor?
 Answer: Yes. The site appears to be
objective. It is free of advertising. It is funded
by public donations.

Coverage
 Relevant -- Do the topics covered include
your topic? Does the page cover a variety of
(too many) topics or is it focused on one
relevant topic?
adequately cover your topic: is it too general
or too detailed?
intended for children, scholars, general public?
Was the page written to inform, educate,
entertain (parody).
 Answer: Yes. The site gives a wealth of
factual information on this topic.

Authority
 Author of site Is there an author named on the
page? Is the author qualified?
 Sponsor of site -- Is there a sponsor? Is the
sponsor qualified? (i.e. Is there an "about us" or
"our mission" link?)
 Link or contact Information -- Is the author
or sponsor's name, e-mail, postal address
listed?
 Answer: Uncertain. The author is not listed on
the page. Of the BOARD OF DIRECTORS,few
have PhDs in Medicine. The HOME link reveals
"The Group" members. The authority of the
information is in question. Links to other sites
show support for the viewpoint.

Accuracy
 Factual -- Does the author give factual
information?
 Documented / well-researched -- Does the
author cite his/her sources? Is the research
methodology explained?
 Subject to verification -- Can the information
be verified by additional resources in print on on
the Web?
 Collaborative -- Is a committee or editor
named who reviews the content or verifies facts
 Answer: No. This page is not backed up by
scientific data or clinical trials.

Currency
conference events or any bits information
lead you to believe the page has been
updated recently?
 Answer: Yes The page is current. All links
lead to similarly-minded links. All videos
support the "myth" point of view.

Coverage
 Relevant -- Do the topics covered include
your topic? Does the page cover a variety of
(too many) topics or is it focused on one
relevant topic?
adequately cover your topic: is it too general
or too detailed?
intended for children, scholars, general
public? Was the page written to inform,
educate, entertain (parody).
 Answer: No. The site does not give factual
information on this topic.

Definition
 Health On the Net Foundation is a not-for-
profit organization founded in 1995 under
the resposibility of the Geneva Ministry of
Health and based in Geneva, Switzerland.

 HON was founded to encourage the
dissemination of quality health information
for patients and professionals and the
general public.
 Facilitate access to the latest and most
relevant medical data through the use of
the internet.

 The HONcode certification is an ethical
standard aimed at offering quality health
information.
 It demonstrates the intent of a website
to publish transparent information.

Quality Criteria for
Health related
Websites
Commission of the
European Communities

Transparency and Honesty
• Transparency of provider of site: (name,
address ,electronic address of the person or
organization responsible for the site)
• Transparency of purpose and objective
of the site Target audience clearly defined
• Transparency of all sources of funding
for site (grants, sponsors, advertisers, non-
profit, voluntary assistance).

Privacy and data protection
 • Privacy and data protection policy
and system for the processing of
personal data, including processing
invisible to users, to be clearly defined in
accordance with community Data
Protection legislation

Updating of information
 • Clear and regular updating of the site,
with date of up-date clearly displayed for
each page

Accountability
• user feedback
• Responsible partnering -linking to
other websites is undertaken only with
trustworthy individuals and organizations
• Editorial policy -clear statement
describing what procedure was used for
selection of content.

Accessibility
• Attention to guidelines on physical
accessibility as well as general findability,
searchability, readability, usability, etc.

 1. Which one of the following is NOT an
example of an extension in a URL?
 (A) .gov
 (B).edu

 (C) .npr
 (D) .com

 2. You can optimize your search
results on the Web by

 (A) using several different search engines.

 (B) sticking to your topic and resisting
distractions.

 (C) becoming familiar with and using
reliable Web resources such asNational
Geographic, LA Times, and the Library of
Congress.
 (D)all of the above

 3. Which of the following is the best
indicator that a Web site is reliable?

 (A) The author of the site tells you the
information is reliable.

 (B) The author of the site provides contact
information and his or her credentials.

 (C) The author links to his or her favorite
Web sites.

 (D) The author states in bold letters that the
site was proofread by a librarian.

 4. What does this URL tell you about
the source? http://vos.ucsb.edu
 (A) It is associated with an educational
institution.
 (B) It is an English teacher’s personal
home page.
 (C) It is an article from a magazine.
 (D)It is from a directory.

 5. Which of the following is an
example of a Boolean search?
 (A) Shakespeare sonnets
 (B) Shakespeare AND sonnets
 (C) "Shakespeare" with "SONNETS―
 (D) Shakespeare (sonnets)

 6. Which of the following statements
about search engines and directories is
true?
 (A)A search engine does not discriminate
between good and bad sites.
 (B)A search engine displays all Web pages
that contain your keywords and may list
thousands of unordered results.
 (C)A directory is someone’s attempt to
categorize the best sites available for a given
subject or topic.
 (D) all of the above

 7. Which of the following statements
about meta-search engines is NOT true?
 (A) Meta-search engines scan multiple search
engines simultaneously.
 (B) Meta-search engines are a waste of time
because they provide very few results.
 (C) Meta-search engines provide results
based on the keyword(s) submitted.
 (D) Meta-search engines can save time, but
you shouldn't rely on them exclusively.

 8. Critically evaluating content on the
Web is important because
 (A) Web authors are always less professional.
 (B)Web authors are always biased.
 (C)anyone can publish on the Web. There’s
no guarantee that what you’re reading is
objective and has gone through standard
fact-checking and editorial reviews.
 (D) printed information is always more
accurate than information found on the Web.

 9. Which of the following is an example of
effective online searching?
 (A) Do a random keyword search on a search
engine of your choice. Then, quickly browse
through all the results listed and find the ones
you think have the most useful information.
 (B) Formulate research questions, list possible
sources of information, identify keywords, and
begin your search.
 (C) Visit chat rooms and find out what others are
saying about your topic.
 (D) Post a question about your topic on a
message board and read all the responses.

 10. Which of the following citations is
composed according to the MLA-citation manual
and guide for an article in an online magazine?
 (A) Doe, Jane. "Fundamentals of Guitar." Guitar
Virtuoso 2000. 2 Feb. 2001.
http://www.guitarvirtuoso.com
 (B) "Fundamentals of Guitar," by Jane Doe.
http://www.guitarvirtuoso.com, Guitar Virtuoso,
2000.
 (C)Doe, Jane. Fundamentals of Guitar. Guitar
Virtuoso, 2000. guitarvirtuoso.com
 (D) "http://www.guitarvirtuoso.com" Guitar
Virtuoso. "The Fundamentals of Guitar." 2000. (2 Feb.
2001).

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