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‫مسئله‬ ‫بیان‬ ‫یا‬ ‫مقدمه‬
‫پوشش‬ ‫ایمنی‬ ‫و‬ ‫اثربخشی‬‫کاغذی‬ ‫لیوان‬ ‫در‬ ‫استفاده‬ ‫مورد‬ ‫های‬
‫ترکیب‬‫کاغذ‬‫در‬‫مقایسه‬‫با‬‫پالستیک‬‫از‬‫پیچیدگی‬‫کمتری‬‫برخوردار‬
‫است‬‫و‬‫انتظار‬‫می‬‫رود‬‫از‬‫لحاظ‬‫مهاجرت‬‫وسعت‬‫کمتری‬‫داشته‬‫باشد‬.
‫ولی‬‫به‬‫دلیل‬،‫نفوذپذیری‬‫از‬‫پوششهای‬‫مختلف‬‫بر‬‫روی‬‫کاغذ‬‫استفاده‬
‫می‬‫شود‬.‫البته‬‫ایمنی‬‫این‬‫پوششها‬‫و‬‫مسأله‬‫مهاجرت‬‫از‬‫موارد‬‫چالش‬
‫برانگیز‬‫است‬
‫هاله‬‫حدائق‬1*،‫مهدیه‬‫ایرانمنش‬1،‫سمیرا‬‫صیامی‬‫عراقی‬2
*‫نویسنده‬‫مسئول‬:‫دانشجوی‬‫دکتری‬‫علوم‬‫و‬‫صنایع‬،‫غذایی‬‫دانشگاه‬‫آزاد‬،‫اسالمی‬‫واحد‬‫علوم‬‫و‬‫تحقیقات‬‫تهران‬،‫شماره‬‫تماس‬:989121506485+
1-‫دانشجوی‬‫دکتری‬‫علوم‬‫و‬‫صنایع‬،‫غذایی‬‫دانشگاه‬‫آزاد‬،‫اسالمی‬‫واحد‬‫علوم‬‫و‬‫تحقیقات‬‫تهران‬
2-‫دانش‬‫آموخته‬‫کارشناسی‬‫ارشد‬‫علوم‬‫و‬‫صنایع‬،‫غذایی‬‫دانشگاه‬‫آزاد‬،‫اسالمی‬‫واحد‬‫علوم‬‫و‬‫تحقیقات‬‫تهران‬
‫دبیرخانه‬ ‫نشانی‬:‫دوم،پالک‬ ‫بست‬ ‫صیادی،بن‬ ‫جنوبی،خیابان‬ ‫مرودشت‬ ‫معلم،خیابان‬ ‫خیابان‬ ،‫شریعتی‬ ‫خیابان‬ ،‫تهران‬1
Tel: 021-86020827– Web: AMSonf.ir – Email: info@ AMSonf.ir
‫پژوهش‬ ‫های‬‫یافته‬
‫الف‬)‫با‬‫قرار‬‫گرفتن‬‫طوالنی‬‫مدت‬‫سطح‬‫خارجی‬‫کاغذ‬‫چاپ‬‫دار‬‫با‬‫سطح‬‫داخلی‬
‫کاغذ‬،‫دیگر‬‫احتمال‬‫مهاجرت‬‫افزایش‬‫می‬‫یابد‬.‫مثال‬‫بارز‬‫این‬،‫مورد‬‫قرار‬‫گرفتن‬
‫لیوان‬‫های‬‫کاغذی‬‫چاپ‬‫دار‬‫درون‬‫یکدیگر‬‫می‬‫باشد‬.
‫ب‬)‫مهاجرت‬‫ترکیب‬‫بنزو‬‫آلفا‬‫پیرن‬(BaP)‫در‬‫لیوان‬‫های‬‫کاغذی‬‫یکبار‬‫مصرف‬
‫به‬‫آب‬‫آشامیدنی‬‫تائید‬‫شده‬‫است‬.
‫ج‬)‫مهاجرت‬‫مالمین‬‫از‬‫پلی‬‫پروپیلن‬(‫پوشش‬‫داخلی‬‫لیوان‬‫های‬‫کاغذی‬)‫و‬‫پلی‬
‫کربنات‬‫و‬‫رزین‬‫مالمین‬‫بسیار‬‫نادر‬‫بوده‬‫و‬‫مشکلی‬‫برای‬‫سالمتی‬‫ایجاد‬‫نمی‬‫کند‬.
‫د‬)‫فیلمهای‬‫بر‬‫پایه‬‫پلیمرهای‬‫زیستی‬‫می‬‫توانند‬‫به‬‫عنوان‬‫پوششهای‬‫مؤثری‬
‫برای‬‫ترکیب‬‫با‬‫افزودنی‬‫های‬‫مختلف‬‫نظیر‬‫ترکیبات‬‫ضد‬،‫میکروبی‬‫آنتی‬
‫اکسیدانتها‬‫و‬‫مواد‬‫مغذی‬‫مورد‬‫استفاده‬‫قرار‬‫گیرند‬.
‫ه‬)‫به‬‫جهت‬‫دارا‬‫بودن‬‫ترکیبات‬‫مضر‬‫مهاجرت‬‫کننده‬‫نظیر‬‫دی‬‫ایزو‬‫پروپیل‬
،‫نفتالن‬‫باید‬‫از‬‫استفاده‬‫از‬‫کاغذ‬‫و‬‫مقوای‬‫بازیافتی‬‫در‬‫تولید‬‫لیوان‬‫کاغذی‬‫اجتناب‬
‫کرد‬.
‫هدف‬‫از‬‫این‬،‫پژوهش‬‫مرور‬‫و‬‫بررسی‬‫انواع‬‫پوشش‬‫های‬‫مورد‬‫استفاده‬‫در‬
‫لیوان‬،‫کاغذی‬‫مزایا‬‫و‬‫معایب‬‫آن‬ً‫ا‬‫خصوص‬‫به‬‫لحاظ‬‫ایمنی‬‫است‬.
‫کاغذ‬‫مورد‬‫استفاده‬‫جهت‬‫ساخت‬‫لیوان‬‫های‬‫کاغذی‬ً‫ا‬‫عموم‬‫از‬‫نوع‬‫کاغذ‬
‫مقاوم‬‫کرافت‬‫است‬‫که‬‫توسط‬‫پلیمری‬‫نظیر‬‫پلی‬‫اتیلن‬‫پوشش‬‫داده‬
‫شده‬‫است‬.‫در‬‫برخی‬‫طرحهای‬،‫پیشنهادی‬‫از‬LDPE‫منبسط‬‫شده‬‫و‬
LDPE‫اصالح‬‫شده‬‫غیر‬‫منبسط‬‫جهت‬‫پوشش‬‫استفاده‬‫شد‬.‫پوشش‬
‫پلی‬‫الکتید‬(PLA)‫نیز‬‫سازگار‬‫با‬‫محیط‬‫زیست‬‫و‬‫تجزیه‬‫پذیر‬‫بوده‬‫و‬
‫از‬‫لحاظ‬‫تجاری‬‫به‬‫عنوان‬‫یک‬‫ماده‬‫بسته‬‫بندی‬‫در‬‫دسترس‬‫می‬‫باشد‬.
‫در‬‫تحقیقات‬‫دیگری‬‫نیز‬‫روش‬‫جدیدی‬‫برای‬‫ایجاد‬‫یک‬‫پوشش‬‫غیر‬
‫قابل‬‫نفوذ‬‫به‬‫آب‬‫ارائه‬‫گردید‬‫که‬‫در‬‫بسیاری‬‫موارد‬‫از‬‫جمله‬‫بر‬‫روی‬
‫لیوانهای‬‫کاغذی‬‫کاربرد‬‫دارد‬.‫هدف‬‫از‬‫ایجاد‬‫این‬‫الیه‬‫بر‬‫روی‬‫سطح‬
‫داخلی‬‫لیوانهای‬،‫کاغذی‬‫ممانعت‬‫از‬‫اثرات‬‫مخرب‬‫پلیمر‬‫اتیلن‬(‫در‬
‫ساخت‬‫لیوانهای‬‫کاغذی‬‫متداول‬)‫بر‬‫سالمت‬‫انسان‬‫در‬‫هنگام‬‫نوشیدن‬
‫مایعات‬‫داغ‬‫عنوان‬‫شده‬‫است‬.
‫امروزه‬‫استفاده‬‫از‬‫لیوان‬‫های‬‫کاغذی‬‫به‬‫عنوان‬‫جایگزین‬‫مطمئن‬‫تری‬‫نسبت‬‫به‬‫لیوان‬‫های‬،‫پالستیکی‬‫رواج‬‫بیشتری‬‫یافته‬‫است‬‫ولی‬‫استفاده‬‫از‬
‫پوششهای‬‫متفاوت‬‫جهت‬‫از‬‫بین‬‫بردن‬‫ضعف‬‫های‬،‫کاغذ‬‫نظیر‬‫عدم‬‫استحکام‬،‫کافی‬‫نگرانی‬‫هایی‬‫را‬‫درباره‬‫ایمنی‬‫این‬‫فرآورده‬‫ایجاد‬‫کرده‬‫است‬.‫این‬
‫مطالعه‬‫با‬‫هدف‬‫مرور‬‫و‬‫بررسی‬‫انواع‬‫پوشش‬‫های‬‫مورد‬‫استفاده‬‫در‬‫لیوان‬،‫کاغذی‬‫مزایا‬‫و‬‫معایب‬‫آن‬ً‫ا‬‫خصوص‬‫به‬‫لحاظ‬‫ایمنی‬‫انجام‬‫شده‬‫است‬.
‫واژه‬‫های‬‫کلیدی‬:‫لیوان‬،‫کاغذی‬‫پوشش‬‫با‬‫پلی‬،‫اتیلن‬‫پوشش‬‫با‬PLA،‫مهاجرت‬
-‫از‬‫ریختن‬‫مایعات‬‫داغ‬‫در‬‫این‬‫لیوانها‬‫اجتناب‬‫کرده‬‫و‬‫یا‬‫در‬‫صورت‬،‫اجبار‬‫در‬‫کوتاهترین‬
‫زمان‬‫ممکن‬‫مصرف‬‫شوند‬
-‫بهینه‬‫غلظت‬PLA3%‫است‬‫و‬‫به‬‫دلیل‬‫قابلیت‬‫بسیار‬‫باال‬‫در‬‫جلوگیری‬‫از‬‫نفوذ‬‫رطوبت‬،
‫لیوانهای‬‫پوشش‬‫داده‬‫شده‬‫با‬‫این‬‫ماده‬‫برای‬‫مواد‬‫غذایی‬‫مرطوب‬‫نظیر‬‫بستنی‬‫مناسب‬‫ترند‬.
-‫برای‬‫افزایش‬‫مقاومت‬‫آنها‬‫در‬‫برابر‬‫مایعات‬‫داغ‬‫می‬‫توان‬‫از‬‫خاکهای‬‫نانو‬‫استفاده‬‫کرد‬.
1. Hong, J. and Kang, S. W. (2012), “A metal sputtered waterproof coating that enhances hot water stability,” Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 18, pp 1496–1498.
2. Coles, R.; Mcdowell, D. and Kirwan, M. J. (2003), “Food packaging technology,” Blackwell Publishing.
3. Robertson, G. L. (2010), “Food packaging and shelf life : a practical guide,” CRC press.
4. Niskanen, K. (2012), “Mechanics of paper products,” Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston.
5. Fellows, P. (2000), “Food processing technology: principles and practice, 2nd edition, ” Woodhead Publishing Ltd.
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12. Petrie, E.M. (2012), “Developments in Barrier Coatings for Paper and Board,” Pira International Ltd.
13. Kirwan, M. J. (2005). “Paper and Paperboard Packaging Technology,” Blackwell Publishing Ltd, USA.
14. Pereverzeva, L. P. ; Pereverzev, A. N. and Martirosov, R. A. (1984), “Influence of properties of wax compositions on water vapor permeability of packaging paper,” Chemistry and technology of fuels and
oils, 20 (6), pp 305- 306.
15. Brennan, J. G. (2006), “Food processing handbook,” WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
16. Fredricks, R. E., Breining, M. A.; Pucci, W.R.; McCarthy, D.C.; Brown, D.C., Segan, R.A. and Malakhow, W. (2002), “Heat insulating paper cup,” United State patent. Patent No. US 6,482,481 B1.
17. Auras, R.; Singh, S.P. and Singh, J.J. (2005), “Evaluation of oriented poly(lactide) polymers vs. existing PET and oriented PS for fresh food service containers,” Pack Technology and Science, 18: pp 207–
16.
18. Henton, D.E.; Gruber, P.R,; Lunt, J. and Randall, J. (2005), “Polylactic acid technology. Natural fibers, biopolymers, and biocomposites,” Taylor & Francis, USA.
19. Drumright, R.E.; Gruber, P.R. and Henton, D.E. (2000), “ Polylactic acid technology,” Advanced Materials, 12: pp 1841–1846.
20. Ali, F. B.; Kang, D. J.; Kim, M. P.; Cho, C. H. and Kim, B. J. (2014), “Synthesis of biodegradable and flexible, polylactic acid based, thermoplastic polyurethane with high gas barrier properties,” Polymer
International, 63 (9): pp 1620-1626.
21. Nangeroni, J.; Hartmann, M. H.; Iwen, M. L.; Ryan, C. M.; Kolstad, J. and McCarthy, K.T. (2001), “Coating grade polylactide and coated paper, preparation and uses thereof, and articles prepared there
from,” United State Patent, Patent No. US 6,183,814 B1.
22. Rhim, J.W.; Mohanty, A.K.and Singh, S.P. (2006), “Effect of the processing methods on the performance of polylactide films: thermocompression versus solvent casting,” Journal of Applied Polymer
Science, 101: pp 3736–42.
23. Biedermann, M.; Ingenhoff, J. E.; Dima, G.; Zurfluh, M.; Biedermann-Brem, S.; Richter, L.; Simat, T.; Harling, A. and Grob, K. (2013). “Migration of mineral oil from printed paperboard into dry foods:
survey of the German market. Part II: advancement of migration during storage,” European Food Research Technology, Published online
‫پژوهش‬ ‫روش‬ ‫و‬ ‫اهداف‬
‫پیشنهادی‬ ‫راهبردهای‬
‫منابع‬
‫چکیده‬
24. Khwaldia, K.; Arab-Tehrany, E. and Desobry, S. (2010), “Biopolymer Coatings on Paper Packaging Materials,” Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 9, pp 82-91.
25. Wasa, K. and Haber, S. (2001), “Handbook of sputter deposition technology: principles, technology and applications,” Noyes publications.
26. Guilbert, S, Gontard, N. and Gorris, L.G.M. (1996), “Prolongation of the shelf life of perishable food products using biodegradable films and coatings,” Lebensm Wiss Technology 29, pp10–7.
27. Gruner, A. and Piringer, O. (1999), “Component Migration From Adhesives Used In Paper And Paperboard Packaging For Foodstuffs,” Packaging Technology and Science, 12, pp 19-28.
28. Nerín, C. and Asensio, E. (2007). “Migration of organic compounds from a multilayer plastic–paper material intended for food packaging,” Annual Bio analysis chemistry, 389, pp 589–596.
29. Nerín, C.; Contín, E. and Asensio, E. (2007), “Kinetic migration studies using Porapak as solid-food simulant to assess the safety of paper and board as food-packaging materials,” Annual Bio analysis
Chemistry, 387, pp 2283–2288.
30. Zhou, N.; Luo, H. D.; Li, N.; Jia, Y. Z. and Li, Y. Q. (2009), “Highly sensitive and selective spectrofl uorimetric approach for the rapid determination of trace benzo[α]pyrene in drinking water and in
solutions leached from disposable paper cups,” Luminescence, 26, pp 35–43.
31. Ozdemir, M. and Floros, J.D. (2001), “Analysis and modeling of potassium sorbate diffusion through edible whey protein films,” Journal of food engineering, 47, pp149–55.
32. Kuusipalo, J. (2000), “PHB/V in Extrusion Coating of Paper and Paperboard—Study of Functional Properties, Part II,” Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 8(2): pp 49-57.
33. LU, J.; XIAO, J.; YANG, D. J.; WANG, Z. T.; JIANG, D. G.; FANG, C. R. and YANG, J. (2009), “Study on Migration of Melamine from Food Packaging Materials on Markets,” Biomedical and
environmental sciences, 22, pp 104-108.
34. Vollmer, A.; Biedermann, M.; Grundböck, F.; Ingenhoff, J. E.; Biedermann-Brem, S.; Altkofer, W. and Grob, K. (2011), “Migration of mineral oil from printed paperboard into dry foods: survey of the
German market,” European Food Research Technology, 232, pp 175–182.
35. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA),( 2002), “59th report, 11-20; WHO Technical Report Series 913, ” http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_913.pdf.
36. Biedermann, M.; Uematsu, Y. and Grob, K. (2011), “Mineral Oil Contents in Paper and Board Recycled to Paperboard for Food Packaging,” Packaging Technology and Science, 24, pp 61–73.
37. Castle, L.; Nichol, J. and Gilbert, J. (1994), “Migration of mineral hydrocarbons into foods. 4. Waxed paper for packaging dry goods including bread, confectionery and for domestic use including
microwave cooking, ” Food Additives and Contaminants, 11(1): pp 79-89.
38. Biedermann, M; Ingenhoff, J.E.; Barbanera, M.and Garbini, D. (2011), “Migration of Mineral Oil into Noodles from Recycled Fibres in the Paperboard Box and the Corrugated Board Transport Box as
well as from Printing Inks: A Case Study,” Packaging Technology and Science, 24(5): pp 281–290.
39. Han, J.H. and Gennadios, A. (2005), “Edible films and coatings: a review in: Han JH, Editor. Innovations in food packaging”, Elsevier Academic Press, London.
40. Krochta, J.M. and De Mulder-Johnston, C.D. (1997), “Edible and biodegradable polymer films: challenges and opportunities,” Food Technology, 51(2): pp 61–74

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Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
 

اثربخشی و ایمنی پوشش­های مورد استفاده در لیوان کاغذی- پوستر

  • 1. ‫مسئله‬ ‫بیان‬ ‫یا‬ ‫مقدمه‬ ‫پوشش‬ ‫ایمنی‬ ‫و‬ ‫اثربخشی‬‫کاغذی‬ ‫لیوان‬ ‫در‬ ‫استفاده‬ ‫مورد‬ ‫های‬ ‫ترکیب‬‫کاغذ‬‫در‬‫مقایسه‬‫با‬‫پالستیک‬‫از‬‫پیچیدگی‬‫کمتری‬‫برخوردار‬ ‫است‬‫و‬‫انتظار‬‫می‬‫رود‬‫از‬‫لحاظ‬‫مهاجرت‬‫وسعت‬‫کمتری‬‫داشته‬‫باشد‬. ‫ولی‬‫به‬‫دلیل‬،‫نفوذپذیری‬‫از‬‫پوششهای‬‫مختلف‬‫بر‬‫روی‬‫کاغذ‬‫استفاده‬ ‫می‬‫شود‬.‫البته‬‫ایمنی‬‫این‬‫پوششها‬‫و‬‫مسأله‬‫مهاجرت‬‫از‬‫موارد‬‫چالش‬ ‫برانگیز‬‫است‬ ‫هاله‬‫حدائق‬1*،‫مهدیه‬‫ایرانمنش‬1،‫سمیرا‬‫صیامی‬‫عراقی‬2 *‫نویسنده‬‫مسئول‬:‫دانشجوی‬‫دکتری‬‫علوم‬‫و‬‫صنایع‬،‫غذایی‬‫دانشگاه‬‫آزاد‬،‫اسالمی‬‫واحد‬‫علوم‬‫و‬‫تحقیقات‬‫تهران‬،‫شماره‬‫تماس‬:989121506485+ 1-‫دانشجوی‬‫دکتری‬‫علوم‬‫و‬‫صنایع‬،‫غذایی‬‫دانشگاه‬‫آزاد‬،‫اسالمی‬‫واحد‬‫علوم‬‫و‬‫تحقیقات‬‫تهران‬ 2-‫دانش‬‫آموخته‬‫کارشناسی‬‫ارشد‬‫علوم‬‫و‬‫صنایع‬،‫غذایی‬‫دانشگاه‬‫آزاد‬،‫اسالمی‬‫واحد‬‫علوم‬‫و‬‫تحقیقات‬‫تهران‬ ‫دبیرخانه‬ ‫نشانی‬:‫دوم،پالک‬ ‫بست‬ ‫صیادی،بن‬ ‫جنوبی،خیابان‬ ‫مرودشت‬ ‫معلم،خیابان‬ ‫خیابان‬ ،‫شریعتی‬ ‫خیابان‬ ،‫تهران‬1 Tel: 021-86020827– Web: AMSonf.ir – Email: info@ AMSonf.ir ‫پژوهش‬ ‫های‬‫یافته‬ ‫الف‬)‫با‬‫قرار‬‫گرفتن‬‫طوالنی‬‫مدت‬‫سطح‬‫خارجی‬‫کاغذ‬‫چاپ‬‫دار‬‫با‬‫سطح‬‫داخلی‬ ‫کاغذ‬،‫دیگر‬‫احتمال‬‫مهاجرت‬‫افزایش‬‫می‬‫یابد‬.‫مثال‬‫بارز‬‫این‬،‫مورد‬‫قرار‬‫گرفتن‬ ‫لیوان‬‫های‬‫کاغذی‬‫چاپ‬‫دار‬‫درون‬‫یکدیگر‬‫می‬‫باشد‬. ‫ب‬)‫مهاجرت‬‫ترکیب‬‫بنزو‬‫آلفا‬‫پیرن‬(BaP)‫در‬‫لیوان‬‫های‬‫کاغذی‬‫یکبار‬‫مصرف‬ ‫به‬‫آب‬‫آشامیدنی‬‫تائید‬‫شده‬‫است‬. ‫ج‬)‫مهاجرت‬‫مالمین‬‫از‬‫پلی‬‫پروپیلن‬(‫پوشش‬‫داخلی‬‫لیوان‬‫های‬‫کاغذی‬)‫و‬‫پلی‬ ‫کربنات‬‫و‬‫رزین‬‫مالمین‬‫بسیار‬‫نادر‬‫بوده‬‫و‬‫مشکلی‬‫برای‬‫سالمتی‬‫ایجاد‬‫نمی‬‫کند‬. ‫د‬)‫فیلمهای‬‫بر‬‫پایه‬‫پلیمرهای‬‫زیستی‬‫می‬‫توانند‬‫به‬‫عنوان‬‫پوششهای‬‫مؤثری‬ ‫برای‬‫ترکیب‬‫با‬‫افزودنی‬‫های‬‫مختلف‬‫نظیر‬‫ترکیبات‬‫ضد‬،‫میکروبی‬‫آنتی‬ ‫اکسیدانتها‬‫و‬‫مواد‬‫مغذی‬‫مورد‬‫استفاده‬‫قرار‬‫گیرند‬. ‫ه‬)‫به‬‫جهت‬‫دارا‬‫بودن‬‫ترکیبات‬‫مضر‬‫مهاجرت‬‫کننده‬‫نظیر‬‫دی‬‫ایزو‬‫پروپیل‬ ،‫نفتالن‬‫باید‬‫از‬‫استفاده‬‫از‬‫کاغذ‬‫و‬‫مقوای‬‫بازیافتی‬‫در‬‫تولید‬‫لیوان‬‫کاغذی‬‫اجتناب‬ ‫کرد‬. ‫هدف‬‫از‬‫این‬،‫پژوهش‬‫مرور‬‫و‬‫بررسی‬‫انواع‬‫پوشش‬‫های‬‫مورد‬‫استفاده‬‫در‬ ‫لیوان‬،‫کاغذی‬‫مزایا‬‫و‬‫معایب‬‫آن‬ً‫ا‬‫خصوص‬‫به‬‫لحاظ‬‫ایمنی‬‫است‬. ‫کاغذ‬‫مورد‬‫استفاده‬‫جهت‬‫ساخت‬‫لیوان‬‫های‬‫کاغذی‬ً‫ا‬‫عموم‬‫از‬‫نوع‬‫کاغذ‬ ‫مقاوم‬‫کرافت‬‫است‬‫که‬‫توسط‬‫پلیمری‬‫نظیر‬‫پلی‬‫اتیلن‬‫پوشش‬‫داده‬ ‫شده‬‫است‬.‫در‬‫برخی‬‫طرحهای‬،‫پیشنهادی‬‫از‬LDPE‫منبسط‬‫شده‬‫و‬ LDPE‫اصالح‬‫شده‬‫غیر‬‫منبسط‬‫جهت‬‫پوشش‬‫استفاده‬‫شد‬.‫پوشش‬ ‫پلی‬‫الکتید‬(PLA)‫نیز‬‫سازگار‬‫با‬‫محیط‬‫زیست‬‫و‬‫تجزیه‬‫پذیر‬‫بوده‬‫و‬ ‫از‬‫لحاظ‬‫تجاری‬‫به‬‫عنوان‬‫یک‬‫ماده‬‫بسته‬‫بندی‬‫در‬‫دسترس‬‫می‬‫باشد‬. ‫در‬‫تحقیقات‬‫دیگری‬‫نیز‬‫روش‬‫جدیدی‬‫برای‬‫ایجاد‬‫یک‬‫پوشش‬‫غیر‬ ‫قابل‬‫نفوذ‬‫به‬‫آب‬‫ارائه‬‫گردید‬‫که‬‫در‬‫بسیاری‬‫موارد‬‫از‬‫جمله‬‫بر‬‫روی‬ ‫لیوانهای‬‫کاغذی‬‫کاربرد‬‫دارد‬.‫هدف‬‫از‬‫ایجاد‬‫این‬‫الیه‬‫بر‬‫روی‬‫سطح‬ ‫داخلی‬‫لیوانهای‬،‫کاغذی‬‫ممانعت‬‫از‬‫اثرات‬‫مخرب‬‫پلیمر‬‫اتیلن‬(‫در‬ ‫ساخت‬‫لیوانهای‬‫کاغذی‬‫متداول‬)‫بر‬‫سالمت‬‫انسان‬‫در‬‫هنگام‬‫نوشیدن‬ ‫مایعات‬‫داغ‬‫عنوان‬‫شده‬‫است‬. ‫امروزه‬‫استفاده‬‫از‬‫لیوان‬‫های‬‫کاغذی‬‫به‬‫عنوان‬‫جایگزین‬‫مطمئن‬‫تری‬‫نسبت‬‫به‬‫لیوان‬‫های‬،‫پالستیکی‬‫رواج‬‫بیشتری‬‫یافته‬‫است‬‫ولی‬‫استفاده‬‫از‬ ‫پوششهای‬‫متفاوت‬‫جهت‬‫از‬‫بین‬‫بردن‬‫ضعف‬‫های‬،‫کاغذ‬‫نظیر‬‫عدم‬‫استحکام‬،‫کافی‬‫نگرانی‬‫هایی‬‫را‬‫درباره‬‫ایمنی‬‫این‬‫فرآورده‬‫ایجاد‬‫کرده‬‫است‬.‫این‬ ‫مطالعه‬‫با‬‫هدف‬‫مرور‬‫و‬‫بررسی‬‫انواع‬‫پوشش‬‫های‬‫مورد‬‫استفاده‬‫در‬‫لیوان‬،‫کاغذی‬‫مزایا‬‫و‬‫معایب‬‫آن‬ً‫ا‬‫خصوص‬‫به‬‫لحاظ‬‫ایمنی‬‫انجام‬‫شده‬‫است‬. ‫واژه‬‫های‬‫کلیدی‬:‫لیوان‬،‫کاغذی‬‫پوشش‬‫با‬‫پلی‬،‫اتیلن‬‫پوشش‬‫با‬PLA،‫مهاجرت‬ -‫از‬‫ریختن‬‫مایعات‬‫داغ‬‫در‬‫این‬‫لیوانها‬‫اجتناب‬‫کرده‬‫و‬‫یا‬‫در‬‫صورت‬،‫اجبار‬‫در‬‫کوتاهترین‬ ‫زمان‬‫ممکن‬‫مصرف‬‫شوند‬ -‫بهینه‬‫غلظت‬PLA3%‫است‬‫و‬‫به‬‫دلیل‬‫قابلیت‬‫بسیار‬‫باال‬‫در‬‫جلوگیری‬‫از‬‫نفوذ‬‫رطوبت‬، ‫لیوانهای‬‫پوشش‬‫داده‬‫شده‬‫با‬‫این‬‫ماده‬‫برای‬‫مواد‬‫غذایی‬‫مرطوب‬‫نظیر‬‫بستنی‬‫مناسب‬‫ترند‬. -‫برای‬‫افزایش‬‫مقاومت‬‫آنها‬‫در‬‫برابر‬‫مایعات‬‫داغ‬‫می‬‫توان‬‫از‬‫خاکهای‬‫نانو‬‫استفاده‬‫کرد‬. 1. 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(2002), “Heat insulating paper cup,” United State patent. Patent No. US 6,482,481 B1. 17. Auras, R.; Singh, S.P. and Singh, J.J. (2005), “Evaluation of oriented poly(lactide) polymers vs. existing PET and oriented PS for fresh food service containers,” Pack Technology and Science, 18: pp 207– 16. 18. Henton, D.E.; Gruber, P.R,; Lunt, J. and Randall, J. (2005), “Polylactic acid technology. Natural fibers, biopolymers, and biocomposites,” Taylor & Francis, USA. 19. Drumright, R.E.; Gruber, P.R. and Henton, D.E. (2000), “ Polylactic acid technology,” Advanced Materials, 12: pp 1841–1846. 20. Ali, F. B.; Kang, D. J.; Kim, M. P.; Cho, C. H. and Kim, B. J. (2014), “Synthesis of biodegradable and flexible, polylactic acid based, thermoplastic polyurethane with high gas barrier properties,” Polymer International, 63 (9): pp 1620-1626. 21. Nangeroni, J.; Hartmann, M. H.; Iwen, M. L.; Ryan, C. M.; Kolstad, J. and McCarthy, K.T. (2001), “Coating grade polylactide and coated paper, preparation and uses thereof, and articles prepared there from,” United State Patent, Patent No. US 6,183,814 B1. 22. Rhim, J.W.; Mohanty, A.K.and Singh, S.P. (2006), “Effect of the processing methods on the performance of polylactide films: thermocompression versus solvent casting,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 101: pp 3736–42. 23. Biedermann, M.; Ingenhoff, J. E.; Dima, G.; Zurfluh, M.; Biedermann-Brem, S.; Richter, L.; Simat, T.; Harling, A. and Grob, K. (2013). “Migration of mineral oil from printed paperboard into dry foods: survey of the German market. Part II: advancement of migration during storage,” European Food Research Technology, Published online ‫پژوهش‬ ‫روش‬ ‫و‬ ‫اهداف‬ ‫پیشنهادی‬ ‫راهبردهای‬ ‫منابع‬ ‫چکیده‬ 24. Khwaldia, K.; Arab-Tehrany, E. and Desobry, S. (2010), “Biopolymer Coatings on Paper Packaging Materials,” Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 9, pp 82-91. 25. Wasa, K. and Haber, S. (2001), “Handbook of sputter deposition technology: principles, technology and applications,” Noyes publications. 26. Guilbert, S, Gontard, N. and Gorris, L.G.M. (1996), “Prolongation of the shelf life of perishable food products using biodegradable films and coatings,” Lebensm Wiss Technology 29, pp10–7. 27. Gruner, A. and Piringer, O. (1999), “Component Migration From Adhesives Used In Paper And Paperboard Packaging For Foodstuffs,” Packaging Technology and Science, 12, pp 19-28. 28. Nerín, C. and Asensio, E. (2007). “Migration of organic compounds from a multilayer plastic–paper material intended for food packaging,” Annual Bio analysis chemistry, 389, pp 589–596. 29. Nerín, C.; Contín, E. and Asensio, E. (2007), “Kinetic migration studies using Porapak as solid-food simulant to assess the safety of paper and board as food-packaging materials,” Annual Bio analysis Chemistry, 387, pp 2283–2288. 30. Zhou, N.; Luo, H. D.; Li, N.; Jia, Y. Z. and Li, Y. Q. (2009), “Highly sensitive and selective spectrofl uorimetric approach for the rapid determination of trace benzo[α]pyrene in drinking water and in solutions leached from disposable paper cups,” Luminescence, 26, pp 35–43. 31. Ozdemir, M. and Floros, J.D. (2001), “Analysis and modeling of potassium sorbate diffusion through edible whey protein films,” Journal of food engineering, 47, pp149–55. 32. Kuusipalo, J. (2000), “PHB/V in Extrusion Coating of Paper and Paperboard—Study of Functional Properties, Part II,” Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 8(2): pp 49-57. 33. LU, J.; XIAO, J.; YANG, D. J.; WANG, Z. T.; JIANG, D. G.; FANG, C. R. and YANG, J. (2009), “Study on Migration of Melamine from Food Packaging Materials on Markets,” Biomedical and environmental sciences, 22, pp 104-108. 34. Vollmer, A.; Biedermann, M.; Grundböck, F.; Ingenhoff, J. E.; Biedermann-Brem, S.; Altkofer, W. and Grob, K. (2011), “Migration of mineral oil from printed paperboard into dry foods: survey of the German market,” European Food Research Technology, 232, pp 175–182. 35. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA),( 2002), “59th report, 11-20; WHO Technical Report Series 913, ” http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_913.pdf. 36. Biedermann, M.; Uematsu, Y. and Grob, K. (2011), “Mineral Oil Contents in Paper and Board Recycled to Paperboard for Food Packaging,” Packaging Technology and Science, 24, pp 61–73. 37. Castle, L.; Nichol, J. and Gilbert, J. (1994), “Migration of mineral hydrocarbons into foods. 4. Waxed paper for packaging dry goods including bread, confectionery and for domestic use including microwave cooking, ” Food Additives and Contaminants, 11(1): pp 79-89. 38. Biedermann, M; Ingenhoff, J.E.; Barbanera, M.and Garbini, D. (2011), “Migration of Mineral Oil into Noodles from Recycled Fibres in the Paperboard Box and the Corrugated Board Transport Box as well as from Printing Inks: A Case Study,” Packaging Technology and Science, 24(5): pp 281–290. 39. Han, J.H. and Gennadios, A. (2005), “Edible films and coatings: a review in: Han JH, Editor. Innovations in food packaging”, Elsevier Academic Press, London. 40. Krochta, J.M. and De Mulder-Johnston, C.D. (1997), “Edible and biodegradable polymer films: challenges and opportunities,” Food Technology, 51(2): pp 61–74